1.Flask:
Flask是一个基于Python开发并且依赖jinja2模板和Werkzeug WSGI服务的一个微型框架,对于Werkzeug本质是Socket服务端,其用于接收http请求并对请求进行预处理,然后触发Flask框架,开发人员基于Flask框架提供的功能对请求进行相应的处理,并返回给用户,如果要返回给用户复杂的内容时,需要借助jinja2模板来实现对模板的处理,即:将模板和数据进行渲染,将渲染后的字符串返回给用户浏览器。
“微”(micro) 并不表示你需要把整个 Web 应用塞进单个 Python 文件(虽然确实可以 ),也不意味着 Flask 在功能上有所欠缺。微框架中的“微”意味着 Flask 旨在保持核心简单而易于扩展。Flask 不会替你做出太多决策——比如使用何种数据库。而那些 Flask 所选择的——比如使用何种模板引擎——则很容易替换。除此之外的一切都由可由你掌握。如此,Flask 可以与您珠联璧合。
默认情况下,Flask 不包含数据库抽象层、表单验证,或是其它任何已有多种库可以胜任的功能。然而,Flask 支持用扩展来给应用添加这些功能,如同是 Flask 本身实现的一样。众多的扩展提供了数据库集成、表单验证、上传处理、各种各样的开放认证技术等功能。Flask 也许是“微小”的,但它已准备好在需求繁杂的生产环境中投入使用。
安装:pip3 install flask
from werkzeug.wrappers import Request, Response @Request.application def hello(request): return Response('Hello World!') if __name__ == '__main__': from werkzeug.serving import run_simple run_simple('localhost', 4000, hello) werkzeug
2. 虚拟环境
安装: pip3 install virtualenv
# 创建虚拟环境
virtualenv env1
# 进入虚拟环境
Scripts/activate
# 退出虚拟环境
Scripts/deactivate
3.flask框架
简介:轻量级框架
Django:无socket、中间件、路由系统、视图(CBV,FBV)、 模板、ORM、cookie、Session、Admin、Form、缓存、 信号、序列化....
Flask:无socket、中间件(扩展)、路由系统、视图(CBV)、第三方模板(jinja2)、cookie、Session弱爆了
a. 什么是wsgi?
Web服务网管接口,协议。
b. Flask依赖一个实现了WSGI协议的模块:werkzeug
flask
-依赖于wsgi模块:wsgiref,werkzeug,wsgi
-实例化Flask对象
-静态文件前缀 /xxx
-静态文件目录
-模板路径
添加路由关系
-将 Rule(url和视图函数)添加到Flask对象的url_map字段中
-两种添加路由的方式
request
-request.form
-request.args
4.基本使用:
from flask import Flask
# 实例化Flask对象
app = Flask(__name__)
# 生成路由关系,并把关系保存到某个地方,app对象的 url_map字段中
@app.route('/xxxx') # @decorator
def index():
return "Index"
# def index():
# return "Index"
# app.add_url_rule('/xxx', "n1", index)
if __name__ == '__main__':
# 启动程序,监听用户请求
# 一旦请求到来,执行 app.__call__方法
# 封装用户请求
# 进行路由匹配
app.run()
练习:
from flask import Flask,render_template,request,redirect,session app = Flask(__name__) app.secret_key = "sdsfdsgdfgdfgfh" def wrapper(func): def inner(*args,**kwargs): if not session.get("user_info"): return redirect("/login") ret = func(*args,**kwargs) return ret return inner @app.route("/login",methods=["GET","POST"]) def login(): if request.method=="GET": return render_template("login.html") else: # print(request.values) #这个里面什么都有,相当于body username = request.form.get("username") password = request.form.get("password") if username=="haiyan" and password=="123": session["user_info"] = username # session.pop("user_info") #删除session return redirect("/index") else: # return render_template("login.html",**{"msg":"用户名或密码错误"}) return render_template("login.html",msg="用户名或者密码错误") @app.route("/index",methods=["GET","POST"]) @wrapper def index(): # if not session.get("user_info"): # return redirect("/login") return render_template("index.html") if __name__ == '__main__': app.run(debug=True)
保存session的数据存到了浏览器上,
- 优点:减轻了服务端的压力
- 缺点:不安全
5.路由系统:
- @app.route('/post/<path:path>')
- @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
- @app.route('/user/<username>')
- @app.route('/post/<int:post_id>')
- @app.route('/post/<float:post_id>')
路由系统
-可传入参数
@app.route('/user/<username>')
@qpp.route('/post/<int:post_id>',methods=['GET','POST'],endpoint='fff')
-反向生成URL:url_for
-重定向
-扩展Flask的路由系统,让它支持正则:
from flask import Flask,url_for app = Flask(__name__) # 定义转换的类 from werkzeug.routing import BaseConverter class RegexConverter(BaseConverter): """ 自定义URL匹配正则表达式 """ def __init__(self, map, regex): super(RegexConverter, self).__init__(map) self.regex = regex def to_python(self, value): """ 路由匹配时,匹配成功后传递给视图函数中参数的值 :param value: :return: """ return int(value) def to_url(self, value): """ 使用url_for反向生成URL时,传递的参数经过该方法处理,返回的值用于生成URL中的参数 :param value: :return: """ val = super(RegexConverter, self).to_url(value) return val # 添加到converts中 app.url_map.converters['xxx'] = RegexConverter # 进行使用 @app.route('/index/<xxx("d+"):nid>',endpoint='xx') def index(nid): url_for('xx',nid=123) return "Index" if __name__ == '__main__': app.run()
