• pandas模块

    pandas官方文档：https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/?v=20190307135750

    pandas基于Numpy，可以看成是处理文本或者表格数据。pandas中有两个主要的数据结构，其中Series数据结构类似于Numpy中的一维数组，DataFrame类似于多维表格数据结构。

    pandas是python数据分析的核心模块。它主要提供了五大功能:

    1. 支持文件存取操作，支持数据库(sql)、html、json、pickle、csv(txt、excel)、sas、stata、hdf等。
    2. 支持增删改查、切片、高阶函数、分组聚合等单表操作，以及和dict、list的互相转换。
    3. 支持多表拼接合并操作。
    4. 支持简单的绘图操作。
    5. 支持简单的统计分析操作。

    一、Series数据结构

    Series是一种类似于一维数组的对象，由一组数据和一组与之相关的数据标签（索引）组成。

    Series比较像列表（数组）和字典的结合体

    import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
    df = pd.Series(0, index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
print(df)
    a    0
b    0
c    0
d    0
dtype: int64
    print(df.values)
    [0 0 0 0]
    print(df.index)
    Index(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], dtype='object')

    1.1 Series支持NumPy模块的特性（下标）
    详解方法
    从ndarray创建Series Series(arr)
    与标量运算 df*2
    两个Series运算 df1+df2
    索引 df[0], df[[1,2,4]]
    切片 df[0:2]
    通用函数 np.abs(df)
    布尔值过滤 df[df>0] 
    arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, np.nan])
print(arr)
    [ 1.  2.  3.  4. nan]
    df = pd.Series(arr, index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'])
print(df)
    a    1.0
b    2.0
c    3.0
d    4.0
e    NaN
dtype: float64
    print(df**2)
    a     1.0
b     4.0
c     9.0
d    16.0
e     NaN
dtype: float64
    print(df[0])
    1.0
    print(df['a'])
    1.0
    print(df[[0, 1, 2]])
    a    1.0
b    2.0
c    3.0
dtype: float64
    print(df[0:2])
    a    1.0
b    2.0
dtype: float64
    np.sin(df)
    a    0.841471
b    0.909297
c    0.141120
d   -0.756802
e         NaN
dtype: float64
    df[df > 1]
    b    2.0
c    3.0
d    4.0
dtype: float64

    1.2 Series支持字典的特性（标签）
    详解方法
    从字典创建Series Series(dic),
    in运算 ’a’ in sr
    键索引 sr['a'], sr[['a', 'b', 'd']] 
    df = pd.Series({'a': 1, 'b': 2})
print(df)
    a    1
b    2
dtype: int64
    print('a' in df)
    True
    print(df['a'])
    1

    1.3 Series缺失数据处理
    方法详解
    dropna() 过滤掉值为NaN的行
    fillna() 填充缺失数据
    isnull() 返回布尔数组，缺失值对应为True
    notnull() 返回布尔数组，缺失值对应为False 
    df = pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4, np.nan], index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'])
print(df)
    a    1.0
b    2.0
c    3.0
d    4.0
e    NaN
dtype: float64
    print(df.dropna())
    a    1.0
b    2.0
c    3.0
d    4.0
dtype: float64
    print(df.fillna(5))
    a    1.0
b    2.0
c    3.0
d    4.0
e    5.0
dtype: float64
    print(df.isnull())
    a    False
b    False
c    False
d    False
e     True
dtype: bool
    print(df.notnull())
    a     True
b     True
c     True
d     True
e    False
dtype: bool

