Kotlin 之代理 Delegate

代理关键字 by

属性代理：对象X代替属性a实现getter、setter方法。

接口代理：对象X代替类B实现接口C的方法。

举例

属性代理

在UI初始中使用过，代码如下：

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

    private val mTvName: TextView by lazy {
        findViewById(R.id.name)
    }

    override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)
    }
}

接口lazy的实例代理了对象MainActivity实例的属性mTvName的getter方法。

lazy是一个Lambda函数，lazy实现：

/**
 * Creates a new instance of the [Lazy] that uses the specified initialization function [initializer]
 * and the default thread-safety mode [LazyThreadSafetyMode.SYNCHRONIZED].
 *
 * If the initialization of a value throws an exception, it will attempt to reinitialize the value at next access.
 *
 * Note that the returned instance uses itself to synchronize on. Do not synchronize from external code on
 * the returned instance as it may cause accidental deadlock. Also this behavior can be changed in the future.
 */
public actual fun <T> lazy(initializer: () -> T): Lazy<T> = SynchronizedLazyImpl(initializer)

/**
 * Creates a new instance of the [Lazy] that uses the specified initialization function [initializer]
 * and thread-safety [mode].
 *
 * If the initialization of a value throws an exception, it will attempt to reinitialize the value at next access.
 *
 * Note that when the [LazyThreadSafetyMode.SYNCHRONIZED] mode is specified the returned instance uses itself
 * to synchronize on. Do not synchronize from external code on the returned instance as it may cause accidental deadlock.
 * Also this behavior can be changed in the future.
 */
public actual fun <T> lazy(mode: LazyThreadSafetyMode, initializer: () -> T): Lazy<T> =
    when (mode) {
        LazyThreadSafetyMode.SYNCHRONIZED -> SynchronizedLazyImpl(initializer)
        LazyThreadSafetyMode.PUBLICATION -> SafePublicationLazyImpl(initializer)
        LazyThreadSafetyMode.NONE -> UnsafeLazyImpl(initializer)
    }

/**
 * Creates a new instance of the [Lazy] that uses the specified initialization function [initializer]
 * and the default thread-safety mode [LazyThreadSafetyMode.SYNCHRONIZED].
 *
 * If the initialization of a value throws an exception, it will attempt to reinitialize the value at next access.
 *
 * The returned instance uses the specified [lock] object to synchronize on.
 * When the [lock] is not specified the instance uses itself to synchronize on,
 * in this case do not synchronize from external code on the returned instance as it may cause accidental deadlock.
 * Also this behavior can be changed in the future.
 */
public actual fun <T> lazy(lock: Any?, initializer: () -> T): Lazy<T> = SynchronizedLazyImpl(initializer, lock)



private class SynchronizedLazyImpl<out T>(initializer: () -> T, lock: Any? = null) : Lazy<T>, Serializable {
    private var initializer: (() -> T)? = initializer
    @Volatile private var _value: Any? = UNINITIALIZED_VALUE
    // final field is required to enable safe publication of constructed instance
    private val lock = lock ?: this

    override val value: T
        get() {
            val _v1 = _value
            if (_v1 !== UNINITIALIZED_VALUE) {
                @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
                return _v1 as T
            }

            return synchronized(lock) {
                val _v2 = _value
                if (_v2 !== UNINITIALIZED_VALUE) {
                    @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST") (_v2 as T)
                } else {
                    val typedValue = initializer!!()
                    _value = typedValue
                    initializer = null
                    typedValue
                }
            }
        }

    override fun isInitialized(): Boolean = _value !== UNINITIALIZED_VALUE

    override fun toString(): String = if (isInitialized()) value.toString() else "Lazy value not initialized yet."

    private fun writeReplace(): Any = InitializedLazyImpl(value)
}


private class SafePublicationLazyImpl<out T>(initializer: () -> T) : Lazy<T>, Serializable {
    @Volatile private var initializer: (() -> T)? = initializer
    @Volatile private var _value: Any? = UNINITIALIZED_VALUE
    // this final field is required to enable safe initialization of the constructed instance
    private val final: Any = UNINITIALIZED_VALUE

    override val value: T
        get() {
            val value = _value
            if (value !== UNINITIALIZED_VALUE) {
                @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
                return value as T
            }

            val initializerValue = initializer
            // if we see null in initializer here, it means that the value is already set by another thread
            if (initializerValue != null) {
                val newValue = initializerValue()
                if (valueUpdater.compareAndSet(this, UNINITIALIZED_VALUE, newValue)) {
                    initializer = null
                    return newValue
                }
            }
            @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
            return _value as T
        }

    override fun isInitialized(): Boolean = _value !== UNINITIALIZED_VALUE

    override fun toString(): String = if (isInitialized()) value.toString() else "Lazy value not initialized yet."

