• cp 命令详解


    cp命令用来将一个或多个源文件或者目录复制到指定的目的文件或目录。它可以将单个源文件复制成一个指定文件名的具体的文件或一个已经存在的目录下。cp命令还支持同时复制多个文件,当一次复制多个文件时,目标文件参数必须是一个已经存在的目录,否则将出现错误。

    1、语法

    cp(选项)(参数)

    2、选项与参数

    [root@web ~]# man cp
    CP(1)                            User Commands                           CP(1)
    
    NAME
           cp - copy files and directories
    
    SYNOPSIS
           cp [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST
           cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
           cp [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE...
    
    DESCRIPTION
           Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.
    
           Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
    
           -a, --archive
                  same as -dR --preserve=all
    
           --backup[=CONTROL]
                  make a backup of each existing destination file
    
           -b     like --backup but does not accept an argument
    
           --copy-contents
                  copy contents of special files when recursive
    
           -d     same as --no-dereference --preserve=links
    
           -f, --force
                  if an existing destination file cannot be opened, remove it and try again (redundant if the -n option is used)
    
           -i, --interactive
                  prompt before overwrite (overrides a previous -n option)
    
           -H     follow command-line symbolic links in SOURCE
    
           -l, --link
                  link files instead of copying
    
           -L, --dereference
                  always follow symbolic links in SOURCE
    
           -n, --no-clobber
                  do not overwrite an existing file (overrides a previous -i option)
    
           -P, --no-dereference
                  never follow symbolic links in SOURCE
    
           -p     same as --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps
    
           --preserve[=ATTR_LIST]
                  preserve  the specified attributes (default: mode,ownership,timestamps), if possible additional attributes: context, links, xattr,
                  all
    
           -c     same as --preserve=context
    
           --no-preserve=ATTR_LIST
                  don’t preserve the specified attributes
    
           --parents
                  use full source file name under DIRECTORY
    
           -R, -r, --recursive
                  copy directories recursively
    
           --reflink[=WHEN]
                  control clone/CoW copies. See below.
    
           --remove-destination
                  remove each existing destination file before attempting to open it (contrast with --force)
    
           --sparse=WHEN
                  control creation of sparse files. See below.
    
           --strip-trailing-slashes
                  remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument
    
           -s, --symbolic-link
                  make symbolic links instead of copying
    
           -S, --suffix=SUFFIX
                  override the usual backup suffix
    
           -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY
                  copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY
    
           -T, --no-target-directory
                  treat DEST as a normal file
    
           -u, --update
                  copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing
    
           -v, --verbose
                  explain what is being done
    
           -x, --one-file-system
                  stay on this file system
    
           -Z, --context=CONTEXT
                  set security context of copy to CONTEXT
    
           --help display this help and exit
    
           --version
                  output version information and exit
    
           By default, sparse SOURCE files are detected by a crude heuristic and the corresponding DEST file is made sparse as well.   That  is  the
           behavior selected by --sparse=auto.  Specify --sparse=always to create a sparse DEST file whenever the SOURCE file contains a long enough
           sequence of zero bytes.  Use --sparse=never to inhibit creation of sparse files.
    
           When --reflink[=always] is specified, perform a lightweight copy, where the data blocks are copied only when modified.  If  this  is  not
           possible the copy fails, or if --reflink=auto is specified, fall back to a standard copy.
    
           The  backup suffix is ‘~’, unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX.  The version control method may be selected via the --backup
           option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable.  Here are the values:
    
           none, off
                  never make backups (even if --backup is given)
    
           numbered, t
                  make numbered backups
    
           existing, nil
                  numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise
    
           simple, never
                  always make simple backups
    
           As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name  for  an
           existing, regular file.
    
    AUTHOR
           Written by Torbjorn Granlund, David MacKenzie, and Jim Meyering.
    
    REPORTING BUGS
           Report cp bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
           GNU coreutils home page: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
           General help using GNU software: <http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>
           Report cp translation bugs to <http://translationproject.org/team/>
    
    COPYRIGHT
           Copyright © 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.  License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
           This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.  There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
    
    SEE ALSO
           The  full  documentation  for cp is maintained as a Texinfo manual.  If the info and cp programs are properly installed at your site, the
           command
    
                  info coreutils 'cp invocation'
    
           should give you access to the complete manual.
    