    二、DataFrame数据结构

    DataFrame是一个表格型的数据结构，含有一组有序的列。

    DataFrame可以被看做是由Series组成的字典，并且共用一个索引。

    2.1 产生时间对象数组：date_range

    date_range参数详解：

    参数详解
    start 开始时间
    end 结束时间
    periods 时间长度
    freq 时间频率，默认为'D'，可选H(our),W(eek),B(usiness),S(emi-)M(onth),(min)T(es), S(econd), A(year),… 
    dates = pd.date_range('20190101', periods=6, freq='M')
print(dates)
    DatetimeIndex(['2019-01-31', '2019-02-28', '2019-03-31', '2019-04-30',
               '2019-05-31', '2019-06-30'],
              dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='M')
    np.random.seed(1)
arr = 10 * np.random.randn(6, 4)
print(arr)
    [[ 16.24345364  -6.11756414  -5.28171752 -10.72968622]
 [  8.65407629 -23.01538697  17.44811764  -7.61206901]
 [  3.19039096  -2.49370375  14.62107937 -20.60140709]
 [ -3.22417204  -3.84054355  11.33769442 -10.99891267]
 [ -1.72428208  -8.77858418   0.42213747   5.82815214]
 [-11.00619177  11.4472371    9.01590721   5.02494339]]
    df = pd.DataFrame(arr, index=dates, columns=['c1', 'c2', 'c3', 'c4'])
df
     c1c2c3c4
    2019-01-31 16.243454 -6.117564 -5.281718 -10.729686
    2019-02-28 8.654076 -23.015387 17.448118 -7.612069
    2019-03-31 3.190391 -2.493704 14.621079 -20.601407
    2019-04-30 -3.224172 -3.840544 11.337694 -10.998913
    2019-05-31 -1.724282 -8.778584 0.422137 5.828152
    2019-06-30 -11.006192 11.447237 9.015907 5.024943

    三、DataFrame属性
    属性详解
    dtype是 查看数据类型
    index 查看行序列或者索引
    columns 查看各列的标签
    values 查看数据框内的数据，也即不含表头索引的数据
    describe 查看数据每一列的极值，均值，中位数，只可用于数值型数据
    transpose 转置，也可用Ｔ来操作
    sort_index 排序，可按行或列index排序输出
    sort_values 按数据值来排序 
    # 查看数据类型
print(df2.dtypes)
    0    float64
1    float64
2    float64
3    float64
dtype: object
    df
     c1c2c3c4
    2019-01-31 16.243454 -6.117564 -5.281718 -10.729686
    2019-02-28 8.654076 -23.015387 17.448118 -7.612069
    2019-03-31 3.190391 -2.493704 14.621079 -20.601407
    2019-04-30 -3.224172 -3.840544 11.337694 -10.998913
    2019-05-31 -1.724282 -8.778584 0.422137 5.828152
    2019-06-30 -11.006192 11.447237 9.015907 5.024943 
    print(df.index)
    DatetimeIndex(['2019-01-31', '2019-02-28', '2019-03-31', '2019-04-30',
               '2019-05-31', '2019-06-30'],
              dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='M')
    print(df.columns)
    Index(['c1', 'c2', 'c3', 'c4'], dtype='object')
    print(df.values)
    [[ 16.24345364  -6.11756414  -5.28171752 -10.72968622]
 [  8.65407629 -23.01538697  17.44811764  -7.61206901]
 [  3.19039096  -2.49370375  14.62107937 -20.60140709]
 [ -3.22417204  -3.84054355  11.33769442 -10.99891267]
 [ -1.72428208  -8.77858418   0.42213747   5.82815214]
 [-11.00619177  11.4472371    9.01590721   5.02494339]]
    df.describe()
     c1c2c3c4
    count 6.000000 6.000000 6.000000 6.000000
    mean 2.022213 -5.466424 7.927203 -6.514830
    std 9.580084 11.107772 8.707171 10.227641
    min -11.006192 -23.015387 -5.281718 -20.601407
    25% -2.849200 -8.113329 2.570580 -10.931606
    50% 0.733054 -4.979054 10.176801 -9.170878
    75% 7.288155 -2.830414 13.800233 1.865690
    max 16.243454 11.447237 17.448118 5.828152 
    df.T
     2019-01-31 00:00:002019-02-28 00:00:002019-03-31 00:00:002019-04-30 00:00:002019-05-31 00:00:002019-06-30 00:00:00
    c1 16.243454 8.654076 3.190391 -3.224172 -1.724282 -11.006192
    c2 -6.117564 -23.015387 -2.493704 -3.840544 -8.778584 11.447237
    c3 -5.281718 17.448118 14.621079 11.337694 0.422137 9.015907
    c4 -10.729686 -7.612069 -20.601407 -10.998913 5.828152 5.024943 
    # 按行标签[c1, c2, c3, c4]从大到小排序
df.sort_index(axis=0)
     c1c2c3c4
    2019-01-31 16.243454 -6.117564 -5.281718 -10.729686
    2019-02-28 8.654076 -23.015387 17.448118 -7.612069
    2019-03-31 3.190391 -2.493704 14.621079 -20.601407
    2019-04-30 -3.224172 -3.840544 11.337694 -10.998913
    2019-05-31 -1.724282 -8.778584 0.422137 5.828152
    2019-06-30 -11.006192 11.447237 9.015907 5.024943 
    # 按列标签[2019-01-01, 2019-01-02...]从大到小排序
df.sort_index(axis=1)
     c1c2c3c4
    2019-01-31 16.243454 -6.117564 -5.281718 -10.729686
    2019-02-28 8.654076 -23.015387 17.448118 -7.612069
    2019-03-31 3.190391 -2.493704 14.621079 -20.601407
    2019-04-30 -3.224172 -3.840544 11.337694 -10.998913
    2019-05-31 -1.724282 -8.778584 0.422137 5.828152
    2019-06-30 -11.006192 11.447237 9.015907 5.024943 
    # 按c2列的值从大到小排序
df.sort_values(by='c2')
     c1c2c3c4
    2019-02-28 8.654076 -23.015387 17.448118 -7.612069
    2019-05-31 -1.724282 -8.778584 0.422137 5.828152
    2019-01-31 16.243454 -6.117564 -5.281718 -10.729686
    2019-04-30 -3.224172 -3.840544 11.337694 -10.998913
    2019-03-31 3.190391 -2.493704 14.621079 -20.601407
    2019-06-30 -11.006192 11.447237 9.015907 5.024943

