C# 知识回顾 - 表达式树 Expression Trees
目录
简介
表达式树以树形数据结构表示代码,其中每一个节点都是一种表达式,比如方法调用和 x < y 这样的二元运算等。
表达式树还能用于动态语言运行时 (DLR) 以提供动态语言和 .NET Framework 之间的互操作性。
一、Lambda 表达式创建表达式树
若 lambda 表达式被分配给 Expression<TDelegate> 类型的变量,则编译器可以发射代码以创建表示该 lambda 表达式的表达式树。
C# 编译器只能从表达式 lambda (或单行 lambda)生成表达式树。
下列代码示例使用关键字 Expression创建表示 lambda 表达式:
1 Expression<Action<int>> actionExpression = n => Console.WriteLine(n); 2 Expression<Func<int, bool>> funcExpression1 = (n) => n < 0; 3 Expression<Func<int, int, bool>> funcExpression2 = (n, m) => n - m == 0;
二、API 创建表达式树
通过 API 创建表达式树需要使用 Expression 类
下列代码示例展示如何通过 API 创建表示 lambda 表达式:num => num == 0
1 //通过 Expression 类创建表达式树 2 // lambda:num => num == 0 3 ParameterExpression pExpression = Expression.Parameter(typeof(int)); //参数:num 4 ConstantExpression cExpression = Expression.Constant(0); //常量:0 5 BinaryExpression bExpression = Expression.MakeBinary(ExpressionType.Equal, pExpression, cExpression); //表达式:num == 0 6 Expression<Func<int, bool>> lambda = Expression.Lambda<Func<int, bool>>(bExpression, pExpression); //lambda 表达式:num => num == 0
代码使用 Expression 类的静态方法进行创建。
三、解析表达式树
下列代码示例展示如何分解表示 lambda 表达式 num => num == 0 的表达式树。
1 Expression<Func<int, bool>> funcExpression = num => num == 0; 2 3 //开始解析 4 ParameterExpression pExpression = funcExpression.Parameters[0]; //lambda 表达式参数 5 BinaryExpression body = (BinaryExpression)funcExpression.Body; //lambda 表达式主体:num == 0 6 7 Console.WriteLine($"解析:{pExpression.Name} => {body.Left} {body.NodeType} {body.Right}");
四、表达式树永久性
五、编译表达式树
Expression<TDelegate> 类型提供了 Compile 方法以将表达式树表示的代码编译成可执行委托。
1 //创建表达式树 2 Expression<Func<string, int>> funcExpression = msg => msg.Length; 3 //表达式树编译成委托 4 var lambda = funcExpression.Compile(); 5 //调用委托 6 Console.WriteLine(lambda("Hello, World!")); 7 8 //语法简化 9 Console.WriteLine(funcExpression.Compile()("Hello, World!"));
六、执行表达式树
执行表达式树可能会返回一个值,也可能仅执行一个操作(例如调用方法)。
1 const int n = 1; 2 const int m = 2; 3 4 //待执行的表达式树 5 BinaryExpression bExpression = Expression.Add(Expression.Constant(n), Expression.Constant(m)); 6 //创建 lambda 表达式 7 Expression<Func<int>> funcExpression = Expression.Lambda<Func<int>>(bExpression); 8 //编译 lambda 表达式 9 Func<int> func = funcExpression.Compile(); 10 11 //执行 lambda 表达式 12 Console.WriteLine($"{n} + {m} = {func()}");
七、修改表达式树
该类继承 ExpressionVisitor 类,通过 Visit 方法间接调用 VisitBinary 方法将 != 替换成 ==。基类方法构造类似于传入的表达式树的节点,但这些节点将其子目录树替换为访问器递归生成的表达式树。
1 internal class Program 2 { 3 private static void Main(string[] args) 4 { 5 Expression<Func<int, bool>> funcExpression = num => num == 0; 6 Console.WriteLine($"Source: {funcExpression}"); 7 8 var visitor = new NotEqualExpressionVisitor(); 9 var expression = visitor.Visit(funcExpression); 10 11 Console.WriteLine($"Modify: {expression}"); 12 13 Console.Read(); 14 } 15 16 /// <summary> 17 /// 不等表达式树访问器 18 /// </summary> 19 public class NotEqualExpressionVisitor : ExpressionVisitor 20 { 21 public Expression Visit(BinaryExpression node) 22 { 23 return VisitBinary(node); 24 } 25 26 protected override Expression VisitBinary(BinaryExpression node) 27 { 28 return node.NodeType == ExpressionType.Equal 29 ? Expression.MakeBinary(ExpressionType.NotEqual, node.Left, node.Right) //重新弄个表达式:用 != 代替 == 30 : base.VisitBinary(node); 31 } 32 } 33 }
八、调试
8.1 参数表达式
1 ParameterExpression pExpression1 = Expression.Parameter(typeof(string)); 2 ParameterExpression pExpression2 = Expression.Parameter(typeof(string), "msg");
图8-1
图8-2