    private fun writeReplace(): Any = InitializedLazyImpl(value)

    companion object {
        private val valueUpdater = java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater.newUpdater(
            SafePublicationLazyImpl::class.java,
            Any::class.java,
            "_value"
        )
    }
}

当然能代理getter方法就能代理setter方法，上代码：

class Person() {

    private var mName: String by Delegates.observable("") {
        property, oldValue, newValue ->
        println("name setter old value: $oldValue to new value: $newValue")
    }
    
}

源码实现：

/**
 * Standard property delegates.
 */
public object Delegates {
    /**
     * Returns a property delegate for a read/write property with a non-`null` value that is initialized not during
     * object construction time but at a later time. Trying to read the property before the initial value has been
     * assigned results in an exception.
     *
     * @sample samples.properties.Delegates.notNullDelegate
     */
    public fun <T : Any> notNull(): ReadWriteProperty<Any?, T> = NotNullVar()

    /**
     * Returns a property delegate for a read/write property that calls a specified callback function when changed.
     * @param initialValue the initial value of the property.
     * @param onChange the callback which is called after the change of the property is made. The value of the property
     *  has already been changed when this callback is invoked.
     *
     *  @sample samples.properties.Delegates.observableDelegate
     */
    public inline fun <T> observable(initialValue: T, crossinline onChange: (property: KProperty<*>, oldValue: T, newValue: T) -> Unit):
            ReadWriteProperty<Any?, T> =
        object : ObservableProperty<T>(initialValue) {
            override fun afterChange(property: KProperty<*>, oldValue: T, newValue: T) = onChange(property, oldValue, newValue)
        }

    /**
     * Returns a property delegate for a read/write property that calls a specified callback function when changed,
     * allowing the callback to veto the modification.
     * @param initialValue the initial value of the property.
     * @param onChange the callback which is called before a change to the property value is attempted.
     *  The value of the property hasn't been changed yet, when this callback is invoked.
     *  If the callback returns `true` the value of the property is being set to the new value,
     *  and if the callback returns `false` the new value is discarded and the property remains its old value.
     *
     *  @sample samples.properties.Delegates.vetoableDelegate
     *  @sample samples.properties.Delegates.throwVetoableDelegate
     */
    public inline fun <T> vetoable(initialValue: T, crossinline onChange: (property: KProperty<*>, oldValue: T, newValue: T) -> Boolean):
            ReadWriteProperty<Any?, T> =
        object : ObservableProperty<T>(initialValue) {
            override fun beforeChange(property: KProperty<*>, oldValue: T, newValue: T): Boolean = onChange(property, oldValue, newValue)
        }

}

 属性代理最重要的接口类源码：

/**
 * Base interface that can be used for implementing property delegates of read-write properties.
 *
 * This is provided only for convenience; you don't have to extend this interface
 * as long as your property delegate has methods with the same signatures.
 *
 * @param R the type of object which owns the delegated property.
 * @param T the type of the property value.
 */
public interface ReadWriteProperty<in R, T> {
    /**
     * Returns the value of the property for the given object.
     * @param thisRef the object for which the value is requested.
     * @param property the metadata for the property.
     * @return the property value.
     */
    public operator fun getValue(thisRef: R, property: KProperty<*>): T

    /**
     * Sets the value of the property for the given object.
     * @param thisRef the object for which the value is requested.
     * @param property the metadata for the property.
     * @param value the value to set.
     */
    public operator fun setValue(thisRef: R, property: KProperty<*>, value: T)
}

其实，我们也可以实现类似接口，通过operator操作符：

class Foo() {
    val x: Int by Person()

    var y: Int by Person()
}

class Person() {

    private var value: Int? = null

    operator fun getValue(thisRef: Any?, property: KProperty<*>): Int {
        return value ?: throw IllegalStateException("Property ${property.name} should be initialized before get.")
    }

    operator fun setValue(thisRef: Any?, property: KProperty<*>, value: Int) {
        this.value = value
    }

}

接口代理

未使用代理 by ：

 1 interface IApi {
 2     fun methodA()
 3     fun methodB()
 4     fun methodC()
 5 }
 6 
 7 class Person(private val api: IApi): IApi {
 8     
 9     override fun methodA() {
10         api.methodA()
11     }
12 
13     override fun methodB() {
14         api.methodB()
15     }
16 
17     override fun methodC() {
18         api.methodC()
19     }
20 
21 }

使用代理 by ：

 1 interface IApi {
 2     fun methodA()
 3     fun methodB()
 4     fun methodC()
 5 }
 6 
 7 class Person(private val api: IApi) : IApi by api {
 8     // 对象api代替类Person实现接口IApi方法
 9     override fun methodC() {
10         TODO("Not yet implemented")
11     }
12 }