• 使用 GStreamer appsrc 等插件实现视频音频混流,录制和推流


    目前在做的在线直播教室,需要将老师分享的屏幕和老师的声音、学生的声音录制为一个视频文件,以便学生上课后还可以再看回放。

    直播服务我们采用的是腾讯的视频服务,有现成的 SDK 可以用。但 SDK 自带的录制接口满足不了我们的需求,考察了 ffmpeg 和 GStreamer 后,决定在项目中使用 GStreamer 来实现。

    在开始编写代码以前,先用命令行进行测试,命令行如下:

    gst-launch-1.0.exe -v --gst-debug-level=4 flvmux name=mux ! tee name=t ! queue ! filesink name=file location=test.flv 
    t. ! queue ! rtmpsink location="rtmp://live.abc.com/live/........" 
    adder name=mix ! queue ! audiorate ! audioconvert ! voaacenc ! mux.audio 
    videotestsrc name=screen_src ! queue ! videorate ! x264enc ! mux.video 
    audiotestsrc name=send_audio_src ! queue ! audiorate ! mix. 
    audiotestsrc wave=5 name=receive_audio_src ! queue ! audiorate ! mix.
    

    命令看起来有点复杂,但其实逻辑挺简单的,看下面这个逻辑图就比较容易理解了(点击查看大图)



    上面的命令中的推流地址需要替换为你的推流地址,如果没有,可以先把下面这部分内容去掉不推流

    t. ! queue ! rtmpsink location="rtmp://live.abc.com/live/........" 
    

    另外这个命令是在 Windows 中的 MINGW64 的 bash 环境里面运行的, 如果在 Windows 的 cmd 环境中运行,把每行最后的 和换行去掉就可以了。

    上面命令中用到了几个关键的插件,分别解释一下:

    adder: 音频混流,将两路音频混为一路

    voaacenc:音频编码,将原始的音频流编码为 aac 格式

    x264enc:视频编码,将原始的视频流编码为 h264 格式

    flvmux:flv 组装,将视频和音频组装在一起

    tee:分流器,将一路输入变为两路输出,以分别进行后续的处理。一路保存为文件,一路进行推流

    filesink:文件存储,将输入数据存储到指定的文件中

    rtmpsink:推流,将输入数据推流到指定的视频服务器

    接下来进行代码实现,我们的项目是 QT C++ 项目,目前仅在 Windows 平台使用

    将 gstream 管道的初始化等放在 GStreamProcess 类中,代码如下:

    GStreamProcess.h

    #pragma once
    
    #include "stdafx.h"
    
    #include <gst/gst.h>
    #include <gst/app/gstappsrc.h>
    #include <gst/base/gstbaseparse.h>
    
    typedef struct _AppSrcOption AppSrcOption;
    
    struct _AppSrcOption
    {
    	_AppSrcOption()
    		: pipeline(nullptr)
    		, shareScreenAppsrc(nullptr)
    		, sendAudioAppsrc(nullptr)
    		, bus(nullptr)
    		, gloop(nullptr)
    		, width(0)
    		, height(0)
    	{}
    
    	GstElement *pipeline;
    	GstElement *shareScreenAppsrc;
    	GstElement *sendAudioAppsrc;
    	GstElement *receiveAudioAppsrc;
    	GstElement *rtmp;
    	GstBus *bus;
    	GMainLoop *gloop;
    
    	QString recordFileName;
    
    	iLiveSucCallback sucCallback;
    	iLiveErrCallback errCallback;
    	void* callbackData;
    
    	uint width;
    	uint height;
    
    	QString pushStreamUrl;
    };
    
    //int gstreamerInit(AppSrcOption *app, int argc, char *argv[]);
    
    
    class GStreamProcess : public QThread
    {
    	Q_OBJECT
    
    public:
    	AppSrcOption* app;
    
    protected:		
    	void run() Q_DECL_OVERRIDE;
    
    signals:
    	void resultReady(const QString &s);
    };
    

    GStreamProcess.cpp

    #include "stdafx.h"
    
