• 【栈】栈:链式栈,顺序栈,共享栈


    简介

    栈也是一种线性表结构,只不过栈的操作是受限的,它的特点就是在栈顶方向添加新的元素,且删除元素也只能从栈顶方向删除。因此栈是一种LIFO(后进先出)特性的数据结构。
     
    压栈:新的元素放入栈的操作。
    出栈:从栈中移除一个元素的操作。
     
    因为栈是一种线性结构,所以可以通过前面所学的链表和顺序表作为内部实现。
     

    看图说栈

    我们可以把一个栈看做是一个开口的箱子,箱子口就是栈顶,箱子底就是栈底。我们依次把 数学书,英语书,放进空箱子里,如果我们要再放一本语文书,则只能放在最顶层,如果我们要从箱子里拿出一本书,只能取出最顶层(栈顶)的语文书。这就是栈的标志性操作和特性。

    栈的链式实现

    链式栈的优点是:不需要预先分配容量,也无需增加容量。

    #include<iostream>
    #include<cstdlib>
    #include<stdexcept>
    
    using namespace std;
    
    struct SNode
    {
        int element;
        SNode * next;
        SNode(int e=0,SNode*nxt = 0):element(e),next(nxt)
        {
        }       
    };
    
    class Stack
    {
    
    private:
        SNode headNode;     //头结点
    
        int  size;         //栈长度
    
    public:
        Stack():headNode(),size(0)
        {
        }
    
        ~Stack()
        {
            SNode* p = headNode.next;
            SNode* t;
            while(p!=0){
                t = p;
                p=p->next;
                delete t;       
            }
        }
    
        /*
        *压栈操作 ,头插法
        **/
         bool push(int e)
        {
            SNode* new_node = new SNode(e,0);
    
            new_node->next = headNode.next; 
            headNode.next = new_node;
    
            size++;
    
            return true;       
        }
    
        
        bool pop()
        {
            SNode* del_node = headNode.next;   //取出待删结点(也就是链表的首结点)
    
            if(del_node == 0) return false;    //栈为空
    
            headNode.next = del_node->next;
            delete del_node;
            size--;
    
            return true;
        }
    
    
        bool peek(int&e) const
        {
            SNode* peek_node = headNode.next;   //取出栈顶结点(也就是链表的首结点)
    
            if(peek_node == 0) return false;    //栈为空
            e = peek_node->element;
    
            return true;
        }
    
    
    
        int length() const
        {
            return size;
        }
    
        bool empty() const{
            return headNode.next == 0;
        }
        
        void clear()
        {
            SNode *p = headNode.next;
            SNode *t;
            while(p!=0){
                t = p;
                p = p->next;
                delete t;
            
            }
            size =0;
        } 
    };
    
    
    int main()
    {
        using std::cout;
        using std::endl;;
        
        Stack s ;
        
        for(int i=0;i<20;++i)
            s.push(i);
        
        cout<<std::boolalpha<<"empty? "<<s.empty()<<endl;
        cout<<"length? "<<s.length()<<endl;
        
        for(int i=0;i<20;++i)
        {
            int e ;
             s.peek(e);
             cout<<e<<' ';
             s.pop();
             
        }
        
        cout<<"
    ---------------------"<<endl;
        cout<<std::boolalpha<<"empty? "<<s.empty()<<endl;
        cout<<"length? "<<s.length()<<endl;
        
        return 0;
    }

    栈的顺序实现

    #include<iostream>
    #include<cstdlib>
    #include<stdexcept>
    
    
    class Stack
    {
        
    private:
            enum{MAX_SIZE = 20};
            int elements[MAX_SIZE];   //存储元素使用的数组 
            int top;                  //下一个栈顶元素的在数组中的索引。 
            
    public:
        Stack()
        {
            top  = 0;    //初始top为0 
        }        
        
        
        bool peek(int &e) const 
        {
            if(top <= 0) return false;
            
            e = elements[ top-1 ];    
            return true;
        }
        
        bool pop(){
            if(top <= 0) return false;
            
            top--; 
            return true;
        }
        
        bool push(int e){
            if(top >=MAX_SIZE) return false;
            
            elements[ top++ ] = e;
            
            return true;
        }    
        
        size_t length() const{
            return top;
        }     
        
        bool empty() const{
            return top == 0;
        }
        bool full()const{
            return top >=MAX_SIZE;
        }
        
        void clear(){
            top = 0;
        }
        
    }; 
    
    
    int main()
    {
        using std::cout;
        using std::endl;;
        
        Stack s ;
        
        for(int i=0;i<20;++i)
            s.push(i);
        
        cout<<std::boolalpha<<"empty? "<<s.empty()<<endl;
        cout<<std::boolalpha<<"full? "<<s.full()<<endl;
        cout<<"length? "<<s.length()<<endl;
        
        for(int i=0;i<20;++i)
        {
            int e ;
             s.peek(e);
             cout<<e<<' ';
             s.pop();
             
        }
        
        cout<<endl;
        cout<<std::boolalpha<<"empty? "<<s.empty()<<endl;
        cout<<std::boolalpha<<"full? "<<s.full()<<endl;
        cout<<"length? "<<s.length()<<endl;
        
        return 0;
    } 

    共享顺序栈

    使用顺序栈时,要预先分配1个大的数组空间。共享顺序栈可以让2个栈共享同一个数组空间。

    考试和面试常用,实际开发不常用。 

    #include<iostream>
    #include<cstdlib>
    #include<stdexcept>
    
    
    class Stack
    {
        
    private:
            enum{MAX_SIZE = 20};      //内部数组的容量 
            int elements[MAX_SIZE];   //存储元素使用的数组,stack1和2共享 
            int top1;                 //stack1中 下一个栈顶元素的在数组中的索引。 
            int top2;                 //stack2中 下一个栈顶元素的在数组中的索引。
    public:
        Stack()
        {
            top1  = 0;  
            top2 = MAX_SIZE - 1; 
        }        
        
