在上一篇文章《为Struts 2.0做好准备》中,我过于详细地介绍了Struts 2.0开发环境和运行环境的配置,所以,本文很少涉及的以上两方面的细节。如果,您看完《为Struts 2.0做好准备》后,还有什么不明白,或者没法运行文中例子,请联系我。我的E-MAIL:mysshss@163.com。
在介绍常用标志前,我想先从总体上,对Struts 1.x与Struts 2.0的标志库(Tag Library)作比较。
Struts 1.x | Struts 2.0 | |
分类 | 将标志库按功能分成HTML、Tiles、Logic和Bean等几部分 | 严格上来说,没有分类,所有标志都在URI为“/struts-tags”命名空间下,不过,我们可以从功能上将其分为两大类:非UI标志和UI标志 |
表达式语言(expression languages) | 不支持嵌入语言(EL) | OGNL、JSTL、Groovy和Velcity |
好了,我要开始介绍“常用”(这里所谓的“常用”,是指在已往工作中使用Struts里经常用到的)的标志了。
要在JSP中使用Struts 2.0标志,先要指明标志的引入。通过在JSP的代码的顶部加入以下代码可以做到这点。 <%@taglib prefix="s" uri="/struts-tags" %> |
- 非UI标志
- if、elseif和else
描述:
执行基本的条件流转。参数:
名称 必需 默认 类型 描述 备注 test 是 Boolean 决定标志里内容是否显示的表达式 else标志没有这个参数 id 否 Object/String 用来标识元素的id。在UI和表单中为HTML的id属性 例子:
<%@ page contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" %>例1 condition.jsp
<%@ taglib prefix="s" uri="/struts-tags" %>
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title>Condition Flow</title>
</head>
<body>
<h3>Condition Flow</h3>
<!--
这里有点小技巧:
本来可以用#parameters.name[0]来获得,请求中name的值。但是,在我实现include例子时,
无论我用param标志给name赋任何值,#parameters里面不会含有任何值,所以#parameters.name也为空值。
其原因为:
当使用include标志时,被包含的页面(included)里#parameters拿到的是包含页面里的请求参数。
因此,这里必须手工调用request.getParameter("name")。
-->
<s:set name="name" value="<%= "'" + request.getParameter("name") + "'" %>" />
<s:if test="#name == 'Max'">
Max's file here
</s:if>
<s:elseif test="#name == 'Scott'">
Scott's file here
</s:elseif>
<s:else>
Other's file here
</s:else>
</body>
</html> - iterator
描述:
用于遍历集合(java.util.Collection)或枚举值(java.util.Iterator)。参数:
名称 必需 默认 类型 描述 status 否 String 如果设置此参数,一个IteratorStatus的实例将会压入每个遍历的堆栈 value 否 Object/String 要遍历的可枚举的(iteratable)数据源,或者将放入新列表(List)的对象 id 否 Object/String 用来标识元素的id。在UI和表单中为HTML的id属性 例子:
<%@ page contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" %>例2 iterator.jsp
<%@ page import="java.util.List" %>
<%@ page import="java.util.ArrayList" %>
<%@ taglib prefix="s" uri="/struts-tags" %>
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<%
List list = new ArrayList();
list.add("Max");
list.add("Scott");
list.add("Jeffry");
list.add("Joe");
list.add("Kelvin");
request.setAttribute("names", list);
%>
<html>
<head>
<title>Iterator</title>
</head>
<body>
<h3>Names: </h3>
<!--
1、此处的空property元素用于获得当前iterator的值
2、status被设成stuts,在iterator的里面就可以通过#stuts取得IteratorStatus的对象。IteratorStatus类包含当前序号信息,如是否第一个或最后一个,是否为奇数序号。这些信息在我们做格式化的时候,显得非常有用。
-->
<ol>
<s:iterator value="#request.names" status="stuts">
<s:if test="#stuts.odd == true">
<li>White <s:property /></li>
</s:if>
<s:else>
<li style="background-color:gray"><s:property /></li>
</s:else>
</s:iterator>
</ol>
</body>
</html> - i18n
描述:
加载资源包到值堆栈。它可以允许text标志访问任何资源包的信息,而不只当前action相关联的资源包。参数:
名称 必需 默认 类型 描述 value 是 Object/String 资源包的类路径(如com.xxxx.resources.AppMsg) id 否 Object/String 用来标识元素的id。在UI和表单中为HTML的id属性 例子:
HelloWorld=Hello Wrold!例3 classes" ApplicationMessages.properties
<%@ page contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" %>例3 i18n.jsp
<%@ taglib prefix="s" uri="/struts-tags" %>
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title>Internationization</title>
</head>
<body>
<h3>
<s:i18n name="ApplicationMessages">
<s:text name="HelloWorld" />
</s:i18n>
</h3>
</body>
</html> - include
描述:
包含一个servlet的输出(servlet或jsp的页面)。参数:
名称 必需 默认 类型 描述 value 是 String 要包含的jsp或servlet id 否 Object/String 用来标识元素的id。在UI和表单中为HTML的id属性 例子:
<%@ page contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" %>例4 include.jsp
