使用 Python & Flask 实现 RESTful Web API

环境安装：

sudo pip install flask

Flask 是一个Python的微服务的框架，基于Werkzeug, 一个 WSGI 类库。

Flask 优点:

• Written in Python (that can be an advantage);
• Simple to use;
• Flexible;
• Multiple good deployment options;
• RESTful request dispatching

RESOURCES

一个响应 /articles 和 /articles/:id的 API 服务：

from flask import Flask, url_for
app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route('/')
def api_root():
    return 'Welcome'

@app.route('/articles')
def api_articles():
    return 'List of ' + url_for('api_articles')

@app.route('/articles/<articleid>')
def api_article(articleid):
    return 'You are reading ' + articleid

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run()

请求：

curl http://127.0.0.1:5000/

响应：

GET /
Welcome

GET /articles
List of /articles

GET /articles/123
You are reading 123

REQUESTS

GET Parameters

from flask import request

@app.route('/hello')
def api_hello():
    if 'name' in request.args:
        return 'Hello ' + request.args['name']
    else:
        return 'Hello John Doe'

请求：

GET /hello
Hello John Doe

GET /hello?name=Luis
Hello Luis

Request Methods (HTTP Verbs)

@app.route('/echo', methods = ['GET', 'POST', 'PATCH', 'PUT', 'DELETE'])
def api_echo():
    if request.method == 'GET':
        return "ECHO: GET
"

    elif request.method == 'POST':
        return "ECHO: POST
"

    elif request.method == 'PATCH':
        return "ECHO: PACTH
"

    elif request.method == 'PUT':
        return "ECHO: PUT
"

    elif request.method == 'DELETE':
        return "ECHO: DELETE"

请求指定request type：

curl -X PATCH http://127.0.0.1:5000/echo

GET /echo
ECHO: GET

POST /ECHO
ECHO: POST

Request Data & Headers

from flask import json

@app.route('/messages', methods = ['POST'])
def api_message():

    if request.headers['Content-Type'] == 'text/plain':
        return "Text Message: " + request.data

    elif request.headers['Content-Type'] == 'application/json':
        return "JSON Message: " + json.dumps(request.json)

    elif request.headers['Content-Type'] == 'application/octet-stream':
        f = open('./binary', 'wb')
        f.write(request.data)
                f.close()
        return "Binary message written!"

    else:
        return "415 Unsupported Media Type ;)"

请求指定content type：

curl -H "Content-type: application/json" 
-X POST http://127.0.0.1:5000/messages -d '{"message":"Hello Data"}'

curl -H "Content-type: application/octet-stream" 
-X POST http://127.0.0.1:5000/messages --data-binary @message.bin

RESPONSES

from flask import Response

@app.route('/hello', methods = ['GET'])
def api_hello():
    data = {
        'hello'  : 'world',
        'number' : 3
    }
    js = json.dumps(data)

    resp = Response(js, status=200, mimetype='application/json')
    resp.headers['Link'] = 'http://luisrei.com'

    return resp

查看response HTTP headers：

curl -i http://127.0.0.1:5000/hello

优化代码：

from flask import jsonify

使用

resp = jsonify(data)
resp.status_code = 200

替换

resp = Response(js, status=200, mimetype='application/json')

Status Codes & Errors

@app.errorhandler(404)
def not_found(error=None):
    message = {
            'status': 404,
            'message': 'Not Found: ' + request.url,
    }
    resp = jsonify(message)
    resp.status_code = 404

    return resp

@app.route('/users/<userid>', methods = ['GET'])
def api_users(userid):
    users = {'1':'john', '2':'steve', '3':'bill'}
    
    if userid in users:
        return jsonify({userid:users[userid]})
    else:
        return not_found()

请求：

GET /users/2
HTTP/1.0 200 OK
{
    "2": "steve"
}

GET /users/4
HTTP/1.0 404 NOT FOUND
{
"status": 404, 
"message": "Not Found: http://127.0.0.1:5000/users/4"
}

AUTHORIZATION

from functools import wraps

def check_auth(username, password):
    return username == 'admin' and password == 'secret'

def authenticate():
    message = {'message': "Authenticate."}
    resp = jsonify(message)

    resp.status_code = 401
    resp.headers['WWW-Authenticate'] = 'Basic realm="Example"'

    return resp

def requires_auth(f):
    @wraps(f)
    def decorated(*args, **kwargs):
        auth = request.authorization
        if not auth: 
            return authenticate()

        elif not check_auth(auth.username, auth.password):
            return authenticate()
        return f(*args, **kwargs)

    return decorated

replacing the check_auth function and using the requires_auth decorator:

@app.route('/secrets')
@requires_auth
def api_hello():
    return "Shhh this is top secret spy stuff!"

HTTP basic authentication：

curl -v -u "admin:secret" http://127.0.0.1:5000/secrets

SIMPLE DEBUG & LOGGING

Debug:

app.run(debug=True)

Logging：

import logging
file_handler = logging.FileHandler('app.log')
app.logger.addHandler(file_handler)
app.logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)

@app.route('/hello', methods = ['GET'])
def api_hello():
    app.logger.info('informing')
    app.logger.warning('warning')
    app.logger.error('screaming bloody murder!')
    
    return "check your logs
"

参考：

Flask documentation

Flask snippets

Werkzeug documentation

curl manual