最邻近规则分类(K-Nearest Neighbor)KNN算法
1.综述
1.1 Cover和Hart在1968年提出了最初的邻近算法
1.2 分类(classification)算法
1.3 输入基于实例的学习(instance-based learning)，懒惰学习(lazy learing)
2. 例子
未知电影属于什么类型？
3.算法详述
3.1 步骤
为了判断未知实例的类别，以所有已知类别的实例作为参照
选择参数K
计算未知实例与所有已知实例的距离
选择最近K个已知实例
根据少数服从多数的投票法则(majority-voting)，让未知实例归类为K个最邻近样本中最多数的类别
3.2 细节
关于K
关于距离的衡量方法：
3.2.1 Euclidean Distance定义
其他距离衡量：余弦值(cos)，相关度(correlation)，曼哈顿距离(Manhattan distance)
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
#计算ａ，ｇ两点之间的EuclideanDistance
import math
def ComputerEuclideanDistance(x1,y1,x2,y2):
d = math.sqrt(math.pow((x1 - x2),2) + math.pow((y1 - y2),2))
return d
d_ag = ComputerEuclideanDistance(3,104,18,90)
print("d_ag:",d_ag)
3.3 举例
4. 算法优缺点
4.1 算法优点
简单
易于理解
容易实现
通过对K的选择可具备丢噪音数据的健壮性
4.2 算法缺点
需要大量的空间存储所有已知实例
算法复杂度高(需要比较所有已知实例与要分类的实例)
当其样本分布不平衡时，比如其中一类样本过大（实例数量过多）占主导的时候，新的未知实例容易被归类为这个主导样本，因为这类样本实例的数量过大，但是这个新的未知实例实际上并不接近目标样本。（上图中的Y点）
5.算法的改进版本
考虑距离，根据距离上加上权重
如：1/d(d为距离)
6.KNN算法的应用
在线文档：https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/neighbors.html
6.1 数据集介绍-虹膜
150 个实例
特征：萼片长度(sepal length)、萼片宽度(sepal width)、花瓣长度(petal length)、花瓣宽度(petal width)
类别：Iris setosa、Iris versicolor，Iris virginnica
6.2 利用Python的机器学习库sklearn: SKLearn Example.py
直接调用库函数实现
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from sklearn import neighbors
from sklearn import datasets
'''
这里所有测参数都采用默认
'''
#载入分类器
knn = neighbors.KNeighborsClassifier()
#载入数据
iris = datasets.load_iris()
#查看数据集
print(iris)
#传入特征集、类标签来训练模型
knn.fit(iris.data,iris.target)
#使用测试数据预测
predictedLabel = knn.predict([[0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4]])
#查看预测结果
print(predictedLabel)
自定义实现
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import csv
import random
import math
import operator
#加载数据集，划分训练集和测试集
def loadDataset(filename,split,trainingSet = [],testSet = []):
with open(filename,'rt') as csvfile:
lines = csv.reader(csvfile)
dataset = list(lines)
for x in range(len(dataset) - 1):
for y in range(4):
dataset[x][y] = float(dataset[x][y])
if random.random() < split:
trainingSet.append(dataset[x])
else:
testSet.append(dataset[x])
#计算euclideanDistance #实例维度：length
def euclideanDistance(instance1, instance2, length):
distance = 0
for x in range(length):
distance += pow(instance1[x] - instance2[x],2)
return math.sqrt(distance)
#返回最近的K个邻居
def getNeighbors(trainingset,testInstance,k):
distances = []#存放所有计算出的距离
length = len(testInstance) - 1
for x in range(len(trainingset)):
dist = euclideanDistance(testInstance,trainingset[x], length)
distances.append((trainingset[x],dist))
distances.sort(key = operator.itemgetter(1))#排序
neighbors = []
for x in range(k):#选出前K个存入neighbors
neighbors.append(distances[x][0])
return neighbors
#在最近的K个邻居中，根据每个邻居所属于的类别，并统计个数，最后对其排序选出属于哪一类
def getResponse(neighbors):
classVotes = {}
for x in range(len(neighbors)):
Response = neighbors[x][-1]
if Response in classVotes:
classVotes[Response] += 1
else:
classVotes[Response] = 1
sortedVotes = sorted(classVotes.items(),key = operator.itemgetter(1),reverse=True)
return sortedVotes[0][0]
#计算预测的精确度
def getAccuracy(testset,predictions):
correct = 0
for x in range(len(testset)):
