• Django Rest Framework


    一. 什么是RESTful 

    • REST与技术无关,代表的是一种软件架构风格,REST是Representational State Transfer的简称,中文翻译为“表征状态转移”
    • REST从资源的角度类审视整个网络,它将分布在网络中某个节点的资源通过URL进行标识,客户端应用通过URL来获取资源的表征,获得这些表征致使这些应用转变状态
    • REST与技术无关,代表的是一种软件架构风格,REST是Representational State Transfer的简称,中文翻译为“表征状态转移”
    • 所有的数据,不过是通过网络获取的还是操作(增删改查)的数据,都是资源,将一切数据视为资源是REST区别与其他架构风格的最本质属性
    • 对于REST这种面向资源的架构风格,有人提出一种全新的结构理念,即:面向资源架构(ROA:Resource Oriented Architecture)

    二. RESTful API设计

    • API与用户的通信协议,总是使用HTTPs协议
    • 域名 
      • https://api.example.com                         尽量将API部署在专用域名(会存在跨域问题)
      • https://example.org/api/                        API很简单
    • 版本
      • URL,如:https://api.example.com/v1/
      • 请求头                                                  跨域时,引发发送多次请求
    • 路径,视网络上任何东西都是资源,均使用名词表示(可复数)
      • https://api.example.com/v1/zoos
      • https://api.example.com/v1/animals
      • https://api.example.com/v1/employees
    • method
      • GET      :从服务器取出资源(一项或多项)
      • POST    :在服务器新建一个资源
      • PUT      :在服务器更新资源(客户端提供改变后的完整资源)
      • PATCH  :在服务器更新资源(客户端提供改变的属性)
      • DELETE :从服务器删除资源
    • 过滤,通过在url上传参的形式传递搜索条件
      • https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?limit=10:指定返回记录的数量
      • https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?offset=10:指定返回记录的开始位置
      • https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?page=2&per_page=100:指定第几页,以及每页的记录数
      • https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?sortby=name&order=asc:指定返回结果按照哪个属性排序,以及排序顺序
      • https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?animal_type_id=1:指定筛选条件
    • 状态码
      200 OK - [GET]:服务器成功返回用户请求的数据,该操作是幂等的(Idempotent)。
      201 CREATED - [POST/PUT/PATCH]:用户新建或修改数据成功。
      202 Accepted - [*]:表示一个请求已经进入后台排队(异步任务)
      204 NO CONTENT - [DELETE]:用户删除数据成功。
      400 INVALID REQUEST - [POST/PUT/PATCH]:用户发出的请求有错误,服务器没有进行新建或修改数据的操作,该操作是幂等的。
      401 Unauthorized - [*]:表示用户没有权限(令牌、用户名、密码错误)。
      403 Forbidden - [*] 表示用户得到授权(与401错误相对),但是访问是被禁止的。
      404 NOT FOUND - [*]:用户发出的请求针对的是不存在的记录,服务器没有进行操作,该操作是幂等的。
      406 Not Acceptable - [GET]:用户请求的格式不可得(比如用户请求JSON格式,但是只有XML格式)。
      410 Gone -[GET]:用户请求的资源被永久删除,且不会再得到的。
      422 Unprocesable entity - [POST/PUT/PATCH] 当创建一个对象时,发生一个验证错误。
      500 INTERNAL SERVER ERROR - [*]:服务器发生错误,用户将无法判断发出的请求是否成功。
      
      更多看这里:http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html
      常用状态码列表
    • 错误处理,状态码是4xx时,应返回错误信息,error当做key。
      {
          error: "Invalid API key"
      }
    • 返回结果,针对不同操作,服务器向用户返回的结果应该符合以下规范。
      GET /collection:返回资源对象的列表(数组)
      GET /collection/resource:返回单个资源对象
      POST /collection:返回新生成的资源对象
      PUT /collection/resource:返回完整的资源对象
      PATCH /collection/resource:返回完整的资源对象
      DELETE /collection/resource:返回一个空文档
    • Hypermedia API,RESTful API最好做到Hypermedia,即返回结果中提供链接,连向其他API方法,使得用户不查文档,也知道下一步应该做什么。
      {"link": {
        "rel":   "collection https://www.example.com/zoos",
        "href":  "https://api.example.com/zoos",
        "title": "List of zoos",
        "type":  "application/vnd.yourformat+json"
      }}

      摘自:http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2014/05/restful_api.html 

    三. 基于Django实现

    路由系统:

    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^users', Users.as_view()),
    ]

    CBV视图:

    from django.views import View
    from django.http import JsonResponse
    
    class Users(View):
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            result = {
                'status': True,
                'data': 'response data'
            }
            return JsonResponse(result, status=200)
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            result = {
                'status': True,
                'data': 'response data'
            }
            return JsonResponse(result, status=200) 

    四. 基于Django Rest Framework框架实现

    1. 基本流程

    url.py

    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views.s1_api import TestView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
    ]
    

    views.py

    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            """
            请求到来之后,都要执行dispatch方法,dispatch方法根据请求方式不同触发 get/post/put等方法
            
            注意:APIView中的dispatch方法有好多好多的功能
            """
            return super().dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)
    
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('GET请求,响应内容')
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('POST请求,响应内容')
    
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求,响应内容')