从 DebugView 可知,如果参数没有名称,则会为其分配一个自动生成的名称。
1 const int num1 = 250; 2 const float num2 = 250; 3 4 ConstantExpression cExpression1 = Expression.Constant(num1); 5 ConstantExpression cExpression2 = Expression.Constant(num2);
图8-3
图8-4
从 DebugView 可知,float 比 int 多了个后缀 F。
1 Expression lambda1 = Expression.Lambda<Func<int>>(Expression.Constant(250)); 2 Expression lambda2 = Expression.Lambda<Func<int>>(Expression.Constant(250), "CustomName", null);
图8-5
图8-6
观察 DebugView ,如果 lambda 表达式没有名称,则会为其分配一个自动生成的名称。
出处:https://www.cnblogs.com/liqingwen/p/5868688.html
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Expression表达式树
表达式树表示树状数据结构的代码,树状结构中的每个节点都是一个表达式,例如一个方法调用或类似 x < y 的二元运算
1.利用 Lambda 表达式创建表达式树
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Expression<Func< int , int , int , int >> expr = (x, y, z) => (x + y) / z; |
2.编译表达式树,该方法将表达式树表示的代码编译成一个可执行委托
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expr.Compile()(1, 2, 3) |
3.IQueryable<T>的扩展方法,WhereIn的实现
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var d = list.AsQueryable().WhereIn(o => o.Id1, new int [] { 1, 2 }); |
完整代码:
using MongoDB.Bson; using MongoDB.Driver; using MongoDB.Driver.Builders; using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Linq.Expressions; using System.Text; using System.Threading.Tasks; namespace MongoDBTest { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { //使用LambdaExpression构建表达式树 Expression<Func<int, int, int, int>> expr = (x, y, z) => (x + y) / z; Console.WriteLine(expr.Compile()(1, 2, 3)); //使用LambdaExpression构建可执行的代码 Func<int, int, int, int> fun = (x, y, z) => (x + y) / z; Console.WriteLine(fun(1, 2, 3)); //动态构建表达式树 ParameterExpression pe1 = Expression.Parameter(typeof(int), "x"); ParameterExpression pe2 = Expression.Parameter(typeof(int), "y"); ParameterExpression pe3 = Expression.Parameter(typeof(int), "z"); var body = Expression.Divide(Expression.Add(pe1, pe2), pe3); var w = Expression.Lambda<Func<int, int, int, int>>(body, new ParameterExpression[] { pe1, pe2, pe3 }); Console.WriteLine(w.Compile()(1, 2, 3)); List<Entity> list = new List<Entity> { new Entity { Id1 = 1 }, new Entity { Id1 = 2 }, new Entity { Id1 = 3 } }; var d = list.AsQueryable().WhereIn(o => o.Id1, new int[] { 1, 2 }); d.ToList().ForEach(o => { Console.WriteLine(o.Id1); }); Console.ReadKey(); } } public class Entity { public ObjectId Id; public int Id1; public string Name { get; set; } } public static class cc { public static IQueryable<T> WhereIn<T, TValue>(this IQueryable<T> query, Expression<Func<T, TValue>> obj, IEnumerable<TValue> values) { return query.Where(BuildContainsExpression(obj, values)); } private static Expression<Func<TElement, bool>> BuildContainsExpression<TElement, TValue>(Expression<Func<TElement, TValue>> valueSelector, IEnumerable<TValue> values) { if (null == valueSelector) { throw new ArgumentNullException("valueSelector"); } if (null == values) { throw new ArgumentNullException("values"); } var p = valueSelector.Parameters.Single(); if (!values.Any()) return e => false; var equals = values.Select(value => (Expression)Expression.Equal(valueSelector.Body, Expression.Constant(value, typeof(TValue)))); var body = equals.Aggregate(Expression.Or); return Expression.Lambda<Func<TElement, bool>>(body, p); } } }
参考博客:
出处:https://www.cnblogs.com/LittleFeiHu/p/4050428.html
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C#中的表达式树
本人之前从未接触过表达式树的概念,所以特意从网上找到两篇这方面的资料学习了下。本文为阅读笔记性质博客!