    四、DataFrame取值


     
    df
     c1c2c3c4
    2019-01-31 16.243454 -6.117564 -5.281718 -10.729686
    2019-02-28 8.654076 -23.015387 17.448118 -7.612069
    2019-03-31 3.190391 -2.493704 14.621079 -20.601407
    2019-04-30 -3.224172 -3.840544 11.337694 -10.998913
    2019-05-31 -1.724282 -8.778584 0.422137 5.828152
    2019-06-30 -11.006192 11.447237 9.015907 5.024943

    4.1 通过columns取值


     
    df['c2']
    2019-01-31    -6.117564
2019-02-28   -23.015387
2019-03-31    -2.493704
2019-04-30    -3.840544
2019-05-31    -8.778584
2019-06-30    11.447237
Freq: M, Name: c2, dtype: float64
    df[['c2', 'c3']]
     c2c3
    2019-01-31 -6.117564 -5.281718
    2019-02-28 -23.015387 17.448118
    2019-03-31 -2.493704 14.621079
    2019-04-30 -3.840544 11.337694
    2019-05-31 -8.778584 0.422137
    2019-06-30 11.447237 9.015907

    4.2 loc（通过行标签取值）


     
    # 通过自定义的行标签选择数据
df.loc['2019-01-01':'2019-01-03']
     c1c2c3c4
     
    df[0:3]
     c1c2c3c4
    2019-01-31 16.243454 -6.117564 -5.281718 -10.729686
    2019-02-28 8.654076 -23.015387 17.448118 -7.612069
    2019-03-31 3.190391 -2.493704 14.621079 -20.601407