    上述是rest framework框架基本流程,重要的功能是在APIView的dispatch中触发。

    2.  认证和授权

    a. 用户url传入的token认证

    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.viewsimport TestView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
    ]
    urls.py
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
    from rest_framework.request import Request
    from rest_framework import exceptions
    
    token_list = [
        'sfsfss123kuf3j123',
        'asijnfowerkkf9812',
    ]
    
    
    class TestAuthentication(BaseAuthentication):
        def authenticate(self, request):
            """
            用户认证,如果验证成功后返回元组: (用户,用户Token)
            :param request: 
            :return: 
                None,表示跳过该验证;
                    如果跳过了所有认证,默认用户和Token和使用配置文件进行设置
                    self._authenticator = None
                    if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER:
                        self.user = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER()
                    else:
                        self.user = None
            
                    if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN:
                        self.auth = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN()
                    else:
                        self.auth = None
                (user,token)表示验证通过并设置用户名和Token;
                AuthenticationFailed异常
            """
            val = request.query_params.get('token')
            if val not in token_list:
                raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed("用户认证失败")
    
            return ('登录用户', '用户token')
    
        def authenticate_header(self, request):
            """
            Return a string to be used as the value of the `WWW-Authenticate`
            header in a `401 Unauthenticated` response, or `None` if the
            authentication scheme should return `403 Permission Denied` responses.
            """
            # 验证失败时,返回的响应头WWW-Authenticate对应的值
            pass
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        authentication_classes = [TestAuthentication, ]
        permission_classes = []
    
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            print(request.user)
            print(request.auth)
            return Response('GET请求,响应内容')
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('POST请求,响应内容')
    
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求,响应内容')
    views.py

    b. 请求头认证

    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.viewsimport TestView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
    ]
    urls.py
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
    from rest_framework.request import Request
    from rest_framework import exceptions
    
    token_list = [
        'sfsfss123kuf3j123',
        'asijnfowerkkf9812',
    ]
    
    
    class TestAuthentication(BaseAuthentication):
        def authenticate(self, request):
            """
            用户认证,如果验证成功后返回元组: (用户,用户Token)
            :param request: 
            :return: 
                None,表示跳过该验证;
                    如果跳过了所有认证,默认用户和Token和使用配置文件进行设置
                    self._authenticator = None
                    if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER:
                        self.user = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER()
                    else:
                        self.user = None
            
                    if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN:
                        self.auth = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN()
                    else:
                        self.auth = None
                (user,token)表示验证通过并设置用户名和Token;
                AuthenticationFailed异常
            """
            import base64
            auth = request.META.get('HTTP_AUTHORIZATION', b'')
            if auth:
                auth = auth.encode('utf-8')
            auth = auth.split()
            if not auth or auth[0].lower() != b'basic':
                raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('验证失败')
            if len(auth) != 2:
                raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('验证失败')
            username, part, password = base64.b64decode(auth[1]).decode('utf-8').partition(':')
            if username == 'alex' and password == '123':
                return ('登录用户', '用户token')
            else:
                raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('用户名或密码错误')
    
        def authenticate_header(self, request):
            """
            Return a string to be used as the value of the `WWW-Authenticate`
            header in a `401 Unauthenticated` response, or `None` if the
            authentication scheme should return `403 Permission Denied` responses.
            """
            return 'Basic realm=api'
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        authentication_classes = [TestAuthentication, ]
        permission_classes = []
    
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            print(request.user)
            print(request.auth)
            return Response('GET请求,响应内容')
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('POST请求,响应内容')
    
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求,响应内容')
    views.py

    c. 多个认证规则

    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views.s2_auth import TestView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
    ]
    urls.py
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
    from rest_framework.request import Request
    from rest_framework import exceptions
    
    token_list = [
        'sfsfss123kuf3j123',
        'asijnfowerkkf9812',
    ]
    
    
    class Test1Authentication(BaseAuthentication):
        def authenticate(self, request):
            """
            用户认证,如果验证成功后返回元组: (用户,用户Token)
            :param request: 
            :return: 
                None,表示跳过该验证;
                    如果跳过了所有认证,默认用户和Token和使用配置文件进行设置
                    self._authenticator = None
                    if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER:
                        self.user = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER() # 默认值为:匿名用户
                    else:
                        self.user = None
    
                    if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN:
                        self.auth = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN()# 默认值为:None
                    else:
                        self.auth = None
                (user,token)表示验证通过并设置用户名和Token;
                AuthenticationFailed异常
            """
            import base64
            auth = request.META.get('HTTP_AUTHORIZATION', b'')
            if auth:
                auth = auth.encode('utf-8')
            else:
                return None
            print(auth,'xxxx')
            auth = auth.split()
            if not auth or auth[0].lower() != b'basic':
                raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('验证失败')
            if len(auth) != 2:
                raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('验证失败')
            username, part, password = base64.b64decode(auth[1]).decode('utf-8').partition(':')
            if username == 'alex' and password == '123':
                return ('登录用户', '用户token')
            else:
                raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('用户名或密码错误')
    
        def authenticate_header(self, request):
            """
            Return a string to be used as the value of the `WWW-Authenticate`
            header in a `401 Unauthenticated` response, or `None` if the
            authentication scheme should return `403 Permission Denied` responses.
            """
            # return 'Basic realm=api'
            pass
    
    class Test2Authentication(BaseAuthentication):
        def authenticate(self, request):
            """
            用户认证,如果验证成功后返回元组: (用户,用户Token)
            :param request: 
            :return: 
                None,表示跳过该验证;
                    如果跳过了所有认证,默认用户和Token和使用配置文件进行设置
                    self._authenticator = None
                    if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER:
                        self.user = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER() # 默认值为:匿名用户
                    else:
                        self.user = None
            
                    if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN:
                        self.auth = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN()# 默认值为:None
                    else:
                        self.auth = None
                (user,token)表示验证通过并设置用户名和Token;
                AuthenticationFailed异常
            """
            val = request.query_params.get('token')
            if val not in token_list:
                raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed("用户认证失败")
    
            return ('登录用户', '用户token')
    
        def authenticate_header(self, request):
            """
            Return a string to be used as the value of the `WWW-Authenticate`
            header in a `401 Unauthenticated` response, or `None` if the
            authentication scheme should return `403 Permission Denied` responses.
            """
            pass
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        authentication_classes = [Test1Authentication, Test2Authentication]
        permission_classes = []
    
