数据库相关

1.数据库操作

CREATE DATABASE 数据库名 charset utf8;
1 查看数据库
show databases;
show create database db1;
select database();

2 选择数据库
USE 数据库名

3 删除数据库
DROP DATABASE 数据库名;

4 修改数据库
alter database db1 charset utf8;

2.表操作

示例：
1. 修改存储引擎
mysql> alter table service 
    -> engine=innodb;

2. 添加字段
mysql> alter table student10
    -> add name varchar(20) not null,
    -> add age int(3) not null default 22;
    
mysql> alter table student10
    -> add stu_num varchar(10) not null after name;                //添加name字段之后

mysql> alter table student10                        
    -> add sex enum('male','female') default 'male' first;          //添加到最前面

3. 删除字段
mysql> alter table student10
    -> drop sex;

mysql> alter table service
    -> drop mac;

4. 修改字段类型modify
mysql> alter table student10
    -> modify age int(3);
mysql> alter table student10
    -> modify id int(11) not null primary key auto_increment;    //修改为主键

5. 增加约束（针对已有的主键增加auto_increment）
mysql> alter table student10 modify id int(11) not null primary key auto_increment;
ERROR 1068 (42000): Multiple primary key defined

mysql> alter table student10 modify id int(11) not null auto_increment;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

6. 对已经存在的表增加复合主键
mysql> alter table service2
    -> add primary key(host_ip,port);        

7. 增加主键
mysql> alter table student1
    -> modify name varchar(10) not null primary key;

8. 增加主键和自动增长
mysql> alter table student1
    -> modify id int not null primary key auto_increment;

9. 删除主键
a. 删除自增约束
mysql> alter table student10 modify id int(11) not null; 

b. 删除主键
mysql> alter table student10                                 
    -> drop primary key;

DROP TABLE 表名;

3.数据操作

插入

1. 插入完整数据（顺序插入）
    语法一：
    INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) VALUES(值1,值2,值3…值n);

    语法二：
    INSERT INTO 表名 VALUES (值1,值2,值3…值n);

2. 指定字段插入数据
    语法：
    INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…) VALUES (值1,值2,值3…);

3. 插入多条记录
    语法：
    INSERT INTO 表名 VALUES
        (值1,值2,值3…值n),
        (值1,值2,值3…值n),
        (值1,值2,值3…值n);
        
4. 插入查询结果
    语法：
    INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) 
                    SELECT (字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) FROM 表2
                    WHERE …;

更新

语法：
    UPDATE 表名 SET
        字段1=值1,
        字段2=值2,
        WHERE CONDITION;

示例：
    UPDATE mysql.user SET password=password(‘123’) 
        where user=’root’ and host=’localhost’;

删除

语法：
    DELETE FROM 表名 
        WHERE CONITION;

示例：
    DELETE FROM mysql.user 
        WHERE password=’’;

练习：
    更新MySQL root用户密码为123
    删除除从本地登录的root用户以外的所有用户

导出现有数据库数据：

• mysqldump -u用户名 -p密码 数据库名称 >导出文件路径           # 结构+数据
• mysqldump -u用户名 -p密码 -d 数据库名称 >导出文件路径       # 结构 

导入现有数据库数据：

• mysqldump -uroot -p密码  数据库名称 < 文件路径  

一、表关系

请创建如下表，并创建相关约束

1.创建表
create table class(
	cid int auto_increment primary key,
	caption char(10)
)engine=innodb default charset=utf8;
insert into class(caption) values('三年二班'),('一年三班'),('三年一班');


create table student(
	sid int auto_increment primary key,
	sname char(10),
	gender char(10),
	class_id int,
	constraint fk_class foreign key (class_id) references class(cid)
)engine=innodb default charset=utf8;
insert into student(sname,gender,class_id) values('钢弹','女',1),('铁锤','女',2),('山炮','男',2);


create table teacher(
	tid int auto_increment primary key,
	tname char(10)
)engine=innodb default charset=utf8;
insert into teacher(tname) values('波多'),('苍空'),('饭岛');


create table course(
	cid int auto_increment primary key,
	cname char(10),
	tearch_id int,
	constraint fk_teacher foreign key (tearch_id) references teacher(tid)
)engine=innodb default charset=utf8;
insert into course(cname,tearch_id) values('生物',1),('体育',1),('物理',2);


create table score(
	sid int auto_increment primary key,
	student_id int,
	corse_id int,
	number int,
	unique score_index (student_id,corse_id),
	constraint fk_student foreign key (student_id) references student(sid),
	constraint fk_corse foreign key (corse_id) references course(cid)
)engine=innodb default charset=utf8;
insert into score(student_id,corse_id,number) values(1,1,60),(1,2,59),(2,2,100);

