• Python3 数据类型-字符串


    字符串是 Python 中最常用的数据类型,是一个个字符组成的有序的序列,是字符的集合。

    一 字符串定义

    创建字符串很简单,可以使用引号('或"或""")来创建字符串,只要为变量分配一个值即可。

    实例(Pytho3.0+):

    s1 = 'string'
    s2 = "string2"
    s3 = '''this's a "String"'''
    s4 = 'hello 
     magedu.com'
    print(s4)
    #hello
    # magedu.com
    
    s5 = r'hello 
     magedu.com'
    print(s5)
    #hello 
     magedu.com
    #字符串前面加r,表示的意思是禁止字符转义
    
    s6 = 'c:windows
    t'
    print(s6)
    #c:windows
    #t
    
    s7 = R"c:windows
    t"
    # 字符串前面加r,表示的意思是禁止字符转义
    print(s7)
    #c:windows
    t
    
    s8 = 'c:windows\nt'
    print(s7)
    #c:windows
    t
    #  转义字符,去除特殊字符的含义
    
    sql = """select * from user where name='tom'"""

    二 字符串元素访问

    索引访问 

    实例(Python3.0+):

    sql = "select * from user where name='tom'"
    print(sql[4])
    # 字符串'c'
    
    sql[4] = 'o'
    # TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment
    # 错误的,因为字符串是不可变类型
    

    序列访问

    实例(Python3.0+):

    str1 = "python"
    for c in str1:
        print(c)
        print(type(c)) # 什么类型,当然还是字符串类型(str)
    
    """
    p
    <class 'str'>
    y
    <class 'str'>
    t
    <class 'str'>
    h
    <class 'str'>
    o
    <class 'str'>
    n
    <class 'str'>
    """

    迭代访问

    实例(Python3.0+):

    str1 = "python"
    str1 = list(str1)
    print(str1)
    # ['p', 'y', 't', 'h', 'o', 'n']

    三 字符串修改 

    str.replace(old.new[,count]) -> str

    1. 字符串中找到配皮替换为新字符串,返回新字符串
    2. count表示替换几次,不指定就是全部替换 

    实例(Python3.0+):

    str1 = 'www.baidu.com'
    print(str1.replace('www', 'sss'))
    # 'sss.baidu.com'
    print(str1.replace('w', 's', 2))
    # 'ssw.baidu.com' 

    str.strip([chars]) -> str

    1. 从字符串两端去除指定的字符集chars中的所有字符
    2. 如果chars没有指定,去除两端的空白字符及换行符

    实例(Python3.0+):

    s = "
     
    	 hello python 
     	"
    print(s.strip())
    #"hello python"
    s = "i am very very very sorry"
    print(s.strip('iy'))
    #" am very very very sorr"

    str.lstrip([chars]) -> str

    1. 从左开始去除指定的字符集chars中的所有字符
    2. 如果chars没有指定,去除左边的空白字符及换行符

    实例(Python3.0+):

    s = "i am very very very sorry"
    print(s.lstrip('iy'))
    #" am very very very sorry"

    str.rstrip([chars]) -> str

    1. 从右开始去除指定的字符集chars中的所有字符
    2. 如果chars没有指定,去除右边的空白字符及换行符

    实例(Python3.0+):

    s = "i am very very very sorry"
    print(s.rstrip('iy'))
    #"i am very very very sorr"

    四 字符串查找

    str.find(sub,[,start[,end]]) -> int 

    1. 在指定的区间(start,end),从左到右,查找子串sub,找到返回索引,没找到返回-1

    实例(Python3.0+):

    s = "i am very very very sorry"
    print(s.find('very'))  # 5
    print(s.find('very', 5))   # 从索引5开始查找  # 5
    print(s.find('very', 6, 13))  # 从索引6到13间查找 # -1

    str.rfind(sub,[,start[,end]]) -> int 

    1. 在指定的区间(start,end),从右到左,查找子串sub,找到返回索引,没找到返回-1

    实例(Python3.0+):

    s = "i am very very very sorry"
    print(s.rfind('very', 10))
    print(s.rfind('very', 10, 15))
    print(s.rfind('very', -10, -1))  # 15
    print(s.rfind('very', -1, -10) ) # -1

    str.index(sub[,start[,end]]) -> int  

    1. 在指定的区间(start,end),从左到右,查找子串sub,找到返回索引,没找到抛出异常ValueError
    2. 一般情况下查找字符串不适用index,返回异常不容易处理,会导致程序崩溃

