• MySQL必知必会


    SQL Tutorial
    Select

    查询

    SELECT column1, column2, ...
    FROM table_name;
    
    SELECT * FROM table_name;
    
    Select Distinct

    选择不同的项

    SELECT DISTINCT column1, column2, ...
    FROM table_name;
    
    where

    范围选择

    SELECT column1, column2, ...
    FROM table_name
    WHERE condition;
    
    symboldescribe
    =Equal
    >Greater than
    <Less than
    >=Greater than or equal
    <=Less than or equal
    <>Not equal. Note: In some versions of SQL this operator may be written as !=
    BETWEENBetween a certain range
    LIKESearch for a pattern
    INTo specify multiple possible values for a column
    And、Or、Not

    与或非选择

    //与
    SELECT column1, column2, ...
    FROM table_name
    WHERE condition1 AND condition2 AND condition3 ...;
    //或
    SELECT column1, column2, ...
    FROM table_name
    WHERE condition1 AND condition2 AND condition3 ...;
    //非
    SELECT column1, column2, ...
    FROM table_name
    WHERE NOT condition;
    
    Order By

    排序,默认升序,DESC:倒序

    SELECT column1, column2, ...
    FROM table_name
    ORDER BY column1, column2, ... ASC|DESC;
    
    Insert Into

    插入数据

    INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3, ...)
    VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);
    
    INSERT INTO table_name
    VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);
    
    Null Value

    空值

    //寻找null value
    SELECT column_names
    FROM table_name
    WHERE column_name IS NULL;
    //寻找不为空
    SELECT column_names
    FROM table_name
    WHERE column_name IS NULL;
    
    Update

    更新

    UPDATE table_name
    SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...
    WHERE condition;
    
    Delete

    删除

    DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;
    
    Select Top

    选择指定数量的结果,不同数据库略有差异

    • SQL Server/MS Access : number
    • MySQL: Limit
    • Oracle:Rownum
    --SQL Server / MS Access Syntax:
    SELECT TOP number|percent column_name(s)
    FROM table_name
    WHERE condition;
    
    --MySQL Syntax:
    SELECT column_name(s)
    FROM table_name
    WHERE condition
    LIMIT number;
    
    --Oracle Syntax:
    SELECT column_name(s)
    FROM table_name
    WHERE ROWNUM <= number;
    
    Min和Max函数

    Min返回给定字段最小的一项数据,Max则相反

    SELECT MIN(column_name)
    FROM table_name
    WHERE condition;
    
    SELECT MAX(column_name)
    FROM table_name
    WHERE condition;
    
    Count、Avg、Sum

    Count统计,Avg平均数、Sum求和

    --count
    SELECT COUNT(column_name)
    FROM table_name
    WHERE condition;
    
    --Avg
    SELECT AVG(column_name)
    FROM table_name
    WHERE condition;
    
    --Sum
    SELECT SUM(column_name)
    FROM table_name
    WHERE condition;
    
    Like

    模糊查询

    • %:0个或多个字符
    • _ :1个字符
    SELECT column1, column2, ...
    FROM table_name
    WHERE columnN LIKE pattern;
    
    WildCards

    通配符

    MS Access:

    符号描述例子
    *0个或多个字符bl* 可以代表 bl, black, blue, and blob
    ?代表一个字符h?t 可以代表hot, hat, and hit
    []代表方括号里的任意单个字符h[oa]t 可以代表 hot and hat, 但不能代表 hit
    !代表不在方括号里的任意字符h[!oa]t 与上面一个相反
    -代表一个范围c[a-b]t 代表 cat and cbt
    #代表任意一个数字2#5 代表205, 215, 225, 235, 245, 255, 265, 275, 285, 295

    SQL Server:

    符号描述例子
    %0个或多个字符bl* 可以代表 bl, black, blue, and blob
    _一个字符h_t 可以代表hot, hat, and hit
    []方括号里的任意字符h[oa]t 可以代表 hot and hat, 但不能代表 hit
    ^不在方括号里的任意字符h[^oa]t 代表 hit, 但不代表 hot 和 hat
    -代表一个范围c[a-b]t 代表 cat 和 cbt
    In

    相当于多个Or

    SELECT column_name(s)
    FROM table_name
    WHERE column_name IN (value1, value2, ...);
    or
    SELECT column_name(s)
    FROM table_name
    WHERE column_name IN (SELECT STATEMENT);
    
    Between

    指定选择范围

    SELECT column_name(s)
    FROM table_name
    WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;
    
    Alias

    别名

    --给字段取别名
    SELECT column_name AS alias_name
    FROM table_name;
    --给表取别名
    SELECT column_name(s)
    FROM table_name AS alias_name;
    
    Join

    主要用于多表查询,不同的Join如下:

    1. Inner Join:返回表的交集部分

    在这里插入图片描述

    ```sql
    SELECT column_name(s)
    FROM table1
    INNER JOIN table2
    ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;
    ```
    