    4.3 iloc（类似于numpy数组取值）


     
    df.values
    array([[ 16.24345364,  -6.11756414,  -5.28171752, -10.72968622],
       [  8.65407629, -23.01538697,  17.44811764,  -7.61206901],
       [  3.19039096,  -2.49370375,  14.62107937, -20.60140709],
       [ -3.22417204,  -3.84054355,  11.33769442, -10.99891267],
       [ -1.72428208,  -8.77858418,   0.42213747,   5.82815214],
       [-11.00619177,  11.4472371 ,   9.01590721,   5.02494339]])
    # 通过行索引选择数据
print(df.iloc[2, 1])
    -2.493703754774101
    df.iloc[1:4, 1:4]
     c2c3c4
    2019-02-28 -23.015387 17.448118 -7.612069
    2019-03-31 -2.493704 14.621079 -20.601407
    2019-04-30 -3.840544 11.337694 -10.998913

    4.4 使用逻辑判断取值


     
    df[df['c1'] > 0]
     c1c2c3c4
    2019-01-31 16.243454 -6.117564 -5.281718 -10.729686
    2019-02-28 8.654076 -23.015387 17.448118 -7.612069
    2019-03-31 3.190391 -2.493704 14.621079 -20.601407 
    df[(df['c1'] > 0) & (df['c2'] > -8)]
     c1c2c3c4
    2019-01-31 16.243454 -6.117564 -5.281718 -10.729686
    2019-03-31 3.190391 -2.493704 14.621079 -20.601407

    五、DataFrame值替换


     
    df
     c1c2c3c4
    2019-01-31 16.243454 -6.117564 -5.281718 -10.729686
    2019-02-28 8.654076 -23.015387 17.448118 -7.612069
    2019-03-31 3.190391 -2.493704 14.621079 -20.601407
    2019-04-30 -3.224172 -3.840544 11.337694 -10.998913
    2019-05-31 -1.724282 -8.778584 0.422137 5.828152
    2019-06-30 -11.006192 11.447237 9.015907 5.024943 
    df.iloc[0:3, 0:2] = 0
df
     c1c2c3c4
    2019-01-31 0.000000 0.000000 -5.281718 -10.729686
    2019-02-28 0.000000 0.000000 17.448118 -7.612069
    2019-03-31 0.000000 0.000000 14.621079 -20.601407
    2019-04-30 -3.224172 -3.840544 11.337694 -10.998913
    2019-05-31 -1.724282 -8.778584 0.422137 5.828152
    2019-06-30 -11.006192 11.447237 9.015907 5.024943 
    df['c3'] > 10
    2019-01-31    False
2019-02-28     True
2019-03-31     True
2019-04-30     True
2019-05-31    False
2019-06-30    False
Freq: M, Name: c3, dtype: bool
    # 针对行做处理
df[df['c3'] > 10] = 100
df
     c1c2c3c4
    2019-01-31 0.000000 0.000000 -5.281718 -10.729686
    2019-02-28 100.000000 100.000000 100.000000 100.000000
    2019-03-31 100.000000 100.000000 100.000000 100.000000
    2019-04-30 100.000000 100.000000 100.000000 100.000000
    2019-05-31 -1.724282 -8.778584 0.422137 5.828152
    2019-06-30 -11.006192 11.447237 9.015907 5.024943 
    # 针对行做处理
df = df.astype(np.int32)
df[df['c3'].isin([100])] = 1000
df
     c1c2c3c4
    2019-01-31 0 0 -5 -10
    2019-02-28 1000 1000 1000 1000
    2019-03-31 1000 1000 1000 1000
    2019-04-30 1000 1000 1000 1000
    2019-05-31 -1 -8 0 5
    2019-06-30 -11 11 9 5

    六、读取CSV文件


     
    import pandas as pd
from io import StringIO
test_data = '''
5.1,,1.4,0.2
4.9,3.0,1.4,0.2
4.7,3.2,,0.2
7.0,3.2,4.7,1.4
6.4,3.2,4.5,1.5
6.9,3.1,4.9,
,,,
'''

test_data = StringIO(test_data)
df = pd.read_csv(test_data, header=None)
df.columns = ['c1', 'c2', 'c3', 'c4']
df
     c1c2c3c4
    0 5.1 NaN 1.4 0.2
    1 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2
    2 4.7 3.2 NaN 0.2
    3 7.0 3.2 4.7 1.4
    4 6.4 3.2 4.5 1.5
    5 6.9 3.1 4.9 NaN
    6 NaN NaN NaN NaN

