抢购、秒杀是如今很常见的一个应用场景,主要需要解决的问题有两个:
1 高并发对数据库产生的压力
2 竞争状态下如何解决库存的正确减少("超卖"问题)
对于第一个问题,已经很容易想到用缓存来处理抢购,避免直接操作数据库,例如使用Redis。
重点在于第二个问题
常规写法:
查询出对应商品的库存,看是否大于0,然后执行生成订单等操作,但是在判断库存是否大于0处,如果在高并发下就会有问题,导致库存量出现负数
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$conn=mysql_connect("localhost","big","123456");
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if(!$conn){
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echo "connect failed";
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exit;
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}
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mysql_select_db("big",$conn);
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mysql_query("set names utf8");
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$price=10;
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$user_id=1;
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$goods_id=1;
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$sku_id=11;
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$number=1;
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//生成唯一订单
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function build_order_no(){
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return date('ymd').substr(implode(NULL, array_map('ord', str_split(substr(uniqid(), 7, 13), 1))), 0, 8);
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}
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//记录日志
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function insertLog($event,$type=0){
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global $conn;
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$sql="insert into ih_log(event,type)
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values('$event','$type')";
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mysql_query($sql,$conn);
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}
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//模拟下单操作
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//库存是否大于0
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$sql="select number from ih_store where goods_id='$goods_id' and sku_id='$sku_id'";//解锁 此时ih_store数据中goods_id='$goods_id' and sku_id='$sku_id' 的数据被锁住(注3),其它事务必须等待此次事务 提交后才能执行
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$rs=mysql_query($sql,$conn);
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$row=mysql_fetch_assoc($rs);
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if($row['number']>0){//高并发下会导致超卖
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$order_sn=build_order_no();
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//生成订单
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$sql="insert into ih_order(order_sn,user_id,goods_id,sku_id,price)
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values('$order_sn','$user_id','$goods_id','$sku_id','$price')";
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$order_rs=mysql_query($sql,$conn);
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//库存减少
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$sql="update ih_store set number=number-{$number} where sku_id='$sku_id'";
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$store_rs=mysql_query($sql,$conn);
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if(mysql_affected_rows()){
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insertLog('库存减少成功');
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}else{
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insertLog('库存减少失败');
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}
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}else{
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insertLog('库存不够');
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}
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优化方案1:将库存字段number字段设为unsigned,当库存为0时,因为字段不能为负数,将会返回false
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//库存减少
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$sql="update ih_store set number=number-{$number} where sku_id='$sku_id' and number>0";
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$store_rs=mysql_query($sql,$conn);
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if(mysql_affected_rows()){
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insertLog('库存减少成功');
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}
优化方案2:使用mysql的事务,锁住操作的行
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$conn=mysql_connect("localhost","big","123456");
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if(!$conn){
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echo "connect failed";
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exit;
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}
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mysql_select_db("big",$conn);
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mysql_query("set names utf8");
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$price=10;
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$user_id=1;
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$goods_id=1;
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$sku_id=11;
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$number=1;
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//生成唯一订单号
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function build_order_no(){
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return date('ymd').substr(implode(NULL, array_map('ord', str_split(substr(uniqid(), 7, 13), 1))), 0, 8);
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}
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//记录日志
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function insertLog($event,$type=0){
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global $conn;
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$sql="insert into ih_log(event,type)
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values('$event','$type')";
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mysql_query($sql,$conn);
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}
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//模拟下单操作
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//库存是否大于0
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mysql_query("BEGIN"); //开始事务
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$sql="select number from ih_store where goods_id='$goods_id' and sku_id='$sku_id' FOR UPDATE";//此时这条记录被锁住,其它事务必须等待此次事务提交后才能执行
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$rs=mysql_query($sql,$conn);
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$row=mysql_fetch_assoc($rs);
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if($row['number']>0){
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//生成订单
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$order_sn=build_order_no();
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$sql="insert into ih_order(order_sn,user_id,goods_id,sku_id,price)
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values('$order_sn','$user_id','$goods_id','$sku_id','$price')";
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$order_rs=mysql_query($sql,$conn);
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//库存减少
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$sql="update ih_store set number=number-{$number} where sku_id='$sku_id'";
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$store_rs=mysql_query($sql,$conn);
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if(mysql_affected_rows()){
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insertLog('库存减少成功');
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mysql_query("COMMIT");//事务提交即解锁
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}else{
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insertLog('库存减少失败');
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}
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}else{
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insertLog('库存不够');
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mysql_query("ROLLBACK");
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}
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优化方案3:使用非阻塞的文件排他锁
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$conn=mysql_connect("localhost","root","123456");
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if(!$conn){
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echo "connect failed";
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exit;
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}
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mysql_select_db("big-bak",$conn);
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mysql_query("set names utf8");
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$price=10;
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$user_id=1;
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$goods_id=1;
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$sku_id=11;
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$number=1;
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//生成唯一订单号
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function build_order_no(){
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return date('ymd').substr(implode(NULL, array_map('ord', str_split(substr(uniqid(), 7, 13), 1))), 0, 8);
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}
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//记录日志
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function insertLog($event,$type=0){
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global $conn;
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$sql="insert into ih_log(event,type)
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values('$event','$type')";
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mysql_query($sql,$conn);
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}
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$fp = fopen("lock.txt", "w+");
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if(!flock($fp,LOCK_EX | LOCK_NB)){
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echo "系统繁忙,请稍后再试";
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return;
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}
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//下单
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$sql="select number from ih_store where goods_id='$goods_id' and sku_id='$sku_id'";
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$rs=mysql_query($sql,$conn);
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$row=mysql_fetch_assoc($rs);
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if($row['number']>0){//库存是否大于0
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//模拟下单操作
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$order_sn=build_order_no();
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$sql="insert into ih_order(order_sn,user_id,goods_id,sku_id,price)
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values('$order_sn','$user_id','$goods_id','$sku_id','$price')";
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$order_rs=mysql_query($sql,$conn);
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//库存减少
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$sql="update ih_store set number=number-{$number} where sku_id='$sku_id'";
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$store_rs=mysql_query($sql,$conn);