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            print(request.user)
            print(request.auth)
            return Response('GET请求,响应内容')
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('POST请求,响应内容')
    
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求,响应内容')
    views.py

    d. 认证和权限

    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import TestView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
    ]
    urls.py
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
    from rest_framework.permissions import BasePermission
    
    from rest_framework.request import Request
    from rest_framework import exceptions
    
    token_list = [
        'sfsfss123kuf3j123',
        'asijnfowerkkf9812',
    ]
    
    
    class TestAuthentication(BaseAuthentication):
        def authenticate(self, request):
            """
            用户认证,如果验证成功后返回元组: (用户,用户Token)
            :param request: 
            :return: 
                None,表示跳过该验证;
                    如果跳过了所有认证,默认用户和Token和使用配置文件进行设置
                    self._authenticator = None
                    if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER:
                        self.user = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER() # 默认值为:匿名用户
                    else:
                        self.user = None
            
                    if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN:
                        self.auth = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN()# 默认值为:None
                    else:
                        self.auth = None
                (user,token)表示验证通过并设置用户名和Token;
                AuthenticationFailed异常
            """
            val = request.query_params.get('token')
            if val not in token_list:
                raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed("用户认证失败")
    
            return ('登录用户', '用户token')
    
        def authenticate_header(self, request):
            """
            Return a string to be used as the value of the `WWW-Authenticate`
            header in a `401 Unauthenticated` response, or `None` if the
            authentication scheme should return `403 Permission Denied` responses.
            """
            pass
    
    
    class TestPermission(BasePermission):
        message = "权限验证失败"
    
        def has_permission(self, request, view):
            """
            判断是否有权限访问当前请求
            Return `True` if permission is granted, `False` otherwise.
            :param request: 
            :param view: 
            :return: True有权限;False无权限
            """
            if request.user == "管理员":
                return True
    
        # GenericAPIView中get_object时调用
        def has_object_permission(self, request, view, obj):
            """
            视图继承GenericAPIView,并在其中使用get_object时获取对象时,触发单独对象权限验证
            Return `True` if permission is granted, `False` otherwise.
            :param request: 
            :param view: 
            :param obj: 
            :return: True有权限;False无权限
            """
            if request.user == "管理员":
                return True
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        # 认证的动作是由request.user触发
        authentication_classes = [TestAuthentication, ]
    
        # 权限
        # 循环执行所有的权限
        permission_classes = [TestPermission, ]
    
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            # self.dispatch
            print(request.user)
            print(request.auth)
            return Response('GET请求,响应内容')
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('POST请求,响应内容')
    
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求,响应内容')
    views.py

    e. 全局使用

    上述操作中均是对单独视图进行特殊配置,如果想要对全局进行配置,则需要再配置文件中写入即可。

    REST_FRAMEWORK = {
        'UNAUTHENTICATED_USER': None,
        'UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN': None,
        "DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES": [
            "web.utils.TestAuthentication",
        ],
        "DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES": [
            "web.utils.TestPermission",
        ],
    }
    settings.py
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import TestView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
    ]
    urls.py
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    
    class TestView(APIView):
    
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            # self.dispatch
            print(request.user)
            print(request.auth)
            return Response('GET请求,响应内容')
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('POST请求,响应内容')
    
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求,响应内容')
    views.py

    3. 用户访问次数/频率限制

    a. 基于用户IP限制访问频率

    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import TestView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
    ]
    urls.py
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import time
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    
    from rest_framework import exceptions
    from rest_framework.throttling import BaseThrottle
    from rest_framework.settings import api_settings
    
    # 保存访问记录
    RECORD = {
        '用户IP': [12312139, 12312135, 12312133, ]
    }
    
    
    class TestThrottle(BaseThrottle):
        ctime = time.time
    
        def get_ident(self, request):
            """
            根据用户IP和代理IP,当做请求者的唯一IP
            Identify the machine making the request by parsing HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR
            if present and number of proxies is > 0. If not use all of
            HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR if it is available, if not use REMOTE_ADDR.
            """
            xff = request.META.get('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR')
            remote_addr = request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR')
            num_proxies = api_settings.NUM_PROXIES
    
            if num_proxies is not None:
                if num_proxies == 0 or xff is None:
                    return remote_addr
                addrs = xff.split(',')
                client_addr = addrs[-min(num_proxies, len(addrs))]
                return client_addr.strip()
    
            return ''.join(xff.split()) if xff else remote_addr
    
        def allow_request(self, request, view):
            """
            是否仍然在允许范围内
            Return `True` if the request should be allowed, `False` otherwise.
            :param request: 
            :param view: 
            :return: True,表示可以通过;False表示已超过限制,不允许访问
            """
            # 获取用户唯一标识(如:IP)
    
            # 允许一分钟访问10次
            num_request = 10
            time_request = 60
    
            now = self.ctime()
            ident = self.get_ident(request)
            self.ident = ident
            if ident not in RECORD:
                RECORD[ident] = [now, ]
                return True
            history = RECORD[ident]
            while history and history[-1] <= now - time_request:
                history.pop()
            if len(history) < num_request:
                history.insert(0, now)
                return True
    
        def wait(self):
            """
            多少秒后可以允许继续访问
            Optionally, return a recommended number of seconds to wait before
            the next request.
            """
            last_time = RECORD[self.ident][0]
            now = self.ctime()
            return int(60 + last_time - now)
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        throttle_classes = [TestThrottle, ]
    
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            # self.dispatch
            print(request.user)
            print(request.auth)
            return Response('GET请求,响应内容')
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('POST请求,响应内容')
    
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求,响应内容')
    
        def throttled(self, request, wait):
            """
            访问次数被限制时,定制错误信息
            """
    
            class Throttled(exceptions.Throttled):
                default_detail = '请求被限制.'
                extra_detail_singular = '请 {wait} 秒之后再重试.'
                extra_detail_plural = '请 {wait} 秒之后再重试.'
    
            raise Throttled(wait)
    views.py

    b. 基于用户IP显示访问频率(利于Django缓存)

    REST_FRAMEWORK = {
        'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
            'test_scope': '10/m',
        },
    }
    settings.py
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import TestView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
    ]
    urls.py
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    
    from rest_framework import exceptions
    from rest_framework.throttling import SimpleRateThrottle
    
    
    class TestThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):
    
        # 配置文件定义的显示频率的Key
        scope = "test_scope"
    
        def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
            """
            Should return a unique cache-key which can be used for throttling.
            Must be overridden.
    
