观察者(observer)模式定义了一对多的依赖关系,让多个观察者对象能够同时监听某一主题对象。这个主题对象中的状态发生改变时,就会通知所有的观察者对象。
观察者模式的结构图:
结构中各个部分的含义:
- 抽象主题类(Subject):它把所有对观察者对象的引用都保存在一个聚集内,每个主题可以有任意多的观察者。
- 具体主题类(ConcreteSubject):具体主题,将有关状态存入具体观察者对象;当具体主题状态改变时,向所有观察者发出通知。
- 抽象观察者类(Observer):抽象观察者,为所有的具体观察者定义一个接口。
- 具体观察者类(ConcreteObserver):具体观察者,实现抽象观察者角色所要求的接口,以便更新本身的状态
源代码:
抽象主题类(Subject):
public interface Subject { public void registerObserver(Observer o); //增加观察者 public void removeObserver(Observer o); //删除观察者 public void notifyObserver(String newState);//通知观察者 }
具体主题类(ConcreteSubject):
public class ConcreteSubject implements Subject{ private ArrayList<Observer> observers; //观察者集合 public ConcreteSubject() { observers = new ArrayList<Observer>(); } @Override public void registerObserver(Observer o) { observers.add(o); } @Override public void removeObserver(Observer o) { observers.remove(o); } @Override public void notifyObserver(String newstate) { for (Observer observer : observers) { observer.update(newstate); } } public void getChange(String newState){ notifyObserver(newState); } }
抽象观察者类(Observer):
public interface Observer { public void update(String state); }
抽象观察者类(ConcreteObserver):
public class ConcreteObserver implements Observer{ @Override public void update(String state) { System.out.println("更新后状态为:"+ state); } }
客户端:
public class Client { public static void main(String[] args) { ConcreteSubject s = new ConcreteSubject(); Observer observer = new ConcreteObserver(); s.registerObserver(observer); s.getChange("新状态"); } }
运行结果:
更新后状态为:新状态
具体情境举例:气象站的温度变化更新:
抽象主题类(Subject):
public interface Subject { public void registerObserver(Observer o); public void removeObserver(Observer o); public void notifyObservers(); }
具体主题类:
public class CurrentConditionDisplay implements Observer,DisplayElement{ private float temperature; private float humidity; private Subject weatherData; public CurrentConditionDisplay(Subject weatherData) { this.weatherData = weatherData; weatherData.registerObserver(this); } @Override public void display() { System.out.println("当前气温:"+ temperature + "F 湿度为:"+ humidity + "%"); } @Override public void update(float temperature, float humidity, float pressure) { this.temperature = temperature; this.humidity = humidity; display(); } }
displayElement接口:
public interface DisplayElement { public void display(); }
抽象观察者类(Observer):
public interface Observer { public void update(float temperature, float humidity, float pressure); }
具体观察者类(ConcreteObserver):
public class WeatherData implements Subject{ private ArrayList<Observer> observers; //观察者 //要更新的观察者的信息 private float temperature; private float humidity; private float pressure; public WeatherData() { observers = new ArrayList<Observer>(); } @Override public void registerObserver(Observer o) { observers.add(o); } @Override public void removeObserver(Observer o) { int i = observers.indexOf(o); if (i >= 0 ) { observers.remove(i); } } @Override public void notifyObservers() { // for(int i = 0; i < observers.size(); i++){ // Observer observer = (Observer) observers.get(i); // observer.update(temperature, humidity, pressure); // } for (Observer o : observers) { o.update(temperature, humidity, pressure); } } public void measurementsChanged(){ notifyObservers(); } public void setMeasurement(float temperature, float humidity, float pressure){ this.temperature = temperature; this.humidity = humidity; this.pressure = pressure; measurementsChanged(); } }
客户端:
public class WeatherStation { public static void main(String[] args){ WeatherData weatherData = new WeatherData(); CurrentConditionDisplay currentConditionDisplay = new CurrentConditionDisplay(weatherData); weatherData.setMeasurement(80, 65, 30.4f); weatherData.setMeasurement(82, 70, 29.2f); weatherData.setMeasurement(78, 90, 29.2f); } }
运行结果:
当前气温:80.0F 湿度为:65.0% 当前气温:82.0F 湿度为:70.0% 当前气温:78.0F 湿度为:90.0%