    实例(Python3.0+):

    s = "i am very very very sorry"
    
    print(s.index('very')) # 5 索引从0开始
    print(s.index('very',5) )
    print(s.index('very',6,13))

    str.rindex(sub[,start[,end]]) -> int

    1. 在指定的区间(start,end),从右到左,查找子串sub,找到返回索引,没找到抛出异常ValueError
    2. 一般情况下查找字符串不适用index,返回异常不容易处理,会导致程序崩溃

    实例(Python3.0+):

    s = "i am very very very sorry"
    
    print(s.rindex('very', 10))
    print(s.rindex('very', 10, 15))
    print(s.rindex('very', -10, -1))  # 15
    print(s.rindex('very', -1, -10))  # -1  

    str.count(sub[,start[,end]]) -> int

    1. 在指定的区间(start,end),从左到右,统计子串sub出现的次数

    实例(Python3.0+):

    s = 'I am very very very sorry'
    
    print(s.count('very')) # 3
    print(s.count('very',5))  # 3
    print(s.count('very',5,14))  # 2

    五 字符串判断

    str.endswith(suffix[,start[,end]]) -> bool

    1. 在指定区间(start,end),字符串是否是suffix结尾

    str.startswith(suffix[,start[,end]]) -> bool

    1. 在指定区间(start,end),字符串是否是suffix开头

    实例(Python3.0+):

    s = "i am very very very sorry"
    
    """
    首先打印出每个字符的索引:
    方法1:
    num = 0
    for i in s:
        print(num,"-",i,end="")
        num +=1
    # 0 - i 1 -   2 - a 3 - m 4 -   5 - v 6 - e 7 - r 8 - y 9 -   10 - v 11 - e 12 - r 13 - y 14 -   15 - v 16 - e 17 - r 18 - y 19 -   20 - s 21 - o 22 - r 23 - r 24 - y 
    
    方法2:
    for i,j in enumerate(s):
        print(i,"-",j,end=" ")
    # 0 - i 1 -   2 - a 3 - m 4 -   5 - v 6 - e 7 - r 8 - y 9 -   10 - v 11 - e 12 - r 13 - y 14 -   15 - v 16 - e 17 - r 18 - y 19 -   20 - s 21 - o 22 - r 23 - r 24 - y 
    """
    print(s.startswith('very'))
    # False
    print(s.startswith('very', 5))
    # True
    print(s.startswith('very', 5, 9))
    # True
    print(s.endswith('very', 5, -1))
    # False
    print(s.endswith('very', 5, 100))
    # True

    is系列

    六 字符串切割

    str.split(sep=None,maxsplit=-1) -> list of 

    • 从左到右
    • seq指定分割字符串,缺省的情况下空白字符串(一个或多个空白字符)作为分隔符
    • maxsplit指定分割的次数,-1表示遍历整个字符串(默认是-1) 

    实例(Python3.0+):

    s1 = "i'm 	a super student"
    
    print(s1.split())
    # ["i'm", 'a', 'super', 'student']
    # 	 在默认的情况下被当成分隔符(	表示Tab键)
    
    print(s1.split(' '))
    # ["i'm", '	a', 'super', 'student']
    
    print(s1.split(' ', maxsplit=2))
    # ["i'm", '	a', 'super student']
    
    print(s1.split('	', maxsplit=2))
    # ["i'm ", 'a super student']  

    str.rsplit(sep=None,maxsplit=-1) -> list of strings

    • 从右往左切割
    • sep指定分割字符串,缺省的情况下空白字符串作为分隔符
    • maxsplit指定分割次数,-1表示遍历整个字符串(默认是-1)

    实例(Python3.0+):

    s1 = "i'm 	a super student"
    
    print(s1.rsplit())
    # ["i'm", 'a', 'super', 'student']
    # 	 在默认的情况下被当成分隔符
    
    print(s1.rsplit('super'))
    # ["i'm 	a ", 'uper ', 'tudent']
    
    print(s1.rsplit(' '))
    # ["i'm", '	a', 'super', 'student']
    
    print(s1.rsplit(' ', maxsplit=2)) #或 print(s1.rsplit(' ', 2))
    # ["i'm", '	a', 'super student'] maxsplit可以省却,直接写值
    
    print(s1.rsplit('	', maxsplit=2))
    # ["i'm ", 'a super student']
    

    str.splitlins([keepnds]) -> list of strings

    • 按照行来切割字符串
    • keepends指的是是否保留行分割符,默认不保留分隔符
    • 行分割符包括 等

    实例(Python3.0+):

    str1 = 'ab c
    
    de fg
    kl
    '
    
    print(str1.splitlines())
    #['ab c', '', 'de fg', 'kl']
    print(str1.splitlines(True))
    #['ab c
    ', '
    ', 'de fg
    ', 'kl
    ']
    
    s1 = """i'm a super student.
    you're a super teacher."""
    