            May return `None` if the request should not be throttled.
            """
            if not request.user:
                ident = self.get_ident(request)
            else:
                ident = request.user
    
            return self.cache_format % {
                'scope': self.scope,
                'ident': ident
            }
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        throttle_classes = [TestThrottle, ]
    
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            # self.dispatch
            print(request.user)
            print(request.auth)
            return Response('GET请求,响应内容')
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('POST请求,响应内容')
    
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求,响应内容')
    
        def throttled(self, request, wait):
            """
            访问次数被限制时,定制错误信息
            """
    
            class Throttled(exceptions.Throttled):
                default_detail = '请求被限制.'
                extra_detail_singular = '请 {wait} 秒之后再重试.'
                extra_detail_plural = '请 {wait} 秒之后再重试.'
    
            raise Throttled(wait)
    views.py

    c. view中限制请求频率

    REST_FRAMEWORK = {
        'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
            'xxxxxx': '10/m',
        },
    }
    settings.py
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import TestView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
    ]
    urls.py
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    
    from rest_framework import exceptions
    from rest_framework.throttling import ScopedRateThrottle
    
    
    # 继承 ScopedRateThrottle
    class TestThrottle(ScopedRateThrottle):
    
        def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
            """
            Should return a unique cache-key which can be used for throttling.
            Must be overridden.
    
            May return `None` if the request should not be throttled.
            """
            if not request.user:
                ident = self.get_ident(request)
            else:
                ident = request.user
    
            return self.cache_format % {
                'scope': self.scope,
                'ident': ident
            }
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        throttle_classes = [TestThrottle, ]
    
        # 在settings中获取 xxxxxx 对应的频率限制值
        throttle_scope = "xxxxxx"
    
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            # self.dispatch
            print(request.user)
            print(request.auth)
            return Response('GET请求,响应内容')
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('POST请求,响应内容')
    
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求,响应内容')
    
        def throttled(self, request, wait):
            """
            访问次数被限制时,定制错误信息
            """
    
            class Throttled(exceptions.Throttled):
                default_detail = '请求被限制.'
                extra_detail_singular = '请 {wait} 秒之后再重试.'
                extra_detail_plural = '请 {wait} 秒之后再重试.'
    
            raise Throttled(wait)
    views.py

    d. 匿名时用IP限制+登录时用Token限制

    REST_FRAMEWORK = {
        'UNAUTHENTICATED_USER': None,
        'UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN': None,
        'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
            'luffy_anon': '10/m',
            'luffy_user': '20/m',
        },
    }
    settings.py
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views.s3_throttling import TestView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
    ]
    urls.py
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    
    from rest_framework.throttling import SimpleRateThrottle
    
    
    class LuffyAnonRateThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):
        """
        匿名用户,根据IP进行限制
        """
        scope = "luffy_anon"
    
        def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
            # 用户已登录,则跳过 匿名频率限制
            if request.user:
                return None
    
            return self.cache_format % {
                'scope': self.scope,
                'ident': self.get_ident(request)
            }
    
    
    class LuffyUserRateThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):
        """
        登录用户,根据用户token限制
        """
        scope = "luffy_user"
    
        def get_ident(self, request):
            """
            认证成功时:request.user是用户对象;request.auth是token对象
            :param request: 
            :return: 
            """
            # return request.auth.token
            return "user_token"
    
        def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
            """
            获取缓存key
            :param request: 
            :param view: 
            :return: 
            """
            # 未登录用户,则跳过 Token限制
            if not request.user:
                return None
    
            return self.cache_format % {
                'scope': self.scope,
                'ident': self.get_ident(request)
            }
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        throttle_classes = [LuffyUserRateThrottle, LuffyAnonRateThrottle, ]
    
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            # self.dispatch
            print(request.user)
            print(request.auth)
            return Response('GET请求,响应内容')
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('POST请求,响应内容')
    
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求,响应内容')
    views.py

    e. 全局使用

    REST_FRAMEWORK = {
        'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES': [
            'api.utils.throttles.throttles.LuffyAnonRateThrottle',
            'api.utils.throttles.throttles.LuffyUserRateThrottle',
        ],
        'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
            'anon': '10/day',
            'user': '10/day',
            'luffy_anon': '10/m',
            'luffy_user': '20/m',
        },
    }
    settings

    4. 版本

    a. 基于url的get传参方式

    如:/users?version=v1

    REST_FRAMEWORK = {
        'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1',            # 默认版本
        'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'],   # 允许的版本
        'VERSION_PARAM': 'version'          # URL中获取值的key
    }
    settings.py
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import TestView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view(),name='test'),
    ]
    urls.py
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework.versioning import QueryParameterVersioning
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        versioning_class = QueryParameterVersioning
    
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
    
            # 获取版本
            print(request.version)
            # 获取版本管理的类
            print(request.versioning_scheme)
    
            # 反向生成URL
            reverse_url = request.versioning_scheme.reverse('test', request=request)
            print(reverse_url)
    
            return Response('GET请求,响应内容')
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('POST请求,响应内容')
    