<%@ taglib prefix="s" uri="/struts-tags" %>
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title>Iterator</title>
</head>
<body>
<h3>Interator Page</h3>
<s:include value="/condition.jsp">
<s:param name="name">Max</s:param>
</s:include>
<h3>i18n</h3>
<s:include value="/i18n.jsp" />
</body>
</html> - param
描述:
为其他标签提供参数,比如include标签和bean标签. 参数的name属性是可选的,如果提供,会调用Component的方法addParameter(String, Object), 如果不提供,则外层嵌套标签必须实现UnnamedParametric接口(如TextTag)。value的提供有两种方式,通过value属性或者标签中间的text,不同之处我们看一下例子:
<param name="color">blue</param><!-- (A) -->
<param name="color" value="blue"/><!-- (B) -->
(A)参数值会以String的格式放入statck.
(B)该值会以java.lang.Object的格式放入statck.参数:
名称 必需 默认 类型 描述 name 否 String 参数名 value 否 String value表达式 id 否 Object/String 用来标识元素的id。在UI和表单中为HTML的id属性 例子:
请参考例4。 - set
描述:
set标签赋予变量一个特定范围内的值。当希望给一个变量赋一个复杂的表达式,每次访问该变量而不是复杂的表达式时用到。其在两种情况下非常有用: 复杂的表达式很耗时 (性能提升) 或者很难理解 (代码可读性提高)。参数:
名称 必需 默认 类型 描述 name 是 String 变量名字 scope 否 String 变量作用域,可以为application, session, request, page, 或action. value 否 Object/String 将会赋给变量的值 id 否 Object/String 用来标识元素的id。在UI和表单中为HTML的id属性 例子:
请参考例1。 - text
描述:
支持国际化信息的标签。国际化信息必须放在一个和当前action同名的resource bundle中,如果没有找到相应message,tag body将被当作默认message,如果没有tag body,message的name会被作为默认message。参数:
名称 必需 默认 类型 描述 name 是 String 资源属性的名字 id 否 Object/String 用来标识元素的id。在UI和表单中为HTML的id属性 例子:
请参考例3。 - url
描述:
该标签用于创建url,可以通过"param"标签提供request参数。当includeParams的值时'all'或者'get', param标签中定义的参数将有优先权,也就是说其会覆盖其他同名参数的值。 参数: 略
例子:
<%@ page contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" %>例5 url.jsp
<%@ taglib prefix="s" uri="/struts-tags" %>
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title>URL</title>
</head>
<body>
<h3>URL</h3>
<a href='<s:url value="/i18n.jsp" />'>i18n</a><br />
<s:url id="url" value="/condition.jsp">
<s:param name="name">Max</s:param>
</s:url>
<s:a href="%{url}">if"elseif"else</s:a>
</body>
</html> - property
描述:
得到'value'的属性,如果value没提供,默认为堆栈顶端的元素。参数:
名称 必需 默认 类型 描述 default 否 String 如果属性是null则显示的default值 escape 否 true Booelean 是否escape HTML value 否 栈顶 Object 要显示的值 id 否 Object/String 用来标识元素的id。在UI和表单中为HTML的id属性 例子:
请参考例2。
- if、elseif和else
- UI标志
UI标志又可以分为表单UI和非表单UI两部分。表单UI部分基本与Struts 1.x相同,都是对HTML表单元素的包装。不过,Struts 2.0加了几个我们经常在项目中用到的控件如:datepicker、doubleselect、timepicker、optiontransferselect等。因为这些标志很多都经常用到,而且参数也很多,要在一篇文章详细说明并非易事。
需要深入了解这些标志的朋友,可以到以下查看以下网址:
http://wiki.javascud.org/display/ww2cndoc/Tags WebWork2文档中文化计划(中文)
http://cwiki.apache.org/WW/tag-reference.html Tag Developers Guide(英文)
本文有相当的内容也来自这两处。在此,我虽然不能够详细讲述这些标志,但是可以与大家分享一个来Struts 2.0 Show Case一个例子。
/*例6 org.apache.struts2.showcase.UITagExample.java
* $Id: UITagExample.java 420385 2006-07-10 00:57:05Z mrdon $
*
* Copyright 2006 The Apache Software Foundation.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.apache.struts2.showcase;
import org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext;
import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport;
import com.opensymphony.xwork2.Validateable;
import com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.OgnlValueStack;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.io.File;
/**
*/
public class UITagExample extends ActionSupport implements Validateable {
private static final long serialVersionUID = -94044809860988047L;
String name;
Date birthday;
String bio;
String favoriteColor;
List friends;
boolean legalAge;
String state;
String region;
File picture;
String pictureContentType;
String pictureFileName;
