集合
Set、multiset都是集合类,差别在与set中不允许有重复元素,multiset中允许有重复元素。
sets和multiset内部以平衡二叉树实现
1. 常用函数
1) 构造函数和析构函数
set c:创建空集合,不包含任何元素
set c(op):以op为排序准则,产生一个空的set
set c1(c2):复制c2中的元素到c1中
set c(const value_type *first, const value_type* last):复制[first, last)之间元素构成新集合
set c(const value_type *first, const value_type* last,op):以op为排序准则,复制[first, last)之间元素构成新集合。
c.~set()销毁所有元素,释放内存
multiset mc:创建空集合,不包含任何元素
multiset mc(op):以op为排序准则,产生一个空的set
multiset c1(c2):复制c2中的元素到c1中
multiset c(const value_type *first, const value_type* last):复制[first, last)之间元素构成新集合
multiset c(const value_type *first, const value_type* last,op):以op为排序准则,复制[first, last)之间元素构成新集合。
c.~set()销毁所有元素,释放内存
- // constructing sets
- #include <iostream>
- #include <set>
- bool fncomp (int lhs, int rhs) {return lhs<rhs;}
- struct classcomp {
- bool operator() (const int& lhs, const int& rhs) const
- {return lhs<rhs;}
- };
- int main ()
- {
- std::set<int> first; // empty set of ints
- int myints[]= {10,20,30,40,50};
- std::set<int> second (myints,myints+5); // range
- std::set<int> third (second); // a copy of second
- std::set<int> fourth (second.begin(), second.end()); // iterator ctor.
- std::set<int,classcomp> fifth; // class as Compare
- bool(*fn_pt)(int,int) = fncomp;
- std::set<int,bool(*)(int,int)> sixth (fn_pt); // function pointer as Compare
- return 0;
- }
2) 大小、判断空函数
int size() const:返回容器元素个数
bool empty() const:判断容器是否为空,若返回true,表明容器已空
3) 增加、删除函数
pair<iterator,bool> insert( x):插入元素x
iterator insert(iterator it,x):在迭代器it处插入元素x
void insert(const value_type *first,const value_type *last):插入[first, last)之间元素
iterator erase(iterator it):删除迭代器指针it处元素
iterator erase(iterator first,iterator last):删除[first, last)之间元素
size_type erase(const Key& key):删除元素值等于key的元素
- #include <iostream>
- #include <set>
- int main ()
- {
- std::set<int> myset;
- std::set<int>::iterator it;
- std::pair<std::set<int>::iterator,bool> ret;
- // set some initial values:
- for (int i=1; i<=5; ++i) myset.insert(i*10); // set: 10 20 30 40 50
- ret = myset.insert(20); // no new element inserted
- if (ret.second==false) it=ret.first; // "it" now points to element 20
- myset.insert (it,25); // max efficiency inserting
- myset.insert (it,24); // max efficiency inserting
- myset.insert (it,26); // no max efficiency inserting
- int myints[]= {5,10,15}; // 10 already in set, not inserted
- myset.insert (myints,myints+3);
- std::cout << "myset contains:";
- for (it=myset.begin(); it!=myset.end(); ++it)
- std::cout << ' ' << *it;
- std::cout << ' ';
- return 0;
- }
- #include <iostream>
- #include <set>
- int main ()
- {
- std::set<int> myset;
- std::set<int>::iterator it;
- // insert some values:
- for (int i=1; i<10; i++) myset.insert(i*10); // 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
- it = myset.begin();
- ++it; // "it" points now to 20
- myset.erase (it);
- myset.erase (40);
- it = myset.find (60);
- myset.erase (it, myset.end());
- std::cout << "myset contains:";
- for (it=myset.begin(); it!=myset.end(); ++it)
- std::cout << ' ' << *it;
- std::cout << ' ';
- return 0;
- }
4) 遍历函数
iterator begin():返回首元素的迭代器指针
iterator end():返回尾元素的迭代器指针
reverse_iterator rbegin():返回尾元素的逆向迭代器指针