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求,响应内容')
    views.py

    b. 基于url的正则方式

    如:/v1/users/

    REST_FRAMEWORK = {
        'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1',            # 默认版本
        'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'],   # 允许的版本
        'VERSION_PARAM': 'version'          # URL中获取值的key
    }
    settings.py
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import TestView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^(?P<version>[v1|v2]+)/test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
    ]
    urls.py
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework.versioning import URLPathVersioning
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        versioning_class = URLPathVersioning
    
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            # 获取版本
            print(request.version)
            # 获取版本管理的类
            print(request.versioning_scheme)
    
            # 反向生成URL
            reverse_url = request.versioning_scheme.reverse('test', request=request)
            print(reverse_url)
    
            return Response('GET请求,响应内容')
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('POST请求,响应内容')
    
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求,响应内容')
    views.py

    c. 基于 accept 请求头方式

    如:Accept: application/json; version=1.0

    REST_FRAMEWORK = {
        'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1',            # 默认版本
        'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'],   # 允许的版本
        'VERSION_PARAM': 'version'          # URL中获取值的key
    }
    settings.py
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import TestView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
    ]
    urls.py
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework.versioning import AcceptHeaderVersioning
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        versioning_class = AcceptHeaderVersioning
    
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            # 获取版本 HTTP_ACCEPT头
            print(request.version)
            # 获取版本管理的类
            print(request.versioning_scheme)
            # 反向生成URL
            reverse_url = request.versioning_scheme.reverse('test', request=request)
            print(reverse_url)
    
            return Response('GET请求,响应内容')
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('POST请求,响应内容')
    
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求,响应内容')
    views.py

    d. 基于主机名方法

    如:v1.example.com

    ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['*']
    REST_FRAMEWORK = {
        'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1',  # 默认版本
        'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'],  # 允许的版本
        'VERSION_PARAM': 'version'  # URL中获取值的key
    }
    settings.py
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import TestView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
    ]
    urls.py
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework.versioning import HostNameVersioning
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        versioning_class = HostNameVersioning
    
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            # 获取版本
            print(request.version)
            # 获取版本管理的类
            print(request.versioning_scheme)
            # 反向生成URL
            reverse_url = request.versioning_scheme.reverse('test', request=request)
            print(reverse_url)
    
            return Response('GET请求,响应内容')
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('POST请求,响应内容')
    
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求,响应内容')
    views.py

    e. 基于django路由系统的namespace

    如:example.com/v1/users/

    REST_FRAMEWORK = {
        'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1',  # 默认版本
        'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'],  # 允许的版本
        'VERSION_PARAM': 'version'  # URL中获取值的key
    }
    settings.py
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import TestView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^v1/', ([
                          url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
                      ], None, 'v1')),
        url(r'^v2/', ([
                          url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
                      ], None, 'v2')),
    
    ]
    urls.py
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework.versioning import NamespaceVersioning
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        versioning_class = NamespaceVersioning
    
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            # 获取版本
            print(request.version)
            # 获取版本管理的类
            print(request.versioning_scheme)
            # 反向生成URL
            reverse_url = request.versioning_scheme.reverse('test', request=request)
            print(reverse_url)
    
            return Response('GET请求,响应内容')
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('POST请求,响应内容')
    
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求,响应内容')
    views.py

    f. 全局使用

    REST_FRAMEWORK = {
        'DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS':"rest_framework.versioning.URLPathVersioning",
        'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1',
        'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'],
        'VERSION_PARAM': 'version' 
    }
    settings.py

    5. 解析器(parser) 

    根据请求头 content-type 选择对应的解析器就请求体内容进行处理。

    a. 仅处理请求头content-type为application/json的请求体

    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views.s5_parser import TestView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
    ]
    urls.py
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework.request import Request
    from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        parser_classes = [JSONParser, ]
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            print(request.content_type)
    
            # 获取请求的值,并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
            print(request.data)
    
            # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时,request.POST中才有值
            print(request.POST)
            print(request.FILES)
    
            return Response('POST请求,响应内容')
    
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求,响应内容')
    views.py

    b. 仅处理请求头content-type为application/x-www-form-urlencoded 的请求体

    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import TestView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
    ]
    urls.py
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework.request import Request
    from rest_framework.parsers import FormParser
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        parser_classes = [FormParser, ]
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            print(request.content_type)
    
            # 获取请求的值,并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
            print(request.data)
    
            # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时,request.POST中才有值
            print(request.POST)
            print(request.FILES)
    
            return Response('POST请求,响应内容')
    
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求,响应内容')
    views.py

    c. 仅处理请求头content-type为multipart/form-data的请求体

    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import TestView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
    ]
    urls.py
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework.request import Request
    from rest_framework.parsers import MultiPartParser
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        parser_classes = [MultiPartParser, ]
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            print(request.content_type)
    
            # 获取请求的值,并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
            print(request.data)
            # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时,request.POST中才有值
            print(request.POST)
            print(request.FILES)
            return Response('POST请求,响应内容')
    
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求,响应内容')
    views.py
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
    </head>
    <body>
    <form action="http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
        <input type="text" name="user" />
        <input type="file" name="img">
    
        <input type="submit" value="提交">
    
    </form>
    </body>
    </html>
    upload.html

    d. 仅上传文件

    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import TestView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'test/(?P<filename>[^/]+)', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
    ]
    urls.py
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework.request import Request
    from rest_framework.parsers import FileUploadParser
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        parser_classes = [FileUploadParser, ]
    
        def post(self, request, filename, *args, **kwargs):
            print(filename)
            print(request.content_type)
    
            # 获取请求的值,并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
            print(request.data)
            # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时,request.POST中才有值
            print(request.POST)
            print(request.FILES)
            return Response('POST请求,响应内容')
    
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求,响应内容')
    views.py
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
    </head>
    <body>
    <form action="http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/f1.numbers" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
        <input type="text" name="user" />
        <input type="file" name="img">
    