String favouriteLanguage;
String favouriteVehicalType = "MotorcycleKey";
String favouriteVehicalSpecific = "YamahaKey";
List leftSideCartoonCharacters;
List rightSideCartoonCharacters;
List favouriteLanguages = new ArrayList();
List vehicalTypeList = new ArrayList();
Map vehicalSpecificMap = new HashMap();
String thoughts;
public UITagExample() {
favouriteLanguages.add(new Language("EnglishKey", "English Language"));
favouriteLanguages.add(new Language("FrenchKey", "French Language"));
favouriteLanguages.add(new Language("SpanishKey", "Spanish Language"));
VehicalType car = new VehicalType("CarKey", "Car");
VehicalType motorcycle = new VehicalType("MotorcycleKey", "Motorcycle");
vehicalTypeList.add(car);
vehicalTypeList.add(motorcycle);
List cars = new ArrayList();
cars.add(new VehicalSpecific("MercedesKey", "Mercedes"));
cars.add(new VehicalSpecific("HondaKey", "Honda"));
cars.add(new VehicalSpecific("FordKey", "Ford"));
List motorcycles = new ArrayList();
motorcycles.add(new VehicalSpecific("SuzukiKey", "Suzuki"));
motorcycles.add(new VehicalSpecific("YamahaKey", "Yamaha"));
vehicalSpecificMap.put(car, cars);
vehicalSpecificMap.put(motorcycle, motorcycles);
}
public List getLeftSideCartoonCharacters() {
return leftSideCartoonCharacters;
}
public void setLeftSideCartoonCharacters(List leftSideCartoonCharacters) {
this.leftSideCartoonCharacters = leftSideCartoonCharacters;
}
public List getRightSideCartoonCharacters() {
return rightSideCartoonCharacters;
}
public void setRightSideCartoonCharacters(List rightSideCartoonCharacters) {
this.rightSideCartoonCharacters = rightSideCartoonCharacters;
}
public String getFavouriteVehicalType() {
return favouriteVehicalType;
}
public void setFavouriteVehicalType(String favouriteVehicalType) {
this.favouriteVehicalType = favouriteVehicalType;
}
public String getFavouriteVehicalSpecific() {
return favouriteVehicalSpecific;
}
public void setFavouriteVehicalSpecific(String favouriteVehicalSpecific) {
this.favouriteVehicalSpecific = favouriteVehicalSpecific;
}
public List getVehicalTypeList() {
return vehicalTypeList;
}
public List getVehicalSpecificList() {
OgnlValueStack stack = ServletActionContext.getValueStack(ServletActionContext.getRequest());
Object vehicalType = stack.findValue("top");
if (vehicalType != null && vehicalType instanceof VehicalType) {
List l = (List) vehicalSpecificMap.get(vehicalType);
return l;
}
return Collections.EMPTY_LIST;
}
public List getFavouriteLanguages() {
return favouriteLanguages;
}
public String execute() throws Exception {
return SUCCESS;
}
/* Getters and Setters */
public String doSubmit() {
return SUCCESS;
}
// === inner class
public static class Language {
String description;
String key;
public Language(String key, String description) {
this.key = key;
this.description = description;
}
public String getKey() {
return key;
}
public String getDescription() {
return description;
}
}
public static class VehicalType {
String key;
String description;
public VehicalType(String key, String description) {
this.key = key;
this.description = description;
}
public String getKey() { return this.key; }
public String getDescription() { return this.description; }
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (! (obj instanceof VehicalType)) {
return false;
}
else {
return key.equals(((VehicalType)obj).getKey());
}
}
public int hashCode() {
return key.hashCode();
}
}
public static class VehicalSpecific {
String key;
String description;