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if(mysql_affected_rows()){
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insertLog('库存减少成功');
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flock($fp,LOCK_UN);//释放锁
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}else{
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insertLog('库存减少失败');
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}
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}else{
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insertLog('库存不够');
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}
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fclose($fp);
优化方案4:使用redis队列,因为pop操作是原子的,即使有很多用户同时到达,也是依次执行,推荐使用(mysql事务在高并发下性能下降很厉害,文件锁的方式也是)
先将商品库存如队列
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$store=1000;
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$redis=new Redis();
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$result=$redis->connect('127.0.0.1',6379);
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$res=$redis->llen('goods_store');
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echo $res;
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$count=$store-$res;
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for($i=0;$i<$count;$i++){
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$redis->lpush('goods_store',1);
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}
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echo $redis->llen('goods_store');
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抢购、描述逻辑
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$conn=mysql_connect("localhost","big","123456");
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if(!$conn){
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echo "connect failed";
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exit;
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}
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mysql_select_db("big",$conn);
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mysql_query("set names utf8");
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$price=10;
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$user_id=1;
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$goods_id=1;
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$sku_id=11;
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$number=1;
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//生成唯一订单号
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function build_order_no(){
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return date('ymd').substr(implode(NULL, array_map('ord', str_split(substr(uniqid(), 7, 13), 1))), 0, 8);
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}
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//记录日志
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function insertLog($event,$type=0){
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global $conn;
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$sql="insert into ih_log(event,type)
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values('$event','$type')";
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mysql_query($sql,$conn);
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}
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//模拟下单操作
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//下单前判断redis队列库存量
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$redis=new Redis();
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$result=$redis->connect('127.0.0.1',6379);
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$count=$redis->lpop('goods_store');
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if(!$count){
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insertLog('error:no store redis');
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return;
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}
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//生成订单
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$order_sn=build_order_no();
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$sql="insert into ih_order(order_sn,user_id,goods_id,sku_id,price)
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values('$order_sn','$user_id','$goods_id','$sku_id','$price')";
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$order_rs=mysql_query($sql,$conn);
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//库存减少
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$sql="update ih_store set number=number-{$number} where sku_id='$sku_id'";
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$store_rs=mysql_query($sql,$conn);
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if(mysql_affected_rows()){
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insertLog('库存减少成功');
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}else{
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insertLog('库存减少失败');
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}
模拟5000高并发测试
webbench -c 5000 -t 60 http://192.168.1.198/big/index.php
ab -r -n 6000 -c 5000 http://192.168.1.198/big/index.php
上述只是简单模拟高并发下的抢购,真实场景要比这复杂很多,很多注意的地方
如抢购页面做成静态的,通过ajax调用接口
再如上面的会导致一个用户抢多个,思路:
需要一个排队队列和抢购结果队列及库存队列。高并发情况,先将用户进入排队队列,用一个线程循环处理从排队队列取出一个用户,判断用户是否已在抢购结果队列,如果在,则已抢购,否则未抢购,库存减1,写数据库,将用户入结果队列。
测试数据表
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--
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-- 数据库: `big`
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--
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-- --------------------------------------------------------
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--
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-- 表的结构 `ih_goods`
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--
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CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `ih_goods` (
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`goods_id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
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`cat_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
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`goods_name` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
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PRIMARY KEY (`goods_id`)
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) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 AUTO_INCREMENT=2 ;
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--
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-- 转存表中的数据 `ih_goods`
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--
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INSERT INTO `ih_goods` (`goods_id`, `cat_id`, `goods_name`) VALUES
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(1, 0, '小米手机');
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-- --------------------------------------------------------
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--
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-- 表的结构 `ih_log`
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--
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CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `ih_log` (
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`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
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`event` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
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`type` tinyint(4) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
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`addtime` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
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PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
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) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 AUTO_INCREMENT=1 ;
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--
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-- 转存表中的数据 `ih_log`
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--
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-- --------------------------------------------------------
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--
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-- 表的结构 `ih_order`
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--
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CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `ih_order` (
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`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
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`order_sn` char(32) NOT NULL,
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`user_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
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`status` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
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`goods_id` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
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`sku_id` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
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`price` float NOT NULL,
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`addtime` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
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PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
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) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COMMENT='订单表' AUTO_INCREMENT=1 ;
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--
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-- 转存表中的数据 `ih_order`
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--
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-- --------------------------------------------------------
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--
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-- 表的结构 `ih_store`
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--
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CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `ih_store` (
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`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
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`goods_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
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`sku_id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
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`number` int(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
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`freez` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '虚拟库存',
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PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
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) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COMMENT='库存' AUTO_INCREMENT=2 ;
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--
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-- 转存表中的数据 `ih_store`
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--
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INSERT INTO `ih_store` (`id`, `goods_id`, `sku_id`, `number`, `freez`) VALUES
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(1, 1, 11, 500, 0);