6.视图函数
Django: /index/ func /index/ IndexClass.as_view() Flask: FBV: @app.route('/index',endpoint='xx') def index(nid): url_for('xx',nid=123) return "Index" def index(nid): url_for('xx',nid=123) return "Index" app.add_url_rule('/index',index) CBV: def auth(func): def inner(*args, **kwargs): result = func(*args, **kwargs) return result return inner class IndexView(views.MethodView): # methods = ['POST'] decorators = [auth,] #静态字段 def get(self): v = url_for('index') print(v) return "GET" def post(self): return "GET" app.add_url_rule('/index', view_func=IndexView.as_view(name='index')) if __name__ == '__main__': app.run()
6.请求响应
from flask import Flask from flask import request from flask import render_template from flask import redirect from flask import make_response app = Flask(__name__) @app.route('/login.html', methods=['GET', "POST"]) def login(): # 请求相关信息 # request.method # request.args # request.form # request.values # request.cookies # request.headers # request.path # request.full_path # request.script_root # request.url # request.base_url # request.url_root # request.host_url # request.host # request.files # obj = request.files['the_file_name'] # obj.save('/var/www/uploads/' + secure_filename(f.filename)) # 响应相关信息 # return "字符串" # return render_template('html模板路径',**{}) # return redirect('/index.html') # response = make_response(render_template('index.html')) # response是flask.wrappers.Response类型 # response.delete_cookie('key') # response.set_cookie('key', 'value') # response.headers['X-Something'] = 'A value' # return response return "内容" if __name__ == '__main__': app.run()
- from urllib.parse import urlencode,quote,unquote
- make_response
在django中用make_safe而在Flask中用make_response
from flask import Flask,url_for,request,redirect,render_template,jsonify,make_response from urllib.parse import urlencode,quote,unquote app = Flask(__name__) @app.route('/index',endpoint='xx') def index(): from werkzeug.datastructures import ImmutableMultiDict # get_data = request.args # get_dict = get_data.to_dict() # get_dict['xx'] = '18' # url = urlencode(get_dict) # print(url) # print(request.query_string) # print(request.args) # val = "%E6%8A%8A%E5%87%A0%E4%B8%AA" # print(unquote(val)) # # return "Index" # return "Index" # return redirect() # return render_template() # return jsonify(name='alex',age='18') response = make_response('xxxxx') response.headers['xxx'] = '123123' return response if __name__ == '__main__': # app.__call__ app.run()
7.模板语言
a、模板的使用
Flask使用的是Jinja2模板,所以其语法和Django无差别
b、自定义模板方法
Flask中自定义模板方法的方式和Bottle相似,创建一个函数并通过参数的形式传入render_template,如:
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> </head> <body> <h1>自定义函数</h1> {{ww()|safe}} </body> </html> html
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from flask import Flask,render_template app = Flask(__name__) def wupeiqi(): return '<h1>Wupeiqi</h1>' @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def login(): return render_template('login.html', ww=wupeiqi) app.run() run.py
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> {% macro input(name, type='text', value='') %} <input type="{{ type }}" name="{{ name }}" value="{{ value }}"> {% endmacro %} {{ input('n1') }} {% include 'tp.html' %} <h1>asdf{{ v.k1}}</h1> </body> </html> 其他
8.session
-session是否还有其他方法?