    七、处理丢失数据


     
    df.isnull()
     c1c2c3c4
    0 False True False False
    1 False False False False
    2 False False True False
    3 False False False False
    4 False False False False
    5 False False False True
    6 True True True True 
    # 通过在isnull()方法后使用sum()方法即可获得该数据集某个特征含有多少个缺失值
print(df.isnull().sum())
    c1    1
c2    2
c3    2
c4    2
dtype: int64
    # axis=0删除有NaN值的行
df.dropna(axis=0)
     c1c2c3c4
    1 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2
    3 7.0 3.2 4.7 1.4
    4 6.4 3.2 4.5 1.5 
    # axis=1删除有NaN值的列
df.dropna(axis=1)
     
    0
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
     
    # 删除全为NaN值得行或列
df.dropna(how='all')
     c1c2c3c4
    0 5.1 NaN 1.4 0.2
    1 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2
    2 4.7 3.2 NaN 0.2
    3 7.0 3.2 4.7 1.4
    4 6.4 3.2 4.5 1.5
    5 6.9 3.1 4.9 NaN 
    # 删除行不为4个值的
df.dropna(thresh=4)
     c1c2c3c4
    1 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2
    3 7.0 3.2 4.7 1.4
    4 6.4 3.2 4.5 1.5 
    # 删除c2中有NaN值的行
df.dropna(subset=['c2'])
     c1c2c3c4
    1 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2
    2 4.7 3.2 NaN 0.2
    3 7.0 3.2 4.7 1.4
    4 6.4 3.2 4.5 1.5
    5 6.9 3.1 4.9 NaN 
    # 填充nan值
df.fillna(value=10)
     c1c2c3c4
    0 5.1 10.0 1.4 0.2
    1 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2
    2 4.7 3.2 10.0 0.2
    3 7.0 3.2 4.7 1.4
    4 6.4 3.2 4.5 1.5
    5 6.9 3.1 4.9 10.0
    6 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

    八、合并数据


     
    df1 = pd.DataFrame(np.zeros((3, 4)))
df1
     0123
    0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
    1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
    2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 
    df2 = pd.DataFrame(np.ones((3, 4)))
df2
     0123
    0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
    1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
    2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 
    # axis=0合并列
pd.concat((df1, df2), axis=0)
     0123
    0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
    1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
    2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
    0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
    1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
    2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 
    # axis=1合并行
pd.concat((df1, df2), axis=1)
     01230123
    0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
    1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
    2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 
    # append只能合并列
df1.append(df2)
     0123
    0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
    1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
    2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
    0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
    1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
    2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

    九、导入导出数据

    使用df = pd.read_excel(filename)读取文件，使用df.to_excel(filename)保存文件。

    9.1 读取文件导入数据

    读取文件导入数据函数主要参数：

    参数详解
    sep 指定分隔符，可用正则表达式如's+'
    header=None 指定文件无行名
    name 指定列名
    index_col 指定某列作为索引
    skip_row 指定跳过某些行
    na_values 指定某些字符串表示缺失值
    parse_dates 指定某些列是否被解析为日期，布尔值或列表 
    df = pd.read_excel(filename)
df = pd.read_csv(filename)

    9.2 写入文件导出数据

    写入文件函数的主要参数：

    参数详解
    sep 分隔符
    na_rep 指定缺失值转换的字符串，默认为空字符串
    header=False 不保存列名
    index=False 不保存行索引
    cols 指定输出的列，传入列表 
    df.to_excel(filename)