下面创建的表内容比较多，用于后面的练习题使用。

/*
 Navicat Premium Data Transfer

 Source Server         : localhost
 Source Server Type    : MySQL
 Source Server Version : 50624
 Source Host           : localhost
 Source Database       : sqlexam

 Target Server Type    : MySQL
 Target Server Version : 50624
 File Encoding         : utf-8

 Date: 10/21/2016 06:46:46 AM
*/

SET NAMES utf8;
SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 0;

-- ----------------------------
--  Table structure for `class`
-- ----------------------------
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `class`;
CREATE TABLE `class` (
  `cid` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `caption` varchar(32) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`cid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=5 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

-- ----------------------------
--  Records of `class`
-- ----------------------------
BEGIN;
INSERT INTO `class` VALUES ('1', '三年二班'), ('2', '三年三班'), ('3', '一年二班'), ('4', '二年九班');
COMMIT;

-- ----------------------------
--  Table structure for `course`
-- ----------------------------
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `course`;
CREATE TABLE `course` (
  `cid` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `cname` varchar(32) NOT NULL,
  `teacher_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`cid`),
  KEY `fk_course_teacher` (`teacher_id`),
  CONSTRAINT `fk_course_teacher` FOREIGN KEY (`teacher_id`) REFERENCES `teacher` (`tid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=5 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

-- ----------------------------
--  Records of `course`
-- ----------------------------
BEGIN;
INSERT INTO `course` VALUES ('1', '生物', '1'), ('2', '物理', '2'), ('3', '体育', '3'), ('4', '美术', '2');
COMMIT;

-- ----------------------------
--  Table structure for `score`
-- ----------------------------
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `score`;
CREATE TABLE `score` (
  `sid` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `student_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `course_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `num` int(11) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`sid`),
  KEY `fk_score_student` (`student_id`),
  KEY `fk_score_course` (`course_id`),
  CONSTRAINT `fk_score_course` FOREIGN KEY (`course_id`) REFERENCES `course` (`cid`),
  CONSTRAINT `fk_score_student` FOREIGN KEY (`student_id`) REFERENCES `student` (`sid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=53 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

-- ----------------------------
--  Records of `score`
-- ----------------------------
BEGIN;
INSERT INTO `score` VALUES ('1', '1', '1', '10'), ('2', '1', '2', '9'), ('5', '1', '4', '66'), ('6', '2', '1', '8'), ('8', '2', '3', '68'), ('9', '2', '4', '99'), ('10', '3', '1', '77'), ('11', '3', '2', '66'), ('12', '3', '3', '87'), ('13', '3', '4', '99'), ('14', '4', '1', '79'), ('15', '4', '2', '11'), ('16', '4', '3', '67'), ('17', '4', '4', '100'), ('18', '5', '1', '79'), ('19', '5', '2', '11'), ('20', '5', '3', '67'), ('21', '5', '4', '100'), ('22', '6', '1', '9'), ('23', '6', '2', '100'), ('24', '6', '3', '67'), ('25', '6', '4', '100'), ('26', '7', '1', '9'), ('27', '7', '2', '100'), ('28', '7', '3', '67'), ('29', '7', '4', '88'), ('30', '8', '1', '9'), ('31', '8', '2', '100'), ('32', '8', '3', '67'), ('33', '8', '4', '88'), ('34', '9', '1', '91'), ('35', '9', '2', '88'), ('36', '9', '3', '67'), ('37', '9', '4', '22'), ('38', '10', '1', '90'), ('39', '10', '2', '77'), ('40', '10', '3', '43'), ('41', '10', '4', '87'), ('42', '11', '1', '90'), ('43', '11', '2', '77'), ('44', '11', '3', '43'), ('45', '11', '4', '87'), ('46', '12', '1', '90'), ('47', '12', '2', '77'), ('48', '12', '3', '43'), ('49', '12', '4', '87'), ('52', '13', '3', '87');
COMMIT;