if testset[x][-1] == predictions[x]:
correct += 1
return (correct/float(len(testset)))*100.0
def main():
#prepare data
trainingSet = []
testSet = []
split = 0.67
loadDataset(r"irisdata.txt",split,trainingSet,testSet)
print("trainingSet:" + repr(len(trainingSet)))
print("testSet:" + repr(len(testSet)))
#generate predictions
predictions = []
k = 3
correct = []
for x in range(len(testSet)):
neighbors = getNeighbors(trainingSet,testSet[x],k)
result = getResponse(neighbors)
predictions.append(result)
print("predcted =" + repr(result)+",actual = " + repr(testSet[x][-1]))
accuracy = getAccuracy(testSet,predictions)
print("accuracy:" + repr(accuracy) + "%")
main()
测试数据集
5.1,3.5,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.9,3.0,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.7,3.2,1.3,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.6,3.1,1.5,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.0,3.6,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.4,3.9,1.7,0.4,Iris-setosa
4.6,3.4,1.4,0.3,Iris-setosa
5.0,3.4,1.5,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.4,2.9,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.9,3.1,1.5,0.1,Iris-setosa
5.4,3.7,1.5,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.8,3.4,1.6,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.8,3.0,1.4,0.1,Iris-setosa
4.3,3.0,1.1,0.1,Iris-setosa
5.8,4.0,1.2,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.7,4.4,1.5,0.4,Iris-setosa
5.4,3.9,1.3,0.4,Iris-setosa
5.1,3.5,1.4,0.3,Iris-setosa
5.7,3.8,1.7,0.3,Iris-setosa
5.1,3.8,1.5,0.3,Iris-setosa
5.4,3.4,1.7,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.1,3.7,1.5,0.4,Iris-setosa
4.6,3.6,1.0,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.1,3.3,1.7,0.5,Iris-setosa
4.8,3.4,1.9,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.0,3.0,1.6,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.0,3.4,1.6,0.4,Iris-setosa
5.2,3.5,1.5,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.2,3.4,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.7,3.2,1.6,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.8,3.1,1.6,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.4,3.4,1.5,0.4,Iris-setosa
5.2,4.1,1.5,0.1,Iris-setosa
5.5,4.2,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.9,3.1,1.5,0.1,Iris-setosa
5.0,3.2,1.2,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.5,3.5,1.3,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.9,3.1,1.5,0.1,Iris-setosa
4.4,3.0,1.3,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.1,3.4,1.5,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.0,3.5,1.3,0.3,Iris-setosa
4.5,2.3,1.3,0.3,Iris-setosa
4.4,3.2,1.3,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.0,3.5,1.6,0.6,Iris-setosa
5.1,3.8,1.9,0.4,Iris-setosa
4.8,3.0,1.4,0.3,Iris-setosa
5.1,3.8,1.6,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.6,3.2,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.3,3.7,1.5,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.0,3.3,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
7.0,3.2,4.7,1.4,Iris-versicolor