    1. Left Join:返回左表全部和匹配的右表部分

      在这里插入图片描述

      SELECT column_name(s)
      FROM table1
      LEFT JOIN table2
      ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;
      
    2. Right Join:返回整个右表以及和左表匹配的部分

    在这里插入图片描述

    ```sql
    SELECT column_name(s)
    FROM table1
    RIGHT JOIN table2
    ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;
    ```
    
    1. Full Join:返回两张表的所有匹配信息

    Full Join

    ```sql
    SELECT column_name(s)
    FROM table1
    FULL OUTER JOIN table2
    ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name
    WHERE condition;
    ```
    
    1. Self Join:表与自身的联接

      SELECT column_name(s)
      FROM table1 T1, table1 T2
      WHERE condition;
      
    Union

    用于组合两个或多个结果集,但要求结果集合要有相同的结构和数据类型

    --默认不允许有重复
    SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1
    UNION
    SELECT column_name(s) FROM table2;
    --允许有重复
    SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1
    UNION ALL
    SELECT column_name(s) FROM table2;
    
    Group By

    将结果指定字段进行分组,一般与聚合函数(COUNT, MAX, MIN, SUM, AVG)一起使用

    SELECT column_name(s)
    FROM table_name
    WHERE condition
    GROUP BY column_name(s)
    ORDER BY column_name(s);
    
    Having

    Having是为了解决Where无法使用聚合函数而引入的

    SELECT column_name(s)
    FROM table_name
    WHERE condition
    GROUP BY column_name(s)
    HAVING condition
    ORDER BY column_name(s);
    
    Exists

    Exists用于测试子查询是否有结果,如果有,返回true。

    SELECT column_name(s)
    FROM table_name
    WHERE EXISTS
    (SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE condition);
    
    Any、All

    Any、All主要用于Where和Having。当有任意子查询满足条件,Any返回true;All对应满足所有子查询。

    SELECT column_name(s)
    FROM table_name
    WHERE column_name operator ANY
    (SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE condition);
    
    SELECT column_name(s)
    FROM table_name
    WHERE column_name operator ALL
    (SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE condition);
    
    Select Into

    Select Into主要用于将数据从一个表中复制到另外一个表中。通常用于备份

    --复制全部
    SELECT *
    INTO newtable [IN externaldb]
    FROM oldtable
    WHERE condition;
    --复制部分
    SELECT column1, column2, column3, ...
    INTO newtable [IN externaldb]
    FROM oldtable
    WHERE condition;
    
    Insert Into Select

    Insert Into Select用于将一个表中的数据插入到另外一个表中去。注意要两个表要数据类型匹配

    INSERT INTO target_table
    SELECT * FROM source_table
    WHERE condition;
    
    INSERT INTO target_table (column1, column2, column3, ...)
    SELECT column1, column2, column3, ...
    FROM source_table
    WHERE condition;
    
    Case

    Case用于多选择判断的情况

    CASE
        WHEN condition1 THEN result1
        WHEN condition2 THEN result2
        WHEN conditionN THEN resultN
        ELSE result
    END;
    
    eg.
    SELECT OrderID, Quantity,
    CASE
        WHEN Quantity > 30 THEN 'The quantity is greater than 30'
        WHEN Quantity = 30 THEN 'The quantity is 30'
        ELSE 'The quantity is under 30'
    END AS QuantityText
    FROM OrderDetails;
    
    NULL Functions

    用于判断是否为空,在某些时候需要将其设置成一个临时值

    eg.

    P_IdProductNameUnitPriceUnitsInStockUnitsOnOrder
    1Jarlsberg10.451615
    2Mascarpone32.5623
    3Gorgonzola15.67920
    --MySQL
    SELECT ProductName, UnitPrice * (UnitsInStock + IFNULL(UnitsOnOrder, 0))
    FROM Products;
    SELECT ProductName, UnitPrice * (UnitsInStock + COALESCE(UnitsOnOrder, 0))
    FROM Products;
    --SQL Server
    SELECT ProductName, UnitPrice * (UnitsInStock + ISNULL(UnitsOnOrder, 0))
    FROM Products;
    --MS Access
    SELECT ProductName, UnitPrice * (UnitsInStock + IIF(IsNull(UnitsOnOrder), 0, UnitsOnOrder))
    FROM Products;
    --Oracle
    SELECT ProductName, UnitPrice * (UnitsInStock + NVL(UnitsOnOrder, 0))
    FROM Products;
    
    Stored Procedures

    Stored Procedures:存储过程也就是一段可编程函数,用于完成特定功能的SQL语句集和,使用存储过程主要有好处有

    • 提高效率:将重复度非常高的一些操作通过存储过程反复调用
    • 提高数据安全性:通过统一接口,从而提高数据的安全性

    存储过程创建、查看、删除

    delimiter $ :该语句将sql语句的分隔符改为$(默认是;)从而确保多条sql语句能被放到一个存储过程中

    创建存储过程

    CREATE PROCEDURE 名称()
    BEGIN
    语句
    END$
    

    调用存储过程

    CALL 名称();
    