        
        /****
            用choose 代表stack1 和 stack2,默认是1 
        
        ****/
        bool peek(int &e,int choose = 1) const 
        {
            switch(choose)
            {
                case 1:
                {
                    if(top1 <= 0) return false;
                    e = elements[ top1-1 ];    
                    return true;
                
                }
                case 2:
                {
                    if(top2 >= MAX_SIZE-1) return false;
                    e = elements[ top2 +1 ];    
                    return true;
                }
                default:
                    throw std::out_of_range(0);
            }
        }
        
        bool pop(int choose = 1)
    {
    switch(choose) { case 1: { if(top1 <= 0) return false; top1--; return true; } case 2: { if(top2 >= MAX_SIZE-1) return false; top2++; return true; } default: throw std::out_of_range(0); } } bool push(int e,int choose = 1){ switch(choose) { case 1: { if(top1 > top2) return false; elements[ top1++ ] = e; return true; } case 2: { if(top1 > top2) return false; elements[ top2-- ] = e; return true; } default: throw std::out_of_range(0); } } size_t length(int choose = 1) const { switch(choose) { case 1: return top1; case 2: return MAX_SIZE - 1 - top2; default: throw std::out_of_range(0); } } bool empty(int choose = 1) const { switch(choose) { case 1: return top1 == 0; case 2: return top2 == MAX_SIZE - 1 ; default: throw std::out_of_range(0); } } /*** 栈满的标志是: top1 > top2 ,数组还有1个空间的标志是 top1 == top2 ***/ bool full()const { return top1 > top2; } void clear(int choose = 1) { switch(choose) { case 1: top1 = 0; case 2: top2 = MAX_SIZE -1; default: throw std::out_of_range(0); } } }; int main() { using std::cout; using std::endl;; Stack s ; cout<<"put 15 elements to stack1"<<endl; for(int i=0;i<15;++i) s.push(i); cout<<"put 5 elements to stack2"<<endl; for(int i=0;i<5;++i) s.push(i,2); cout<<"---------stack1----------"<<endl; cout<<std::boolalpha<<"empty? "<<s.empty()<<endl; cout<<std::boolalpha<<"full? "<<s.full()<<endl; cout<<"length? "<<s.length()<<endl; cout<<"---------stack2----------"<<endl; cout<<std::boolalpha<<"empty? "<<s.empty(2)<<endl; cout<<std::boolalpha<<"full? "<<s.full()<<endl; cout<<"length? "<<s.length(2)<<endl; cout<<"----pop elements from stack1----"<<endl; for(int i=0;i<15;++i) { int e ; s.peek(e); cout<<e<<' '; s.pop(); } cout<<" ----pop elements from stack2----"<<endl; for(int i=0;i<5;++i) { int e ; s.peek(e,2); cout<<e<<' '; s.pop(2); } cout<<" -----stack1 status-----"<<endl; cout<<std::boolalpha<<"empty? "<<s.empty()<<endl; cout<<std::boolalpha<<"full? "<<s.full()<<endl; cout<<"length? "<<s.length()<<endl; cout<<" -----stack2 status-----"<<endl; cout<<std::boolalpha<<"empty? "<<s.empty(2)<<endl; cout<<std::boolalpha<<"full? "<<s.full()<<endl; cout<<"length? "<<s.length(2)<<endl; return 0; }

    栈的使用

    进制转换:十进制转二进制输出

    //使用递归将十进制转换为二进制输出
    void toBinary(int x)
    {
        if(x/2)
            toBinary(x/2);
    
        cout<<x%2;
    }
    
    //使用栈做临时存储,进行 十进制转换为二进制输出
    void toBin(int x)
    {
        Stack s;
    
        do{
            s.push(x%2);
    
        }while(x/=2);
    
        while(s.length()!=0){
            int e;
            s.peek(e);
            s.pop();
            cout<<e;
        }
    
    }

    括号匹配:如果输入的括号是成对匹配的,则输出true,否则输出false

    bool braceMatch()
    {
        /**
            [ ]        OK
            ( )        OK
            [()()[]]   OK
            ()()()[][] OK
            [[[[()]]]] OK
    
        */
    
        char token;
        std::stack<char> s;
    
        while(cin>>token && token!='#'){
            if(s.empty()){
                s.push(token);
                continue;
            }
    
            if(token == '(' || token == '['){
                s.push(token);
                continue;
            }
    
            if(token == ')'  &&  !s.empty()){  //如果是 ) ,则出栈匹配,直到匹配到 (
                char out;
                do{
                    out = s.top();
                    s.pop();
                }while(out != '(' &&  !s.empty());
    
                continue;
            }       
    
            if(token == ']' &&  !s.empty() ){   //如果是 ] ,则出栈匹配,直到匹配到 [
                char out;
                do{
                    out = s.top();
                    s.pop();
                }while(out != '[' && !s.empty() );
    
                continue;
            }   
    
        }
    
        return s.empty();   //如果栈为空则说明括号匹配
    
    
    }
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/lulipro/p/7441565.html
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