        <input type="submit" value="提交">
    
    </form>
    </body>
    </html>
    upload.html

    e. 同时多个Parser

    当同时使用多个parser时,rest framework会根据请求头content-type自动进行比对,并使用对应parser

    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import TestView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
    ]
    urls.py
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework.request import Request
    from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser, FormParser, MultiPartParser
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        parser_classes = [JSONParser, FormParser, MultiPartParser, ]
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            print(request.content_type)
    
            # 获取请求的值,并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
            print(request.data)
            # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时,request.POST中才有值
            print(request.POST)
            print(request.FILES)
            return Response('POST请求,响应内容')
    
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求,响应内容')
    views.py

    f. 全局使用

    REST_FRAMEWORK = {
        'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES':[
            'rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser'
            'rest_framework.parsers.FormParser'
            'rest_framework.parsers.MultiPartParser'
        ]
    
    }
    settings.py
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import TestView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
    ]
    urls.py
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            print(request.content_type)
    
            # 获取请求的值,并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
            print(request.data)
            # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时,request.POST中才有值
            print(request.POST)
            print(request.FILES)
            return Response('POST请求,响应内容')
    
        def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('PUT请求,响应内容')
    views.py

    注意:个别特殊的值可以通过Django的request对象 request._request 来进行获取

    6. 序列化

    序列化用于对用户请求数据进行验证和数据进行序列化。

    a. 自定义字段

    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views.s6_serializers import TestView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
    ]
    urls.py
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework import serializers
    from .. import models
    
    
    class PasswordValidator(object):
        def __init__(self, base):
            self.base = base
    
        def __call__(self, value):
            if value != self.base:
                message = 'This field must be %s.' % self.base
                raise serializers.ValidationError(message)
    
        def set_context(self, serializer_field):
            """
            This hook is called by the serializer instance,
            prior to the validation call being made.
            """
            # 执行验证之前调用,serializer_fields是当前字段对象
            pass
    
    
    class UserSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
        ut_title = serializers.CharField(source='ut.title')
        user = serializers.CharField(min_length=6)
        pwd = serializers.CharField(error_messages={'required': '密码不能为空'}, validators=[PasswordValidator('666')])
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
    
            # 序列化,将数据库查询字段序列化为字典
            data_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
            ser = UserSerializer(instance=data_list, many=True)
            #
            # obj = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
            # ser = UserSerializer(instance=obj, many=False)
            return Response(ser.data)
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            # 验证,对请求发来的数据进行验证
            ser = UserSerializer(data=request.data)
            if ser.is_valid():
                print(ser.validated_data)
            else:
                print(ser.errors)
    
            return Response('POST请求,响应内容')
    views.py

    b. 基于Model自动生成字段

    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views.s6_serializers import TestView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
    ]
    urls.py
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework import serializers
    from .. import models
    
    
    class PasswordValidator(object):
        def __init__(self, base):
            self.base = str(base)
    
        def __call__(self, value):
            if value != self.base:
                message = 'This field must be %s.' % self.base
                raise serializers.ValidationError(message)
    
        def set_context(self, serializer_field):
            """
            This hook is called by the serializer instance,
            prior to the validation call being made.
            """
            # 执行验证之前调用,serializer_fields是当前字段对象
            pass
    
    class ModelUserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    
        user = serializers.CharField(max_length=32)
    
        class Meta:
            model = models.UserInfo
            fields = "__all__"
            # fields = ['user', 'pwd', 'ut']
            depth = 2
            extra_kwargs = {'user': {'min_length': 6}, 'pwd': {'validators': [PasswordValidator(666), ]}}
            # read_only_fields = ['user']
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
    
            # 序列化,将数据库查询字段序列化为字典
            data_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
            ser = ModelUserSerializer(instance=data_list, many=True)
            #
            # obj = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
            # ser = UserSerializer(instance=obj, many=False)
            return Response(ser.data)
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            # 验证,对请求发来的数据进行验证
            print(request.data)
            ser = ModelUserSerializer(data=request.data)
            if ser.is_valid():
                print(ser.validated_data)
            else:
                print(ser.errors)
    
            return Response('POST请求,响应内容')
    views.py

    c. 生成URL

    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views.s6_serializers import TestView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
        url(r'detail/(?P<pk>d+)/', TestView.as_view(), name='detail'),
    ]
    urls.py
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework import serializers
    from .. import models
    
    
    class PasswordValidator(object):
        def __init__(self, base):
            self.base = str(base)
    
        def __call__(self, value):
            if value != self.base:
                message = 'This field must be %s.' % self.base
                raise serializers.ValidationError(message)
    
        def set_context(self, serializer_field):
            """
            This hook is called by the serializer instance,
            prior to the validation call being made.
            """
            # 执行验证之前调用,serializer_fields是当前字段对象
            pass
    
    
    class ModelUserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        ut = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(view_name='detail')
        class Meta:
            model = models.UserInfo
            fields = "__all__"
    
            extra_kwargs = {
                'user': {'min_length': 6},
                'pwd': {'validators': [PasswordValidator(666),]},
            }
    
