ArrayList、LinkedList、HashMap中都有一个字段叫modCount。这个字段的用途,在ArrayList的父类AbstractList源码中有注释,说的很清楚:
/** * The number of times this list has been <i>structurally modified</i>.Structural modifications are those that change the size of the list, * or otherwise perturb it in such a fashion that iterations in progress may yield incorrect results. * * <p>This field is used by the iterator and list iterator implementation returned by the {@code iterator} and {@code listIterator} methods. * If the value of this field changes unexpectedly, the iterator (or list iterator) will throw a {@code ConcurrentModificationException} in * response to the {@code next}, {@code remove}, {@code previous}, {@code set} or {@code add} operations. This provides * <i>fail-fast</i> behavior, rather than non-deterministic behavior in the face of concurrent modification during iteration. * * <p><b>Use of this field by subclasses is optional.</b> If a subclass wishes to provide fail-fast iterators (and list iterators), then it * merely has to increment this field in its {@code add(int, E)} and {@code remove(int)} methods (and any other methods that it overrides * that result in structural modifications to the list). A single call to {@code add(int, E)} or {@code remove(int)} must add no more than * one to this field, or the iterators (and list iterators) will throw bogus {@code ConcurrentModificationExceptions}. If an implementation * does not wish to provide fail-fast iterators, this field may be ignored. */
protected transient int modCount = 0;
为了显示美观,对jdk原文注释进行了换行操作。
原文大意如下:
该字段表示list结构上被修改的次数。结构上的修改指的是那些改变了list的长度大小或者使得遍历过程中产生不正确的结果的其它方式。
该字段被Iterator以及ListIterator的实现类所使用,如果该值被意外更改,Iterator或者ListIterator 将抛出ConcurrentModificationException异常,
这是jdk在面对迭代遍历的时候为了避免不确定性而采取的快速失败原则。
子类对此字段的使用是可选的,如果子类希望支持快速失败,只需要覆盖该字段相关的所有方法即可。单线程调用不能添加删除terator正在遍历的对象,
否则将可能抛出ConcurrentModificationException异常,如果子类不希望支持快速失败,该字段可以直接忽略。
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例子代码:
单线程操作,添加或者删除元素。
public void deleteTest(){ List<String> list = new ArrayList(); list.add("aaaaaa"); list.add("bbbbbb"); list.add("cccccc"); list.add("dddddd"); list.add("eeeeee"); Iterator it = list.iterator(); int i = 0; String s = null; while(it.hasNext()){ if(i==2){ it.remove();// 如果用list.remove(it.next());会报异常 } System.out.println("第"+i+"个元素"+it.next()); i++ ; } System.out.println("----------------"); Iterator it2 = list.iterator(); while(it2.hasNext()){ System.out.println(it2.next()); } }
注意:第14行,如果用list.remove(it.next());会报ConcurrentModificationException异常,原因参上。
另:注意it.remove()删除的是最近的一次it.next()获取的元素,而不是当前iterator中游标指向的元素!!
因此,本例中i==2时,删除的其实是bbbbbb,而不是cccccc,这很容易被忽视或者误解。如果想删掉cccccc,正确操作是先调用it.next()获取到具体元素,再判断;而且由于调用了it.next(),此时游标已经指向我们期望删除的值了。想直接数数字进行删除,在这里会容易出错误。
其实我们可以查看Iterator的源码来验证:
public Iterator<E> iterator() { return new Itr(); }
返回的是一个Itr对象,这个Itr是ArrayList的内部类
private class Itr implements Iterator<E> { int cursor; // index of next element to return //下一个元素的游标 int lastRet = -1; // index of last element returned; -1 if no such //上一个元素的 int expectedModCount = modCount; //修改计数器期望值 public boolean hasNext() { return cursor != size; } @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") public E next() { checkForComodification(); int i = cursor; //此时的游标,指向的是本次要遍历的对象,因为上一次已经++了,初始值为0,没有++的情况下是第一个元素 if (i >= size) //越界了 throw new NoSuchElementException(); Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData; if (i >= elementData.length) throw new ConcurrentModificationException(); cursor = i + 1; //游标指向了下一个元素, 但 i 的值没有变 return (E) elementData[lastRet = i]; //将 i 赋值给lastRet,取的值是方法开始时int i=cursor;中的cursor指向的值,而且最终这个游标的数值赋值给了lastRet } public void remove() { if (lastRet < 0) // 如果没有next()操作就直接remove的话,lastRet=-1,会抛异常 throw new IllegalStateException(); checkForComodification(); try { ArrayList.this.remove(lastRet); // remove之前,cursor、lastRet的值没有修改,都是上次next之后的值,因此此处的lastRet指向上次next获取的元素 cursor = lastRet; lastRet = -1; expectedModCount = modCount; // 手动将ArrayList.remove()后modCount的值赋给expectedModCount,避免引起不一致 } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) { throw new ConcurrentModificationException(); } } @Override @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> consumer) { Objects.requireNonNull(consumer); final int size = ArrayList.this.size; int i = cursor; if (i >= size) { return; } final Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData; if (i >= elementData.length) { throw new ConcurrentModificationException(); } while (i != size && modCount == expectedModCount) { consumer.accept((E) elementData[i++]); } // update once at end of iteration to reduce heap write traffic cursor = i; lastRet = i - 1; checkForComodification(); } final void checkForComodification() { if (modCount != expectedModCount) throw new ConcurrentModificationException(); } }
以上代码告诉我们,iterator.remove()实际是remove了上次next返回的元素,并且为了防止ConcurrentModificationException异常,手动修复了修改计数的期望值,而且如果没有经过next操作就直接remove的话,会因为初始的lastRet=-1而抛出IllegalStateException异常。