public VehicalSpecific(String key, String description) {
this.key = key;
this.description = description;
}
public String getKey() { return this.key; }
public String getDescription() { return this.description; }
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (! (obj instanceof VehicalSpecific)) {
return false;
}
else {
return key.equals(((VehicalSpecific)obj).getKey());
}
}
public int hashCode() {
return key.hashCode();
}
}
}
<%@ page contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="UTF-8" %>例6 example.jsp
<%@ taglib prefix="s" uri="/struts-tags" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>UI Tags Example</title>
<s:head/>
</head>
<body>
<s:actionerror/>
<s:actionmessage/>
<s:fielderror />
<s:form action="exampleSubmit" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data" tooltipConfig="#{'jsTooltipEnabled':'true'}">
<s:textfield
label="Name"
name="name"
tooltip="Enter your Name here" />
<s:datepicker
tooltip="Select Your Birthday"
label="Birthday"
name="birthday" />
<s:textarea
tooltip="Enter your Biography"
label="Biograph"
name="bio"
cols="20"
rows="3"/>
<s:select
tooltip="Choose Your Favourite Color"
label="Favorite Color"
list="{'Red', 'Blue', 'Green'}"
name="favoriteColor"
emptyOption="true"
headerKey="None"
headerValue="None"/>
<s:select
tooltip="Choose Your Favourite Language"
label="Favourite Language"
list="favouriteLanguages"
name="favouriteLanguage"
listKey="key"
listValue="description"
emptyOption="true"
headerKey="None"
headerValue="None"/>
<s:checkboxlist
tooltip="Choose your Friends"
label="Friends"
list="{'Patrick', 'Jason', 'Jay', 'Toby', 'Rene'}"
name="friends"/>
<s:checkbox
tooltip="Confirmed that your are Over 18"
label="Age 18+"
name="legalAge"/>
<s:doubleselect
tooltip="Choose Your State"
label="State"
name="region" list="{'North', 'South'}"
value="'South'"
doubleValue="'Florida'"
doubleList="top == 'North' ? {'Oregon', 'Washington'} : {'Texas', 'Florida'}"
doubleName="state"
headerKey="-1"
headerValue="---------- Please Select ----------"
emptyOption="true" />
<s:doubleselect
tooltip="Choose your Vehical"
label="Favourite Vehical"
name="favouriteVehicalType"
list="vehicalTypeList"
listKey="key"
listValue="description"
value="'MotorcycleKey'"
doubleValue="'YamahaKey'"
doubleList="vehicalSpecificList"
doubleListKey="key"
doubleListValue="description"
doubleName="favouriteVehicalSpecific" headerKey="-1"
headerValue="---------- Please Select ----------"
emptyOption="true" />
<s:file
tooltip="Upload Your Picture"
label="Picture"
name="picture" />
<s:optiontransferselect
tooltip="Select Your Favourite Cartoon Characters"
label="Favourite Cartoons Characters"
name="leftSideCartoonCharacters"
leftTitle="Left Title"
rightTitle="Right Title"
list="{'Popeye', 'He-Man', 'Spiderman'}"
multiple="true"
headerKey="headerKey"
headerValue="--- Please Select ---"
emptyOption="true"
doubleList="{'Superman', 'Mickey Mouse', 'Donald Duck'}"
doubleName="rightSideCartoonCharacters"
doubleHeaderKey="doubleHeaderKey"
doubleHeaderValue="--- Please Select ---"
doubleEmptyOption="true"
doubleMultiple="true" />
<s:textarea
label="Your Thougths"
name="thoughts"
tooltip="Enter your thoughts here" />
<s:submit onclick="alert('aaaa');" />
<s:reset onclick="alert('bbbb');" />
</s:form>
</body>
</html>
<action name="example" class="org.apache.struts2.showcase.UITagExample">例6 struts.xml代码片段
<result>example.jsp</result>
<result name="input">example.jsp</result>
</action>