reverse_iterator rend():返回首元素前一个位置的迭代器指针
- #include <iostream>
- #include <set>
- int main ()
- {
- int myints[] = {75,23,65,42,13};
- std::set<int> myset (myints,myints+5);
- std::cout << "myset contains:";
- for (std::set<int>::iterator it=myset.begin(); it!=myset.end(); ++it)
- std::cout << ' ' << *it;
- std::cout << ' ';
- return 0;
- }
5) 操作函数
const_iterator lower_bound(const Key& key):返回容器中大于等于key的迭代器指针
const_iterator upper_bound(const Key& key):返回容器中大于key的迭代器指针
int count(const Key& key) const:返回容器中元素等于key的元素的个数
pair<const_iterator,const_iterator> equal_range(const Key& key) const:返回容器中元素值等于key的迭代指针[first, last)
const_iterator find(const Key& key) const:查找功能,返回元素值等于key的迭代器指针
void swap(set& s):交换集合元素
void swap(multiset& s):交换多集合元素
- #include <iostream>
- #include <set>
- int main ()
- {
- std::set<int> myset;
- std::set<int>::iterator itlow,itup;
- for (int i=1; i<10; i++) myset.insert(i*10); // 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
- itlow=myset.lower_bound (30); // ^
- itup=myset.upper_bound (60); // ^
- myset.erase(itlow,itup); // 10 20 70 80 90
- std::cout << "myset contains:";
- for (std::set<int>::iterator it=myset.begin(); it!=myset.end(); ++it)
- std::cout << ' ' << *it;
- std::cout << ' ';
- return 0;
- }
- #include "stdafx.h"
- #include <iostream>
- #include <set>
- using namespace std;
- int main ()
- {
- set<int> myset;
- for (int i=1; i<=5; i++) myset.insert(i*10); // myset: 10 20 30 40 50
- pair<set<int>::const_iterator,set<int>::const_iterator> ret;
- ret = myset.equal_range(30);
- cout << "the lower bound points to: " << *ret.first << ' ';
- cout << "the upper bound points to: " << *ret.second << ' ';
- return 0;
- }
- #include "stdafx.h"
- #include <iostream>
- #include <set>
- using namespace std;
- int main ()
- {
- int myints[]={12,75,10,32,20,25};
- set<int> first (myints,myints+3); // 10,12,75
- set<int> second (myints+3,myints+6); // 20,25,32
- first.swap(second);
- cout << "first contains:";
- for (set<int>::iterator it=first.begin(); it!=first.end(); ++it)
- cout << ' ' << *it;
- cout << ' ';
- cout << "second contains:";
- for (set<int>::iterator it=second.begin(); it!=second.end(); ++it)
- cout << ' ' << *it;
- cout << ' ';
- return 0;
- }
-
自从VS2010开始,set的iterator类型自动就是const的引用类型,因此当set保存的是类类型时,对iterator解引用无法调用类的非const成员。
解决方法为:
- //item是一个类,bool isEnd()是Item的一个成员
- for (set<Item>::iterator i = ItemSet.begin(); i != ItemSet.end(); i++)
- {
- const Item &item1 = const_cast<Item&>(*i);
- Item &item2 = const_cast<Item&>(item1);
- if (item2.isEnd())
- {//do something}
const_cast:(转自百度百科)用法:const_cast<type_id> (expression)该运算符用来修改类型的const或volatile属性。除了const 或volatile修饰之外, type_id和expression的类型是一样的。一、常量指针被转化成非常量的指针,并且仍然指向原来的对象;二、常量引用被转换成非常量的引用,并且仍然指向原来的对象;为什么要设置为const reference?
The iterator should give you a const reference (and that's what the Standard says it should do), because changing the thing referred to would destroy the validity of the set's underlying data structure - the set doesn't "know" that the field you are changing is not actually part of the key. The alternatives are to make changes by removing and re-adding, or to use a std::map instead.
因为改变引用指向的对象会破坏set隐藏的数据结构的正确性。