表达式树是.NET 3.5之后引入的,它是一个强大灵活的工具(比如用在LINQ中构造动态查询)。
先来看看Expression类的API接口:
using System.Collections.ObjectModel; namespace System.Linq.Expressions { // Summary: // Represents a strongly typed lambda expression as a data structure in the // form of an expression tree. This class cannot be inherited. // // Type parameters: // TDelegate: // The type of the delegate that the System.Linq.Expressions.Expression<tdelegate> // represents. public sealed class Expression<tdelegate> : LambdaExpression { // Summary: // Compiles the lambda expression described by the expression tree into executable // code. // // Returns: // A delegate of type TDelegate that represents the lambda expression described // by the System.Linq.Expressions.Expression<tdelegate>. public TDelegate Compile(); } }
表达式树的语法如下:
Expression<Func<type,returnType>> = (param) => lamdaexpresion;
我们先来看一个简单例子:
Expression<Func<int, int, int>> expr = (x, y) => x+y;
这就是一个表达式树了。使用Expression Tree Visualizer工具(直接调试模式下看也可以,只不过没这个直观)在调试模式下查看这个表达式树(就是一个对象),如下:
可以看到表达式树主要由下面四部分组成:
1、Body 主体部分
2、Parameters 参数部分
3、NodeType 节点类型
4、Lambda表达式类型
对于前面举的例子,主体部分即x+y,参数部分即(x,y)。Lambda表达式类型是Func<Int32, Int32, Int32>。注意主体部分可以是表达式,但是不能包含语句,如下这样:
Expression<Func<int, int, int>> expr = (x, y) => { return x+y; };
用前面的方法虽然可以创建表达式树,但是不够灵活,如果要灵活构建表达式树,可以像下面这样:
ParameterExpression exp1 = Expression.Parameter(typeof(int), "a"); ParameterExpression exp2 = Expression.Parameter(typeof(int), "b"); BinaryExpression exp = Expression.Multiply(exp1,exp2); var lamExp = Expression.Lambda<Func<int, int, int>>(exp, new ParameterExpression[] { exp1, exp2 });
exp1、exp2即表达式树的参数,exp是表达式树的主体。如果我利用Reflector反编译Expression<Func<int, int, int>> expr = (x, y) => { return x+y; };得到下面的C#代码:
ParameterExpression CS$0$0000; ParameterExpression CS$0$0001; Expression<Func<int, int, int>> expr = Expression.Lambda<Func<int, int, int>>(Expression.Multiply(CS$0$0000 = Expression.Parameter(typeof(int), "x"), CS$0$0001 = Expression.Parameter(typeof(int), "y")), new ParameterExpression[] { CS$0$0000, CS$0$0001 });
可以看到它基本和上面的手动构建代码一致。再来看一个简单的例子:
Expression<Func<Customer, bool>> filter = cust => Equal(Property(cust,"Region"),"North");
可以用下面的代码手动构建效果等同于上面的表达式树:
// declare a parameter of type Customer named cust ParameterExpression custParam = Expression.Parameter( typeof(Customer), "custParam"); // compare (equality) the Region property of the // parameter against the string constant "North" BinaryExpression body = Expression.Equal( Expression.Property(custParam, "Region"), Expression.Constant("North", typeof(string))); // formalise this as a lambda Expression<Func<Customer, bool>> filter = Expression.Lambda<Func<Customer, bool>>(body, cust);
然后我们可以通过表达式树的Compile方法将表达式树编译成Lambda表达式,如下:
Func<Customer, bool> filterFunc = filter.Compile();
但是Compile调用过程涉及动态代码生成,所以出于性能考虑最好只调用一次,然后缓存起来。或者像下面这样在静态构造块中使用(也只会调用一次):
public static class Operator<T> { private static readonly Func<T, T, T> add; public static T Add(T x, T y) { return add(x, y); } static Operator() { var x = Expression.Parameter(typeof(T), "x"); var y = Expression.Parameter(typeof(T), "y"); var body = Expression.Add(x, y); add = Expression.Lambda<Func<T, T, T>>( body, x, y).Compile(); } }
Expression类包含下面几类静态方法(.NET 3.5中):