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
    
            # 序列化,将数据库查询字段序列化为字典
            data_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
            ser = ModelUserSerializer(instance=data_list, many=True, context={'request': request})
            #
            # obj = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
            # ser = UserSerializer(instance=obj, many=False)
            return Response(ser.data)
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            # 验证,对请求发来的数据进行验证
            print(request.data)
            ser = ModelUserSerializer(data=request.data)
            if ser.is_valid():
                print(ser.validated_data)
            else:
                print(ser.errors)
    
            return Response('POST请求,响应内容')
    views.py

    d. 自动生成URL

    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views.s6_serializers import TestView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
        url(r'detail/(?P<pk>d+)/', TestView.as_view(), name='xxxx'),
    ]
    urls.py
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework import serializers
    from .. import models
    
    
    class PasswordValidator(object):
        def __init__(self, base):
            self.base = str(base)
    
        def __call__(self, value):
            if value != self.base:
                message = 'This field must be %s.' % self.base
                raise serializers.ValidationError(message)
    
        def set_context(self, serializer_field):
            """
            This hook is called by the serializer instance,
            prior to the validation call being made.
            """
            # 执行验证之前调用,serializer_fields是当前字段对象
            pass
    
    
    class ModelUserSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):
        ll = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(view_name='xxxx')
        tt = serializers.CharField(required=False)
    
        class Meta:
            model = models.UserInfo
            fields = "__all__"
            list_serializer_class = serializers.ListSerializer
    
            extra_kwargs = {
                'user': {'min_length': 6},
                'pwd': {'validators': [PasswordValidator(666), ]},
                'url': {'view_name': 'xxxx'},
                'ut': {'view_name': 'xxxx'},
            }
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            # # 序列化,将数据库查询字段序列化为字典
            data_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
            ser = ModelUserSerializer(instance=data_list, many=True, context={'request': request})
            # # 如果Many=True
            # # 或
            # # obj = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
            # # ser = UserSerializer(instance=obj, many=False)
            return Response(ser.data)
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            # 验证,对请求发来的数据进行验证
            print(request.data)
            ser = ModelUserSerializer(data=request.data)
            if ser.is_valid():
                print(ser.validated_data)
            else:
                print(ser.errors)
    
            return Response('POST请求,响应内容')
    views.py

    7. 分页

    a. 根据页码进行分页

    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from rest_framework import routers
    from web.views import s9_pagination
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/', s9_pagination.UserViewSet.as_view()),
    ]
    urs.py
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework import serializers
    from .. import models
    
    from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination
    
    
    class StandardResultsSetPagination(PageNumberPagination):
        # 默认每页显示的数据条数
        page_size = 1
        # 获取URL参数中设置的每页显示数据条数
        page_size_query_param = 'page_size'
    
        # 获取URL参数中传入的页码key
        page_query_param = 'page'
    
        # 最大支持的每页显示的数据条数
        max_page_size = 1
    
    
    class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            model = models.UserInfo
            fields = "__all__"
    
    
    class UserViewSet(APIView):
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-id')
    
            # 实例化分页对象,获取数据库中的分页数据
            paginator = StandardResultsSetPagination()
            page_user_list = paginator.paginate_queryset(user_list, self.request, view=self)
    
            # 序列化对象
            serializer = UserSerializer(page_user_list, many=True)
    
            # 生成分页和数据
            response = paginator.get_paginated_response(serializer.data)
            return response
    views.py

    b. 位置和个数进行分页

    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import s9_pagination
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/', s9_pagination.UserViewSet.as_view()),
    ]
    urls.py
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework import serializers
    from .. import models
    
    from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination,LimitOffsetPagination
    
    
    class StandardResultsSetPagination(LimitOffsetPagination):
        # 默认每页显示的数据条数
        default_limit = 10
        # URL中传入的显示数据条数的参数
        limit_query_param = 'limit'
        # URL中传入的数据位置的参数
        offset_query_param = 'offset'
        # 最大每页显得条数
        max_limit = None
    
    class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            model = models.UserInfo
            fields = "__all__"
    
    
    class UserViewSet(APIView):
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-id')
    
            # 实例化分页对象,获取数据库中的分页数据
            paginator = StandardResultsSetPagination()
            page_user_list = paginator.paginate_queryset(user_list, self.request, view=self)
    
            # 序列化对象
            serializer = UserSerializer(page_user_list, many=True)
    
            # 生成分页和数据
            response = paginator.get_paginated_response(serializer.data)
            return response
    views.py

    c. 游标分页

    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import s9_pagination
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/', s9_pagination.UserViewSet.as_view()),
    ]
    urls.py
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework import serializers
    from .. import models
    
    from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination, LimitOffsetPagination, CursorPagination
    
    
    class StandardResultsSetPagination(CursorPagination):
        # URL传入的游标参数
        cursor_query_param = 'cursor'
        # 默认每页显示的数据条数
        page_size = 2
        # URL传入的每页显示条数的参数
        page_size_query_param = 'page_size'
        # 每页显示数据最大条数
        max_page_size = 1000
    
        # 根据ID从大到小排列
        ordering = "id"
    
    
    
    class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            model = models.UserInfo
            fields = "__all__"
    
    
    class UserViewSet(APIView):
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-id')
    
            # 实例化分页对象,获取数据库中的分页数据
            paginator = StandardResultsSetPagination()
            page_user_list = paginator.paginate_queryset(user_list, self.request, view=self)
    
            # 序列化对象
            serializer = UserSerializer(page_user_list, many=True)
    
            # 生成分页和数据
            response = paginator.get_paginated_response(serializer.data)
            return response
    views.py

    8. 路由系统

    a. 自定义路由

    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import s11_render
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/$', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
        url(r'^test.(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)$', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
        url(r'^test/(?P<pk>[^/.]+)/$', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
        url(r'^test/(?P<pk>[^/.]+).(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)$', s11_render.TestView.as_view())
    ]
    urls.py
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from .. import models
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            print(kwargs)
            print(self.renderer_classes)
            return Response('...')
    views.py

    b. 半自动路由

    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import s10_generic
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/$', s10_generic.UserViewSet.as_view({'get': 'list', 'post': 'create'})),
        url(r'^test/(?P<pk>d+)/$', s10_generic.UserViewSet.as_view(
            {'get': 'retrieve', 'put': 'update', 'patch': 'partial_update', 'delete': 'destroy'})),
    ]
    urls.py
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
    from rest_framework import serializers
    from .. import models
    
    
    class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            model = models.UserInfo
            fields = "__all__"
    
    
    class UserViewSet(ModelViewSet):
        queryset = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
        serializer_class = UserSerializer
    views.py

    c. 全自动路由

    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from rest_framework import routers
    from web.views import s10_generic
    
    
    router = routers.DefaultRouter()
    router.register(r'users', s10_generic.UserViewSet)
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^', include(router.urls)),
    ]
    urls.py
    from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
    from rest_framework import serializers
    from .. import models
    
    
    class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            model = models.UserInfo
            fields = "__all__"
    
    
    class UserViewSet(ModelViewSet):
        queryset = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
        serializer_class = UserSerializer
    views.py