    删除存储过程

    DROP PROCEDURE `存储过程名称`;
    
    Comments

    单行注释:–

    多行注释:/**/

    Operators

    运算符,SQL有各种各样的运算符,如算术运算符(±*/)、逻辑运算符(ALL AND OR)、位运算符(& | ^)等

    SQL DataBase
    Create DB

    创建数据库

    CREATE DATABASE databasename;
    
    Drop DB

    删除数据库

    DROP DATABASE databasename;
    
    Backup DB

    备份数据库

    --SQL Server
    BACKUP DATABASE databasename
    TO DISK = 'filepath';
    
    Create Table

    创建表

    CREATE TABLE table_name (
        column1 datatype,
        column2 datatype,
        column3 datatype,
       ....
    );
    
    --使用其他表来创建表
    CREATE TABLE new_table_name AS
        SELECT column1, column2,...
        FROM existing_table_name
        WHERE ....;
    
    Drop Table

    删除表

    --表本身也删除
    DROP TABLE table_name;
    --只删除表的数据,表自身不删除
    TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;
    
    Alter Table

    修改表结构,如增加字段、删除字段、修改字段等

    --添加字段
    ALTER TABLE table_name
    ADD column_name datatype;
    --删除字段
    ALTER TABLE table_name
    ADD column_name datatype;
    --修改字段
    	--SQL Server/MS Access
    	ALTER TABLE table_name
    	ALTER COLUMN column_name datatype;
    	--My SQL / Oracle
    	ALTER TABLE table_name
    	MODIFY COLUMN column_name datatype;
    
    Constraints

    表约束,一般在建表时给定相应约束

    CREATE TABLE table_name (
        column1 datatype constraint,
        column2 datatype constraint,
        column3 datatype constraint,
        ....
    );
    

    ​ SQL常用约束:

    • NOT NULL:不为空

    • UNIQUE:值不同

    • PRIMARY KEY:主键约束

    • FORIGEN KEY:外键约束

    • CHECK:确保值满足特定条件

    • DEFAULT:给字段设置默认值

    • INDEX:用于快速从数据库创建和检索数据

      eg:

      --NOT NULL
      CREATE TABLE Persons (
          ID int NOT NULL,
          LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
          FirstName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
          Age int
      );
      --Unique
      	--SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access
      	CREATE TABLE Persons (
          ID int NOT NULL,
          LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
          FirstName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
          Age int
      	);
      	--MySQL
      	CREATE TABLE Persons (
          ID int NOT NULL,
          LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
          FirstName varchar(255),
          Age int,
          UNIQUE (ID)
      	);
      	--定义多个字段的组合约束unique
      	CREATE TABLE Persons (
          ID int NOT NULL,
          LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
          FirstName varchar(255),
          Age int,
          CONSTRAINT UC_Person UNIQUE (ID,LastName)
      	);
      
    Auto Increment

    自动增长:主要用于主键

    Dates

    日期:

    ​ MySQL:

    • DATE - format YYYY-MM-DD
    • DATETIME - format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS
    • TIMESTAMP - format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS
    • YEAR - format YYYY or YY

    ​ SQL Server:

    • DATE - format YYYY-MM-DD
    • DATETIME - format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS
    • SMALLDATETIME - format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS
    • TIMESTAMP - format: a unique number
    Views

    视图:基于结果集的虚拟表

    创建视图

    CREATE VIEW view_name AS
    SELECT column1, column2, ...
    FROM table_name
    WHERE condition;
    

    更新视图

    CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW view_name AS
    SELECT column1, column2, ...
    FROM table_name
    WHERE condition;
    

    删除视图

    DROP VIEW view_name;
    
    Injection

    注入:一种代码注入技术,可以侵入/破坏数据库,可以通过参数来防控

    Data Types

    数据类型:SQL有多种数据类型,一眼而言,主要分三类:字符串、数字、日期。具体参看官网

    MM-DD HH:MI:SS

    • TIMESTAMP - format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS
    • YEAR - format YYYY or YY

    ​ SQL Server:

    • DATE - format YYYY-MM-DD
    • DATETIME - format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS
    • SMALLDATETIME - format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS
    • TIMESTAMP - format: a unique number
    Views

    视图:基于结果集的虚拟表

    创建视图

    CREATE VIEW view_name AS
    SELECT column1, column2, ...
    FROM table_name
    WHERE condition;
    

    更新视图

    CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW view_name AS
    SELECT column1, column2, ...
    FROM table_name
    WHERE condition;
    

    删除视图

    DROP VIEW view_name;
    
    Injection

    注入:一种代码注入技术,可以侵入/破坏数据库,可以通过参数来防控

    Data Types

    数据类型:SQL有多种数据类型,一眼而言,主要分三类:字符串、数字、日期。具体参看官网

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/ma-liner/p/14196580.html
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