Arithmetic: Add, AddChecked, Divide, Modulo, Multiply, MultiplyChecked, Negate, NegateChecked, Power, Subtract, SubtractChecked, UnaryPlus Creation: Bind, ElementInit, ListBind, ListInit, MemberBind, MemberInit, New, NewArrayBounds, NewArrayInit Bitwise: And, ExclusiveOr, LeftShift (<<), Not, Or, RightShift (>>) Logical: AndAlso (&&), Condition (? :), Equal, GreaterThan, GreaterThanOrEqual, LessThan, LessThanOrEqual, NotEqual, OrElse (||), TypeIs Member Access: ArrayIndex, ArrayLength, Call, Field, Property, PropertyOrField Other: Convert, ConvertChecked, Coalesce (??), Constant, Invoke, Lambda, Parameter, TypeAs, Quote
下面我们类似前面重载一个浅拷贝的例子(比使用反射开销小):
using System; using System.Linq; using System.Linq.Expressions; using System.Reflection; namespace ExpressionTreeLab { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { var p = new Person() { Name = "jxq", Age = 23 }; var shallowCopy = Operator<Person>.ShallowCopy(p); shallowCopy.Name = "feichexia"; Console.WriteLine(shallowCopy.Name); Console.WriteLine(p.Name); Console.ReadKey(); } public class Person { public string Name { get; set; } public int Age { get; set; } } public static class Operator<T> { private static readonly Func<T, T> ShallowClone; public static T ShallowCopy(T sourcObj) { return ShallowClone.Invoke(sourcObj); } static Operator() { var origParam = Expression.Parameter(typeof(T), "orig"); // for each read/write property on T, create a new binding // (for the object initializer) that copies the original's value into the new object var setProps = from prop in typeof(T).GetProperties(BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance) where prop.CanRead && prop.CanWrite select (MemberBinding)Expression.Bind(prop, Expression.Property(origParam, prop)); var body = Expression.MemberInit( // object initializer Expression.New(typeof(T)), // ctor setProps // property assignments ); ShallowClone = Expression.Lambda<Func<T, T>>(body, origParam).Compile(); } } } }
继续看Expression.AndAlso的使用,它可以用来替代类似下面这种多条件与的情况:
Func<Person, Person, bool> personEqual = (person1, person2) => person1.Name == person2.Name && person1.Age == person2.Age; if(personEqual(p1, p2)) { Console.WriteLine("两个对象所有属性值都相等!"); }
代码如下:
using System; using System.Linq; using System.Linq.Expressions; using System.Reflection; namespace ExpressionTreeLab { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { var p1 = new Person() { Name = "jxq", Age = 23 }; var p2 = new Person() { Name = "jxq", Age = 23 }; if (Operator<Person>.ObjectPropertyEqual(p1, p2)) { Console.WriteLine("两个对象所有属性值都相等!"); } Console.ReadKey(); } public class Person { public string Name { get; set; } public int Age { get; set; } } public static class Operator<T> { private static readonly Func<T, T, bool> PropsEqual; public static bool ObjectPropertyEqual(T obj1, T obj2) { return PropsEqual.Invoke(obj1, obj2); } static Operator() { var x = Expression.Parameter(typeof(T), "x"); var y = Expression.Parameter(typeof(T), "y"); // 获取类型T上的可读Property var readableProps = from prop in typeof(T).GetProperties(BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance) where prop.CanRead select prop; Expression combination = null; foreach (var readableProp in readableProps) { var thisPropEqual = Expression.Equal(Expression.Property(x, readableProp), Expression.Property(y, readableProp)); if(combination == null) { combination = thisPropEqual; } else { combination = Expression.AndAlso(combination, thisPropEqual); } } if(combination == null) // 如果没有需要比较的东西,直接返回false { PropsEqual = (p1, p2) => false; } else { PropsEqual = Expression.Lambda<Func<T, T, bool>>(combination, x, y).Compile(); } } } } }