-- ----------------------------
--  Table structure for `student`
-- ----------------------------
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `student`;
CREATE TABLE `student` (
  `sid` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `gender` char(1) NOT NULL,
  `class_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `sname` varchar(32) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`sid`),
  KEY `fk_class` (`class_id`),
  CONSTRAINT `fk_class` FOREIGN KEY (`class_id`) REFERENCES `class` (`cid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=17 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

-- ----------------------------
--  Records of `student`
-- ----------------------------
BEGIN;
INSERT INTO `student` VALUES ('1', '男', '1', '理解'), ('2', '女', '1', '钢蛋'), ('3', '男', '1', '张三'), ('4', '男', '1', '张一'), ('5', '女', '1', '张二'), ('6', '男', '1', '张四'), ('7', '女', '2', '铁锤'), ('8', '男', '2', '李三'), ('9', '男', '2', '李一'), ('10', '女', '2', '李二'), ('11', '男', '2', '李四'), ('12', '女', '3', '如花'), ('13', '男', '3', '刘三'), ('14', '男', '3', '刘一'), ('15', '女', '3', '刘二'), ('16', '男', '3', '刘四');
COMMIT;

-- ----------------------------
--  Table structure for `teacher`
-- ----------------------------
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `teacher`;
CREATE TABLE `teacher` (
  `tid` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `tname` varchar(32) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`tid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=6 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

-- ----------------------------
--  Records of `teacher`
-- ----------------------------
BEGIN;
INSERT INTO `teacher` VALUES ('1', '张磊老师'), ('2', '李平老师'), ('3', '刘海燕老师'), ('4', '朱云海老师'), ('5', '李杰老师');
COMMIT;

SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 1;

上述表均是在Navicat创建的。

 

2、查询“生物”课程比“物理”课程成绩高的所有学生的学号；
思路：
    获取所有有生物课程的人（学号，成绩） - 临时表
    获取所有有物理课程的人（学号，成绩） - 临时表
    根据【学号】连接两个临时表：
        学号  物理成绩   生物成绩
 
    然后再进行筛选
 
        select A.student_id,sw,ty from
 
        (select student_id,num as sw from score left join course on score.course_id = course.cid where course.cname = '生物') as A
 
        left join
 
        (select student_id,num  as ty from score left join course on score.course_id = course.cid where course.cname = '体育') as B
 
        on A.student_id = B.student_id where sw > if(isnull(ty),0,ty);
 
3、查询平均成绩大于60分的同学的学号和平均成绩；
    思路：
        根据学生分组，使用avg获取平均值，通过having对avg进行筛选
 
        select student_id,avg(num) from score group by student_id having avg(num) > 60
 
4、查询所有同学的学号、姓名、选课数、总成绩；
 
    select score.student_id,sum(score.num),count(score.student_id),student.sname
    from
        score left join student on score.student_id = student.sid  
    group by score.student_id
 
5、查询姓“李”的老师的个数；
    select count(tid) from teacher where tname like '李%'
 
    select count(1) from (select tid from teacher where tname like '李%') as B
 
6、查询没学过“叶平”老师课的同学的学号、姓名；
    思路：
        先查到“李平老师”老师教的所有课ID
        获取选过课的所有学生ID
        学生表中筛选
    select * from student where sid not in (
        select DISTINCT student_id from score where score.course_id in (
            select cid from course left join teacher on course.teacher_id = teacher.tid where tname = '李平老师'
        )
    )
 
7、查询学过“001”并且也学过编号“002”课程的同学的学号、姓名；
    思路：
        先查到既选择001又选择002课程的所有同学
        根据学生进行分组，如果学生数量等于2表示，两门均已选择
 
    select student_id,sname from
 
    (select student_id,course_id from score where course_id = 1 or course_id = 2) as B
      
    left join student on B.student_id = student.sid group by student_id HAVING count(student_id) > 1
 
 
8、查询学过“叶平”老师所教的所有课的同学的学号、姓名；
 
    同上，只不过将001和002变成 in (叶平老师的所有课)
 