    十、pandas读取json文件


     
    strtext = '[{"ttery":"min","issue":"20130801-3391","code":"8,4,5,2,9","code1":"297734529","code2":null,"time":1013395466000},
{"ttery":"min","issue":"20130801-3390","code":"7,8,2,1,2","code1":"298058212","code2":null,"time":1013395406000},
{"ttery":"min","issue":"20130801-3389","code":"5,9,1,2,9","code1":"298329129","code2":null,"time":1013395346000},
{"ttery":"min","issue":"20130801-3388","code":"3,8,7,3,3","code1":"298588733","code2":null,"time":1013395286000},
{"ttery":"min","issue":"20130801-3387","code":"0,8,5,2,7","code1":"298818527","code2":null,"time":1013395226000}]'

df = pd.read_json(strtext, orient='records')
df
     codecode1code2issuetimettery
    0 8,4,5,2,9 297734529 NaN 20130801-3391 1013395466000 min
    1 7,8,2,1,2 298058212 NaN 20130801-3390 1013395406000 min
    2 5,9,1,2,9 298329129 NaN 20130801-3389 1013395346000 min
    3 3,8,7,3,3 298588733 NaN 20130801-3388 1013395286000 min
    4 0,8,5,2,7 298818527 NaN 20130801-3387 1013395226000 min 
    df.to_excel('pandas处理json.xlsx',
            index=False,
            columns=["ttery", "issue", "code", "code1", "code2", "time"])

    10.1 orient参数的五种形式

    orient是表明预期的json字符串格式。orient的设置有以下五个值：

    1.'split' : dict like {index -> [index], columns -> [columns], data -> [values]}

    这种就是有索引，有列字段,和数据矩阵构成的json格式。key名称只能是index,columns和data。

    s = '{"index":[1,2,3],"columns":["a","b"],"data":[[1,3],[2,8],[3,9]]}'
df = pd.read_json(s, orient='split')
df
     ab
    1 1 3
    2 2 8
    3 3 9

    2.'records' : list like [{column -> value}, ... , {column -> value}]

    这种就是成员为字典的列表。如我今天要处理的json数据示例所见。构成是列字段为键,值为键值,每一个字典成员就构成了dataframe的一行数据。

    strtext = '[{"ttery":"min","issue":"20130801-3391","code":"8,4,5,2,9","code1":"297734529","code2":null,"time":1013395466000},
{"ttery":"min","issue":"20130801-3390","code":"7,8,2,1,2","code1":"298058212","code2":null,"time":1013395406000}]'

df = pd.read_json(strtext, orient='records')
df
     codecode1code2issuetimettery
    0 8,4,5,2,9 297734529 NaN 20130801-3391 1013395466000 min
    1 7,8,2,1,2 298058212 NaN 20130801-3390 1013395406000 min

    3.'index' : dict like {index -> {column -> value}}

    以索引为key,以列字段构成的字典为键值。如：

    s = '{"0":{"a":1,"b":2},"1":{"a":9,"b":11}}'
df = pd.read_json(s, orient='index')
df
     ab
    0 1 2
    1 9 11

    4.'columns' : dict like {column -> {index -> value}}

    这种处理的就是以列为键，对应一个值字典的对象。这个字典对象以索引为键,以值为键值构成的json字符串。如下图所示:

    s = '{"a":{"0":1,"1":9},"b":{"0":2,"1":11}}'
df = pd.read_json(s, orient='columns')
df
     ab
    0 1 2
    1 9 11

    5.'values' : just the values array。

    values这种我们就很常见了。就是一个嵌套的列表。里面的成员也是列表，2层的。

    s = '[["a",1],["b",2]]'
df = pd.read_json(s, orient='values')
df
     01
    0 a 1
    1 b 2

    十一、pandas读取sql语句


     
    import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import pymysql


def conn(sql):
    # 连接到mysql数据库
    conn = pymysql.connect(
        host="localhost",
        port=3306,
        user="root",
        passwd="123",
        db="db1",
    )
    try:
        data = pd.read_sql(sql, con=conn)
        return data
    except Exception as e:
        print("SQL is not correct!")
    finally:
        conn.close()


sql = "select * from test1 limit 0, 10"  # sql语句
data = conn(sql)
print(data.columns.tolist())  # 查看字段
print(data)  # 查看数据
     
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  • 原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/lulingjie/p/11418969.html
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