在.NET 4.0中扩展了一些Expression的静态方法,使得编写动态代码更容易:
Mutation: AddAssign, AddAssignChecked, AndAssign, Assign, DivideAssign, ExclusiveOrAssign, LeftShiftAssign, ModuloAssign, MultiplyAssign, MultiplyAssignChecked, OrAssign, PostDecrementAssign, PostIncrementAssign, PowerAssign, PreDecrementAssign, PreIncrementAssign, RightShiftAssign, SubtractAssign, SubtractAssignChecked
Arithmetic: Decrement, Default, Increment, OnesComplement
Member Access: ArrayAccess, Dynamic
Logical: ReferenceEqual, ReferenceNotEqual, TypeEqual
Flow: Block, Break, Continue, Empty, Goto, IfThen, IfThenElse, IfFalse, IfTrue, Label, Loop, Return, Switch, SwitchCase, Unbox, Variable
Exceptions: Catch, Rethrow, Throw
Debug: ClearDebugInfo, DebugInfo
下面是一个利用表达式树编写动态代码的例子(循环打印0到9):
using System; using System.Linq.Expressions; namespace ExpressionTreeLab { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { var exitFor = Expression.Label("exitFor"); // jump label var x = Expression.Variable(typeof(int), "x"); var body = Expression.Block( new[] { x }, // declare scope variables Expression.Assign(x, Expression.Constant(0, typeof(int))), // init Expression.Loop( Expression.IfThenElse( Expression.GreaterThanOrEqual( // test for exit x, Expression.Constant(10, typeof(int)) ), Expression.Break(exitFor), // perform exit Expression.Block( // perform code Expression.Call( typeof(Console), "WriteLine", null, x), Expression.PostIncrementAssign(x) ) ), exitFor ) // Loop ends ); var runtimeLoop = Expression.Lambda<Action>(body).Compile(); runtimeLoop(); Console.Read(); } } }
另外WhereIn扩展实现如下,如果前面的例子都熟悉了的话,这个自然也很容易看懂了:
/// <summary> /// 使之支持Sql in语法 /// </summary> /// <typeparam name = "T"></typeparam> /// <typeparam name = "TValue"></typeparam> /// <param name = "query"></param> /// <param name = "obj"></param> /// <param name = "values"></param> /// <returns></returns> public static IQueryable<T> WhereIn<T, TValue>(this IQueryable<T> query, Expression<Func<T, TValue>> obj, IEnumerable<TValue> values) { return query.Where(BuildContainsExpression(obj, values)); } private static Expression<Func<TElement, bool>> BuildContainsExpression<TElement, TValue>( Expression<Func<TElement, TValue>> valueSelector, IEnumerable<TValue> values) { if (null == valueSelector) { throw new ArgumentNullException("valueSelector"); } if (null == values) { throw new ArgumentNullException("values"); } var p = valueSelector.Parameters.Single(); if (!values.Any()) return e => false; var equals = values.Select(value => (Expression) Expression.Equal(valueSelector.Body, Expression.Constant(value, typeof (TValue)))); var body = equals.Aggregate(Expression.Or); return Expression.Lambda<Func<TElement, bool>>(body, p); }
调用方式如下:
db.Users.WhereIIn(u => u.Id, new int[] { 1, 2, 3 });
关于使用表达式树构建LINQ动态查询,请参考Dynamic Linq Queries with Expression Trees
参考资料:
出处:https://www.cnblogs.com/feichexia/archive/2013/05/28/3104832.html