9、查询课程编号“002”的成绩比课程编号“001”课程低的所有同学的学号、姓名；
    同第1题
 
 
10、查询有课程成绩小于60分的同学的学号、姓名；
         
    select sid,sname from student where sid in (
        select distinct student_id from score where num < 60
    )
 
11、查询没有学全所有课的同学的学号、姓名；
    思路：
        在分数表中根据学生进行分组，获取每一个学生选课数量
        如果数量 == 总课程数量，表示已经选择了所有课程
 
        select student_id,sname
        from score left join student on score.student_id = student.sid
        group by student_id HAVING count(course_id) = (select count(1) from course)
 
 
12、查询至少有一门课与学号为“001”的同学所学相同的同学的学号和姓名；
    思路：
        获取 001 同学选择的所有课程
        获取课程在其中的所有人以及所有课程
        根据学生筛选，获取所有学生信息
        再与学生表连接，获取姓名
 
        select student_id,sname, count(course_id)
        from score left join student on score.student_id = student.sid
        where student_id != 1 and course_id in (select course_id from score where student_id = 1) group by student_id
 
13、查询至少学过学号为“001”同学所有课的其他同学学号和姓名；
        先找到和001的学过的所有人
        然后个数 ＝ 001所有学科     ＝＝》 其他人可能选择的更多
 
        select student_id,sname, count(course_id)
        from score left join student on score.student_id = student.sid
        where student_id != 1 and course_id in (select course_id from score where student_id = 1) group by student_id having count(course_id) ＝ (select count(course_id) from score where student_id = 1)
 
14、查询和“002”号的同学学习的课程完全相同的其他同学学号和姓名；
         
        个数相同
        002学过的也学过
 
        select student_id,sname from score left join student on score.student_id = student.sid where student_id in (
            select student_id from score  where student_id != 1 group by student_id HAVING count(course_id) = (select count(1) from score where student_id = 1)
        ) and course_id in (select course_id from score where student_id = 1) group by student_id HAVING count(course_id) = (select count(1) from score where student_id = 1)
 
 
15、删除学习“叶平”老师课的score表记录；
 
    delete from score where course_id in (
        select cid from course left join teacher on course.teacher_id = teacher.tid where teacher.name = '叶平'
    )
 
16、向SC表中插入一些记录，这些记录要求符合以下条件：①没有上过编号“002”课程的同学学号；②插入“002”号课程的平均成绩；
    思路：
        由于insert 支持 
                inset into tb1(xx,xx) select x1,x2 from tb2;
        所有，获取所有没上过002课的所有人，获取002的平均成绩
 
    insert into score(student_id, course_id, num) select sid,2,(select avg(num) from score where course_id = 2)
    from student where sid not in (
        select student_id from score where course_id = 2
    )
     
17、按平均成绩从低到高 显示所有学生的“语文”、“数学”、“英语”三门的课程成绩，按如下形式显示： 学生ID,语文,数学,英语,有效课程数,有效平均分；
    select sc.student_id,
        (select num from score left join course on score.course_id = course.cid where course.cname = "生物" and score.student_id=sc.student_id) as sy,
        (select num from score left join course on score.course_id = course.cid where course.cname = "物理" and score.student_id=sc.student_id) as wl,
        (select num from score left join course on score.course_id = course.cid where course.cname = "体育" and score.student_id=sc.student_id) as ty,
        count(sc.course_id),
        avg(sc.num)
    from score as sc
    group by student_id desc        
 
18、查询各科成绩最高和最低的分：以如下形式显示：课程ID，最高分，最低分；
     
    select course_id, max(num) as max_num, min(num) as min_num from score group by course_id;
 
19、按各科平均成绩从低到高和及格率的百分数从高到低顺序；
    思路：case when .. then
    select course_id, avg(num) as avgnum,sum(case when score.num > 60 then 1 else 0 END)/count(1)*100 as percent from score group by course_id order by avgnum asc,percent desc;
 
20、课程平均分从高到低显示（现实任课老师）；
 
    select avg(if(isnull(score.num),0,score.num)),teacher.tname from course
    left join score on course.cid = score.course_id
    left join teacher on course.teacher_id = teacher.tid
 
    group by score.course_id
 
 
21、查询各科成绩前三名的记录:(不考虑成绩并列情况)
    select score.sid,score.course_id,score.num,T.first_num,T.second_num from score left join
    (
    select
        sid,
        (select num from score as s2 where s2.course_id = s1.course_id order by num desc limit 0,1) as first_num,
        (select num from score as s2 where s2.course_id = s1.course_id order by num desc limit 3,1) as second_num
    from
        score as s1
    ) as T
    on score.sid =T.sid
    where score.num <= T.first_num and score.num >= T.second_num
 