    print(s1)
    #i'm a super student.
    #you're a super teacher.
    
    print(s1.splitlines())
    #["i'm a super student.", "you're a super teacher."]
    
    print(s1.splitlines(True))
    #["i'm a super student.
    ", "you're a super teacher."]
    

    str.partition(sep) -> (head,sep,tail)

    • 从左至右,遇到分隔符就把字符串分割成两部分,返回头、分隔符、尾三部分的三元组;如果没有找到分隔符,就返回头、2个空元素的三元组
    • sep 分隔字符串,必须指定

    实例(Python3.0+):

    s1 = "i'm a super student"
    
    print(s1.partition('s'))
    # ("i'm a","s","uper student")
    
    print(s1.partition(' '))
    #("i'm", ' ', 'a super student')
    
    print(s1.partition('abc'))
    # ("i'm a super student",'','')

    str.rpartition(sep) -> (head,sep,tail)

    • 从右到左,遇到分隔符就把字符串分割成两部分,返回头、分隔符、尾三部分的三元组;如果没有找到分隔符,就返回头、2个空元素的三元组
    • sep 分隔字符串,必须指定

    实例(Python3.0+):

    str1 = "I am supper student"
    
    print(str1.rpartition(" "))
    # ('I am supper', ' ', 'student')

    七 字符串大小写

    str.upper()

    • 把字符串中的字符转换成大写

    实例(Python3.0+):

    str1 = "i am a supper student"
    print(str1.upper())
    # I AM A SUPPER STUDENT
    

    str.lower()

    • 把字符串中的字符转换成小写
    • 只能转换26个英文字母,特殊字符无法转换

    实例(Python3.0+):

    str1 = "I AM A SUPPER STUDENT"
    print(str1.lower())
    # i am a supper student

    str.casefold()

    • 把字符串中的字符转换成小写
    • 比之lower,可以转换特殊字符

    实例(Python3.0+):

    S1 = "Runoob EXAMPLE....WOW!!!"  # 英文
    S2 = "ß"  # 德语
    
    print(S1.lower())
    # runoob example....wow!!!
    print(S1.casefold())
    # runoob example....wow!!!
    print(S2.lower())
    # ß
    print(S2.casefold())  # 德语的"ß"正确的小写是"ss"
    # ss

    str.swapcase()

    • 把字符串中的大写转换成小写,小写字符转换成大写

    实例(Python3.0+):

    str1 = "I Am A Supper Student"
    print(str1.swapcase())
    #i aM a sUPPER sTUDENT

    八 字符串排版

    str.title() -> str

    1. 标题的每个单词首字母大写

    str.capitalize() -> str

    1. 首个字母大写

    实例(Python3.0+):

    str1 = "i am supper student"
    
    print(str1.title())
    #I Am Supper Student
    print(str1.capitalize())
    #I am supper student
    

    center(width[,fillchar]) -> str

    1. width 打印宽度
    2. fillchar 填充的字符

    实例(Python3.0+):

    s1 = 'abc'
    print(s1.center(50,'#'))
    #'#######################abc########################'
    

    zfill(width) -> str

    1. width 打印宽度,居右,左边用0填充

    实例(Python3.0+):

    s1 = 'abc'
    print(s1.zfill(50))
    '00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000abc'
    

    ljust(width[,fillchar]) -> str

    1. width 打印宽度,左对齐,右边默认空格填充
    2. fillchar 填充字符

    实例(Python3.0+):

    s1 = "abc"
    print(s1.ljust(20))
    #"abc                 "
    print(s1.ljust(20,"*"))
    #abc*****************
    

    rjust(width[,fillchar]) -> str

    1. width 打印宽度,右对齐,左边默认空格填充
    2. fillchar 填充字符

    实例(Python3.0+):

    s1 = 'abc'
    print(s1.rjust(20))
    #"                 abc"
    print(s1.rjust(50,"$"))
    #'$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$abc'
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/lvcm/p/8810812.html
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