    GNU coreutils 8.4                  June 2018                             CP(1)
    

      

     选项(中文解释)

    -a:此参数的效果和同时指定"-dpR"参数相同;
    -d:当复制符号连接时,把目标文件或目录也建立为符号连接,并指向与源文件或目录连接的原始文件或目录;
    -f:强行复制文件或目录,不论目标文件或目录是否已存在;
    -i:覆盖既有文件之前先询问用户;
    -l:对源文件建立硬连接,而非复制文件;
    -p:保留源文件或目录的属性;
    -R/r:递归处理,将指定目录下的所有文件与子目录一并处理;
    -s:对源文件建立符号连接,而非复制文件;
    -u:使用这项参数后只会在源文件的更改时间较目标文件更新时或是名称相互对应的目标文件并不存在时,才复制文件;
    -S:在备份文件时,用指定的后缀“SUFFIX”代替文件的默认后缀;
    -b:覆盖已存在的文件目标前将目标文件备份;
    -v:详细显示命令执行的操作。
    

      

    参数

    源文件:    指定源文件列表。默认情况下,cp命令不能复制目录,如果要复制目录,则必须使用-R选项;
    目标文件:  指定目标文件。当“源文件”为多个文件时,要求“目标文件”为指定的目录。
    

      

    3、实例

    如果把一个文件复制到一个目标文件中,而目标文件已经存在,那么,该目标文件的内容将被破坏。此命令中所有参数既可以是绝对路径名,也可以是相对路径名。通常会用到.点点..的形式。例如,下面的命令将指定文件复制到当前目录下:

    [root@web ~]# cp ../data/index.html .
    

    所有目标文件指定的目录必须是己经存在的,cp命令不能创建目录。如果没有文件复制的权限,则系统会显示出错信息。  

    # 第1次复制,目标路径下不存在需复制的内容
    # 将文件 /etc/hosts 复制到目录/data下
    [root@web ~]# cp /etc/hosts /data/
    
    # 将文件 /etc/hosts 复制到目录/data下,并更名为 hosts.bak
    [root@web ~]# cp /etc/hosts /data/hosts.bak
    # 第2次复制,目标路径下已存在需复制的内容,出现提示
    [root@web ~]# cp /etc/hosts /data/
    cp: overwrite `/data/hosts'? y
    
    # 在 cp 命令前面加 ,复制的时候,不提示,直接覆盖
    [root@web ~]# cp /etc/hosts /data/
    

      

    我们在Linux下使用cp命令复制文件时候,有时候会需要覆盖一些同名文件,覆盖文件的时候都会有提示:需要不停的按Y来确定执行覆盖。文件数量不多还好,但是要是几百个估计按Y都要吐血了,于是折腾来半天总结了一个方法: 

    [root@web ~]# cp aaa/* /bbb
    复制目录aaa下所有到/bbb目录下,这时如果/bbb目录下有和aaa同名的文件,需要按Y来确认并且会略过aaa目录下的子目录。
    
    [root@web ~]# cp -r aaa/* /bbb
    这次依然需要按Y来确认操作,但是没有忽略子目录。
    
    [root@web ~]# cp -r -a aaa/* /bbb
    依然需要按Y来确认操作,并且把aaa目录以及子目录和文件属性也传递到了/bbb。
    
    [root@web ~]# cp -r -a aaa/* /bbb
    成功,没有提示按Y、传递了目录属性、没有略过目录。
    

      

    # 复制 /etc/sysconfig 目录和 /etc/fstab 文件 到 /data/目录下
    [root@web ~]# cp -r /etc/sysconfig /etc/fstab /data/
    [root@web ~]# ll /data/
    total 8
    -rw-r--r--. 1 root root  805 May 31 15:59 fstab
    drwxr-xr-x. 7 root root 4096 May 31 15:59 sysconfig
    

     

    #-t :前面是目标路径  ,后面是需要复制的内容
    # 如下:将 /data 目录及其子目录下的所有内容 递归复制到  /etc/sysconfig/ 目录下
    [root@web ~]# cp -rt /etc/sysconfig/ /data/
    

      

     

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/morgan363/p/10955745.html
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