22、查询每门课程被选修的学生数；
     
    select course_id, count(1) from score group by course_id;
 
23、查询出只选修了一门课程的全部学生的学号和姓名；
    select student.sid, student.sname, count(1) from score
 
    left join student on score.student_id  = student.sid
 
     group by course_id having count(1) = 1
 
 
24、查询男生、女生的人数；
    select * from
    (select count(1) as man from student where gender='男') as A ,
    (select count(1) as feman from student where gender='女') as B
 
25、查询姓“张”的学生名单；
    select sname from student where sname like '张%';
 
26、查询同名同姓学生名单，并统计同名人数；
 
    select sname,count(1) as count from student group by sname;
 
27、查询每门课程的平均成绩，结果按平均成绩升序排列，平均成绩相同时，按课程号降序排列；
    select course_id,avg(if(isnull(num), 0 ,num)) as avg from score group by course_id order by avg     asc,course_id desc;
 
28、查询平均成绩大于85的所有学生的学号、姓名和平均成绩；
 
    select student_id,sname, avg(if(isnull(num), 0 ,num)) from score left join student on score.student_id = student.sid group by student_id;
 
29、查询课程名称为“数学”，且分数低于60的学生姓名和分数；
 
    select student.sname,score.num from score
    left join course on score.course_id = course.cid
    left join student on score.student_id = student.sid
    where score.num < 60 and course.cname = '生物'
 
30、查询课程编号为003且课程成绩在80分以上的学生的学号和姓名；
    select * from score where score.student_id = 3 and score.num > 80
 
31、求选了课程的学生人数
 
    select count(distinct student_id) from score
 
    select count(c) from (
        select count(student_id) as c from score group by student_id) as A
 
32、查询选修“杨艳”老师所授课程的学生中，成绩最高的学生姓名及其成绩；
     
    select sname,num from score
    left join student on score.student_id = student.sid
    where score.course_id in (select course.cid from course left join teacher on course.teacher_id = teacher.tid where tname='张磊老师') order by num desc limit 1;
 
33、查询各个课程及相应的选修人数；
    select course.cname,count(1) from score
    left join course on score.course_id = course.cid
    group by course_id;
 
 
34、查询不同课程但成绩相同的学生的学号、课程号、学生成绩；
    select DISTINCT s1.course_id,s2.course_id,s1.num,s2.num from score as s1, score as s2 where s1.num = s2.num and s1.course_id != s2.course_id;
 
35、查询每门课程成绩最好的前两名；
 
    select score.sid,score.course_id,score.num,T.first_num,T.second_num from score left join
    (
    select
        sid,
        (select num from score as s2 where s2.course_id = s1.course_id order by num desc limit 0,1) as first_num,
        (select num from score as s2 where s2.course_id = s1.course_id order by num desc limit 1,1) as second_num
    from
        score as s1
    ) as T
    on score.sid =T.sid
    where score.num <= T.first_num and score.num >= T.second_num
 
36、检索至少选修两门课程的学生学号；
    select student_id from score group by student_id having count(student_id) > 1
 
37、查询全部学生都选修的课程的课程号和课程名；
    select course_id,count(1) from score group by course_id having count(1) = (select count(1) from student);
 
38、查询没学过“叶平”老师讲授的任一门课程的学生姓名；
    select student_id,student.sname from score
    left join student on score.student_id = student.sid
    where score.course_id not in (
        select cid from course left join teacher on course.teacher_id = teacher.tid where tname = '张磊老师'
    )
    group by student_id
 
39、查询两门以上不及格课程的同学的学号及其平均成绩；
 
    select student_id,count(1) from score where num < 60 group by student_id having count(1) > 2
 
40、检索“004”课程分数小于60，按分数降序排列的同学学号；
    select student_id from score where num< 60 and course_id = 4 order by num desc;
 
41、删除“002”同学的“001”课程的成绩；
    delete from score where course_id = 1 and student_id = 2