    9. 视图

    a. GenericViewSet

    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views.s7_viewset import TestView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'test/', TestView.as_view({'get':'list'}), name='test'),
        url(r'detail/(?P<pk>d+)/', TestView.as_view({'get':'list'}), name='xxxx'),
    ]
    urls.py
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework import viewsets
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    
    
    class TestView(viewsets.GenericViewSet):
        def list(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response('...')
    
        def add(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            pass
    
        def delete(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            pass
    
        def edit(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            pass
    views.py

    b. ModelViewSet(自定义URL)

    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import s10_generic
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/$', s10_generic.UserViewSet.as_view({'get': 'list', 'post': 'create'})),
        url(r'^test/(?P<pk>d+)/$', s10_generic.UserViewSet.as_view(
            {'get': 'retrieve', 'put': 'update', 'patch': 'partial_update', 'delete': 'destroy'})),
    ]
    urls.py
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
    from rest_framework import serializers
    from .. import models
    
    
    class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            model = models.UserInfo
            fields = "__all__"
    
    
    class UserViewSet(ModelViewSet):
        queryset = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
        serializer_class = UserSerializer
    views.py

    c. ModelViewSet(rest framework路由)

    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from rest_framework import routers
    from app01 import views
    
    router = routers.DefaultRouter()
    router.register(r'users', views.UserViewSet)
    router.register(r'groups', views.GroupViewSet)
    
    # Wire up our API using automatic URL routing.
    # Additionally, we include login URLs for the browsable API.
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^', include(router.urls)),
    ]
    urls.py
    from rest_framework import viewsets
    from rest_framework import serializers
    
    
    class UserSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            model = models.User
            fields = ('url', 'username', 'email', 'groups')
    
    
    class GroupSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            model = models.Group
            fields = ('url', 'name')
            
    class UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
        """
        API endpoint that allows users to be viewed or edited.
        """
        queryset = User.objects.all().order_by('-date_joined')
        serializer_class = UserSerializer
    
    
    class GroupViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
        """
        API endpoint that allows groups to be viewed or edited.
        """
        queryset = Group.objects.all()
        serializer_class = GroupSerializer
    views.py

    10. 渲染器

    根据 用户请求URL 或 用户可接受的类型,筛选出合适的 渲染组件。
    用户请求URL:

    • http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=json
    • http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.json

    用户请求头:

    • Accept:text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8

    a. json

    访问URL:

    • http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=json
    • http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.json
    • http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/ 
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import s11_render
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/$', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
        url(r'^test.(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
    ]
    urls.py
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework import serializers
    
    from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer
    
    from .. import models
    
    
    class TestSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            model = models.UserInfo
            fields = "__all__"
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        renderer_classes = [JSONRenderer, ]
    
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
            ser = TestSerializer(instance=user_list, many=True)
            return Response(ser.data)
    views.py

    b. 表格

    访问URL:

    • http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=admin
    • http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.admin
    • http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/ 
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework import serializers
    
    from rest_framework.renderers import AdminRenderer
    
    from .. import models
    
    
    class TestSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            model = models.UserInfo
            fields = "__all__"
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        renderer_classes = [AdminRenderer, ]
    
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
            ser = TestSerializer(instance=user_list, many=True)
            return Response(ser.data)
    views.py

    c. Form表单

    访问URL:

    • http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=form
    • http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.form
    • http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/ 
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework import serializers
    
    from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer
    from rest_framework.renderers import AdminRenderer
    from rest_framework.renderers import HTMLFormRenderer
    
    from .. import models
    
    
    class TestSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            model = models.UserInfo
            fields = "__all__"
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        renderer_classes = [HTMLFormRenderer, ]
    
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
            ser = TestSerializer(instance=user_list, many=False)
            return Response(ser.data)
    views.py

    d. 自定义显示模板

    访问URL:

    • http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=html
    • http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.html
    • http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/ 
    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    from web.views import s11_render
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^test/$', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
        url(r'^test.(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
    ]
    urls.py
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework import serializers
    from rest_framework.renderers import TemplateHTMLRenderer
    
    from .. import models
    
    
    class TestSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            model = models.UserInfo
            fields = "__all__"
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        renderer_classes = [TemplateHTMLRenderer, ]
    
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
            ser = TestSerializer(instance=user_list, many=False)
            return Response(ser.data, template_name='user_detail.html')
    views.py
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        {{ user }}
        {{ pwd }}
        {{ ut }}
    </body>
    </html>
    userdetail.html

    e. 浏览器格式API+JSON

    访问URL:

    • http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=api
    • http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.api
    • http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/ 
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework import serializers
    
    from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer
    from rest_framework.renderers import BrowsableAPIRenderer
    
    from .. import models
    
    
    class TestSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            model = models.UserInfo
            fields = "__all__"
    
    
    class CustomBrowsableAPIRenderer(BrowsableAPIRenderer):
        def get_default_renderer(self, view):
            return JSONRenderer()
    
    
    class TestView(APIView):
        renderer_classes = [CustomBrowsableAPIRenderer, ]
    
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
            ser = TestSerializer(instance=user_list, many=False)
            return Response(ser.data, template_name='user_detail.html')
    views.py

    注意:如果同时多个存在时,自动根据URL后缀来选择渲染器。

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/luyi84895838/p/12813222.html
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