-它与字典方法相同
-session超时时间如何设置:
app.config['SESSION_COOKIE_NAME'] = 'session_lvning' """ 'SESSION_COOKIE_NAME': 'session', 'SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN': None, 'SESSION_COOKIE_PATH': None, 'SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY': True, 'SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE': False, 'SESSION_REFRESH_EACH_REQUEST': True, 'PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME': timedelta(days=31)
除请求对象之外,还有一个 session 对象。它允许你在不同请求间存储特定用户的信息。它是在 Cookies 的基础上实现的,并且对 Cookies 进行密钥签名要使用会话,你需要设置一个密钥。
-
设置:session['username'] = 'xxx'
- 删除:session.pop('username', None)
from flask import Flask, session, redirect, url_for, escape, request app = Flask(__name__) @app.route('/') def index(): if 'username' in session: return 'Logged in as %s' % escape(session['username']) return 'You are not logged in' @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def login(): if request.method == 'POST': session['username'] = request.form['username'] return redirect(url_for('index')) return ''' <form action="" method="post"> <p><input type=text name=username> <p><input type=submit value=Login> </form> ''' @app.route('/logout') def logout(): # remove the username from the session if it's there session.pop('username', None) return redirect(url_for('index')) # set the secret key. keep this really secret: app.secret_key = 'A0Zr98j/3yX R~XHH!jmN]LWX/,?RT'
pip3 install Flask-Session run.py from flask import Flask from flask import session from pro_flask.utils.session import MySessionInterface app = Flask(__name__) app.secret_key = 'A0Zr98j/3yX R~XHH!jmN]LWX/,?RT' app.session_interface = MySessionInterface() @app.route('/login.html', methods=['GET', "POST"]) def login(): print(session) session['user1'] = 'alex' session['user2'] = 'alex' del session['user2'] return "内容" if __name__ == '__main__': app.run() session.py #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import uuid import json from flask.sessions import SessionInterface from flask.sessions import SessionMixin from itsdangerous import Signer, BadSignature, want_bytes class MySession(dict, SessionMixin): def __init__(self, initial=None, sid=None): self.sid = sid self.initial = initial super(MySession, self).__init__(initial or ()) def __setitem__(self, key, value): super(MySession, self).__setitem__(key, value) def __getitem__(self, item): return super(MySession, self).__getitem__(item) def __delitem__(self, key): super(MySession, self).__delitem__(key) class MySessionInterface(SessionInterface): session_class = MySession container = {} def __init__(self): import redis self.redis = redis.Redis() def _generate_sid(self): return str(uuid.uuid4()) def _get_signer(self, app): if not app.secret_key: return None return Signer(app.secret_key, salt='flask-session', key_derivation='hmac') def open_session(self, app, request): """ 程序刚启动时执行,需要返回一个session对象 """ sid = request.cookies.get(app.session_cookie_name) if not sid: sid = self._generate_sid() return self.session_class(sid=sid) signer = self._get_signer(app) try: sid_as_bytes = signer.unsign(sid) sid = sid_as_bytes.decode() except BadSignature: sid = self._generate_sid() return self.session_class(sid=sid) # session保存在redis中 # val = self.redis.get(sid) # session保存在内存中 val = self.container.get(sid) if val is not None: try: data = json.loads(val) return self.session_class(data, sid=sid) except: return self.session_class(sid=sid) return self.session_class(sid=sid) def save_session(self, app, session, response): """ 程序结束前执行,可以保存session中所有的值 如: 保存到resit 写入到用户cookie """ domain = self.get_cookie_domain(app) path = self.get_cookie_path(app) httponly = self.get_cookie_httponly(app) secure = self.get_cookie_secure(app) expires = self.get_expiration_time(app, session) val = json.dumps(dict(session)) # session保存在redis中 # self.redis.setex(name=session.sid, value=val, time=app.permanent_session_lifetime) # session保存在内存中 self.container.setdefault(session.sid, val) session_id = self._get_signer(app).sign(want_bytes(session.sid)) response.set_cookie(app.session_cookie_name, session_id, expires=expires, httponly=httponly, domain=domain, path=path, secure=secure) 自定义Session