6.4,3.2,4.5,1.5,Iris-versicolor
6.9,3.1,4.9,1.5,Iris-versicolor
5.5,2.3,4.0,1.3,Iris-versicolor
6.5,2.8,4.6,1.5,Iris-versicolor
5.7,2.8,4.5,1.3,Iris-versicolor
6.3,3.3,4.7,1.6,Iris-versicolor
4.9,2.4,3.3,1.0,Iris-versicolor
6.6,2.9,4.6,1.3,Iris-versicolor
5.2,2.7,3.9,1.4,Iris-versicolor
5.0,2.0,3.5,1.0,Iris-versicolor
5.9,3.0,4.2,1.5,Iris-versicolor
6.0,2.2,4.0,1.0,Iris-versicolor
6.1,2.9,4.7,1.4,Iris-versicolor
5.6,2.9,3.6,1.3,Iris-versicolor
6.7,3.1,4.4,1.4,Iris-versicolor
5.6,3.0,4.5,1.5,Iris-versicolor
5.8,2.7,4.1,1.0,Iris-versicolor
6.2,2.2,4.5,1.5,Iris-versicolor
5.6,2.5,3.9,1.1,Iris-versicolor
5.9,3.2,4.8,1.8,Iris-versicolor
6.1,2.8,4.0,1.3,Iris-versicolor
6.3,2.5,4.9,1.5,Iris-versicolor
6.1,2.8,4.7,1.2,Iris-versicolor
6.4,2.9,4.3,1.3,Iris-versicolor
6.6,3.0,4.4,1.4,Iris-versicolor
6.8,2.8,4.8,1.4,Iris-versicolor
6.7,3.0,5.0,1.7,Iris-versicolor
6.0,2.9,4.5,1.5,Iris-versicolor
5.7,2.6,3.5,1.0,Iris-versicolor
5.5,2.4,3.8,1.1,Iris-versicolor
5.5,2.4,3.7,1.0,Iris-versicolor
5.8,2.7,3.9,1.2,Iris-versicolor
6.0,2.7,5.1,1.6,Iris-versicolor
5.4,3.0,4.5,1.5,Iris-versicolor
6.0,3.4,4.5,1.6,Iris-versicolor
6.7,3.1,4.7,1.5,Iris-versicolor
6.3,2.3,4.4,1.3,Iris-versicolor
5.6,3.0,4.1,1.3,Iris-versicolor
5.5,2.5,4.0,1.3,Iris-versicolor
5.5,2.6,4.4,1.2,Iris-versicolor
6.1,3.0,4.6,1.4,Iris-versicolor
5.8,2.6,4.0,1.2,Iris-versicolor
5.0,2.3,3.3,1.0,Iris-versicolor
5.6,2.7,4.2,1.3,Iris-versicolor
5.7,3.0,4.2,1.2,Iris-versicolor
5.7,2.9,4.2,1.3,Iris-versicolor
6.2,2.9,4.3,1.3,Iris-versicolor
5.1,2.5,3.0,1.1,Iris-versicolor
5.7,2.8,4.1,1.3,Iris-versicolor
6.3,3.3,6.0,2.5,Iris-virginica
5.8,2.7,5.1,1.9,Iris-virginica
7.1,3.0,5.9,2.1,Iris-virginica
6.3,2.9,5.6,1.8,Iris-virginica
6.5,3.0,5.8,2.2,Iris-virginica
7.6,3.0,6.6,2.1,Iris-virginica
4.9,2.5,4.5,1.7,Iris-virginica
7.3,2.9,6.3,1.8,Iris-virginica
6.7,2.5,5.8,1.8,Iris-virginica
7.2,3.6,6.1,2.5,Iris-virginica
6.5,3.2,5.1,2.0,Iris-virginica
6.4,2.7,5.3,1.9,Iris-virginica
6.8,3.0,5.5,2.1,Iris-virginica
5.7,2.5,5.0,2.0,Iris-virginica
5.8,2.8,5.1,2.4,Iris-virginica
6.4,3.2,5.3,2.3,Iris-virginica
6.5,3.0,5.5,1.8,Iris-virginica
7.7,3.8,6.7,2.2,Iris-virginica
7.7,2.6,6.9,2.3,Iris-virginica
6.0,2.2,5.0,1.5,Iris-virginica
6.9,3.2,5.7,2.3,Iris-virginica
5.6,2.8,4.9,2.0,Iris-virginica
7.7,2.8,6.7,2.0,Iris-virginica
6.3,2.7,4.9,1.8,Iris-virginica
6.7,3.3,5.7,2.1,Iris-virginica
7.2,3.2,6.0,1.8,Iris-virginica
6.2,2.8,4.8,1.8,Iris-virginica
6.1,3.0,4.9,1.8,Iris-virginica
6.4,2.8,5.6,2.1,Iris-virginica
7.2,3.0,5.8,1.6,Iris-virginica
7.4,2.8,6.1,1.9,Iris-virginica
7.9,3.8,6.4,2.0,Iris-virginica
6.4,2.8,5.6,2.2,Iris-virginica
6.3,2.8,5.1,1.5,Iris-virginica
6.1,2.6,5.6,1.4,Iris-virginica
7.7,3.0,6.1,2.3,Iris-virginica
6.3,3.4,5.6,2.4,Iris-virginica
6.4,3.1,5.5,1.8,Iris-virginica
6.0,3.0,4.8,1.8,Iris-virginica
6.9,3.1,5.4,2.1,Iris-virginica
6.7,3.1,5.6,2.4,Iris-virginica
6.9,3.1,5.1,2.3,Iris-virginica
5.8,2.7,5.1,1.9,Iris-virginica
6.8,3.2,5.9,2.3,Iris-virginica
6.7,3.3,5.7,2.5,Iris-virginica
6.7,3.0,5.2,2.3,Iris-virginica
6.3,2.5,5.0,1.9,Iris-virginica
6.5,3.0,5.2,2.0,Iris-virginica
6.2,3.4,5.4,2.3,Iris-virginica
5.9,3.0,5.1,1.8,Iris-virginica