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- """ pip3 install redis pip3 install flask-session """ from flask import Flask, session, redirect from flask.ext.session import Session app = Flask(__name__) app.debug = True app.secret_key = 'asdfasdfasd' app.config['SESSION_TYPE'] = 'redis' from redis import Redis app.config['SESSION_REDIS'] = Redis(host='192.168.0.94',port='6379') Session(app) @app.route('/login') def login(): session['username'] = 'alex' return redirect('/index') @app.route('/index') def index(): name = session['username'] return name if __name__ == '__main__': app.run()
9.请求扩展
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from flask import Flask, Request, render_template app = Flask(__name__, template_folder='templates') app.debug = True @app.before_first_request def before_first_request1(): print('before_first_request1') @app.before_first_request def before_first_request2(): print('before_first_request2') @app.before_request def before_request1(): Request.nnn = 123 print('before_request1') @app.before_request def before_request2(): print('before_request2') @app.after_request def after_request1(response): print('before_request1', response) return response @app.after_request def after_request2(response): print('before_request2', response) return response @app.errorhandler(404) def page_not_found(error): return 'This page does not exist', 404 @app.template_global() def sb(a1, a2): return a1 + a2 @app.template_filter() def db(a1, a2, a3): return a1 + a2 + a3 @app.route('/') def hello_world(): return render_template('hello.html') if __name__ == '__main__': app.run()
调用方式:{{sb(1,2)}} {{ 1|db(2,3)}}
10.闪现(flash)
session从在在服务端的一个字典中,session保存的数据取一次,它还是会有。而flash是基于session创建的,flash支持在里面放值,只要在里面取值它就会没有。闪现就是
在session的基础上,把它的值真实的放在session上,当去它的时候不仅把它的值取走,还把session的东西去掉。
闪现的用处:
from flask import Flask,session,Session,flash,get_flashed_messages,redirect,render_template,request app = Flask(__name__) app.secret_key ='sdfsdfsdf' @app.route('/users') def users(): # msg = request.args.get('msg','') # msg = session.get('msg') # if msg: # del session['msg'] v = get_flashed_messages() print(v) msg = '' return render_template('users.html',msg=msg) @app.route('/useradd') def user_add(): # 在数据库中添加一条数据 # 假设添加成功,在跳转到列表页面时,显示添加成功 # return redirect('/users?msg=添加成功') # session['msg'] = '添加成功' flash('添加成功') return redirect('/users') if __name__ == '__main__': app.run()
11.蓝图
蓝图用于为应用提供目录划分
- 蓝图URL前缀:xxx = Blueprint('account', __name__,url_prefix='/xxx')
- 蓝图子域名:xxx = Blueprint('account', __name__,subdomain='admin')
# 前提需要给配置SERVER_NAME: app.config['SERVER_NAME'] = 'wupeiqi.com:5000'
# 访问时:admin.wupeiqi.com:5000/login.html
12.配置文件
1. 配置文件
a. 以后遇到 xxx['xx'] = 123
- __setitem__
- 继承dict
PS:
class Foo(dict):
def __init__(self,val):
dict.__init__(self,val)
obj = Foo({'xxx':123})
print(obj)
b. 配置方式
# 方式一:
# app.config['SESSION_COOKIE_NAME'] = 'session_lvning' #
# 方式二:
# app.config.from_pyfile('settings.py')
# 方式三:
# import os
# os.environ['FLAKS-SETTINGS'] = 'settings.py'
# app.config.from_envvar('FLAKS-SETTINGS')
# 方式四:
# app.config.from_object('settings.DevConfig')
14.中间件
from flask import Flask, flash, redirect, render_template, request app = Flask(__name__) app.secret_key = 'some_secret' @app.route('/') def index1(): return render_template('index.html') @app.route('/set') def index2(): v = request.args.get('p') flash(v) return 'ok' class MiddleWare: def __init__(self,wsgi_app): self.wsgi_app = wsgi_app def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs): return self.wsgi_app(*args, **kwargs) if __name__ == "__main__": app.wsgi_app = MiddleWare(app.wsgi_app) app.run(port=9999)