    GST_DEBUG_CATEGORY(appsrc_pipeline_debug);
    #define GST_CAT_DEFAULT appsrc_pipeline_debug
    
    static gboolean
    bus_message(GstBus * bus, GstMessage * message, AppSrcOption * app)
    {
    	GST_DEBUG("got message %s",
    		gst_message_type_get_name(GST_MESSAGE_TYPE(message)));
    
    	switch (GST_MESSAGE_TYPE(message)) {
    	case GST_MESSAGE_ERROR: {
    		GError *err = NULL;
    		gchar *dbg_info = NULL;
    
    		gst_message_parse_error(message, &err, &dbg_info);
    
    		gchar* elename = GST_OBJECT_NAME(message->src);
    
    		g_printerr("ERROR from element %s: %s
    ",
    			elename, err->message);
    		g_printerr("Debugging info: %s
    ", (dbg_info) ? dbg_info : "none");
    
    		app->errCallback(-90001, err->message, app->callbackData);
    
    		g_error_free(err);
    		g_free(dbg_info);
    		g_main_loop_quit(app->gloop);
    		break;
    	}
    	case GST_MESSAGE_EOS: {
    		g_main_loop_quit(app->gloop);
    		break;
    	}
    	default:
    		break;
    	}
    
    	return TRUE;
    }
    
    void GStreamProcess::run()
    {
    	GError *error = NULL;
    
    	int argc = 1;
    
    	char *mock[1] = {"empty"};
    	char **argv[1];
    	*argv = mock;
    
    	gst_init(&argc, argv);
    
    	GST_DEBUG_CATEGORY_INIT(appsrc_pipeline_debug, "appsrc-pipeline", 0,
    		"appsrc pipeline example");
    
    	app->gloop = g_main_loop_new(NULL, TRUE);
    
    	GstElement *pipeline = gst_parse_launch("flvmux name=mux ! queue ! tee name=t ! queue ! filesink name=file t. ! queue ! rtmpsink name=rtmp adder name=mix ! queue ! audiorate ! audioconvert ! voaacenc ! mux.audio appsrc name=screen_src ! queue ! videorate ! x264enc ! mux.video appsrc name=send_audio_src ! queue ! audiorate ! mix. appsrc wave=5 name=receive_audio_src ! queue ! audiorate ! mix.", NULL);
    	g_assert(pipeline);
    
    	app->bus = gst_pipeline_get_bus(GST_PIPELINE(pipeline));
    	g_assert(app->bus);
    
    	/* add watch for messages */
    	gst_bus_add_watch(app->bus, (GstBusFunc)bus_message, app);
    
    
    	/* 设置 screen src 属性 */
    
    	app->shareScreenAppsrc = gst_bin_get_by_name(GST_BIN(pipeline), "screen_src");
    	g_assert(app->shareScreenAppsrc);
    
    	GstCaps *caps = gst_caps_new_simple("video/x-raw",
    		"format", G_TYPE_STRING, "I420",
    		"width", G_TYPE_INT, app->width,
    		"height", G_TYPE_INT, app->height,
    		"framerate", GST_TYPE_FRACTION, 15, 1,
    		NULL);
    
    	gst_app_src_set_caps(GST_APP_SRC(app->shareScreenAppsrc), caps);
    
    	g_object_set(app->shareScreenAppsrc, "format", GST_FORMAT_TIME, NULL);
    	g_object_set(app->shareScreenAppsrc, "is-live", TRUE, NULL);
    
    
    	/* 设置 send audio src 属性 */
    
    	app->sendAudioAppsrc = gst_bin_get_by_name(GST_BIN(pipeline), "send_audio_src");
    	g_assert(app->sendAudioAppsrc);
    
    	caps = gst_caps_new_simple("audio/x-raw",
    		"format", G_TYPE_STRING, "S16LE",
    		"layout", G_TYPE_STRING, "interleaved",
    		"channels", G_TYPE_INT, 2,
    		"rate", G_TYPE_INT, 48000,
    		NULL);
    
    	gst_app_src_set_caps(GST_APP_SRC(app->sendAudioAppsrc), caps);
    	g_object_set(app->sendAudioAppsrc, "format", GST_FORMAT_TIME, NULL);
    	g_object_set(app->sendAudioAppsrc, "is-live", TRUE, NULL);
    
    
    	/* 设置 receive audio src 属性 */
    
    	app->receiveAudioAppsrc = gst_bin_get_by_name(GST_BIN(pipeline), "receive_audio_src");
    	g_assert(app->receiveAudioAppsrc);
    
    	caps = gst_caps_new_simple("audio/x-raw",
    		"format", G_TYPE_STRING, "S16LE",
    		"layout", G_TYPE_STRING, "interleaved",
    		"channels", G_TYPE_INT, 2,
    		"rate", G_TYPE_INT, 48000,
    		NULL);
    
    	gst_app_src_set_caps(GST_APP_SRC(app->receiveAudioAppsrc), caps);
    	g_object_set(app->receiveAudioAppsrc, "format", GST_FORMAT_TIME, NULL);
    	g_object_set(app->receiveAudioAppsrc, "is-live", TRUE, NULL);
    
    
    	/* 设置 filesink 属性 */
    
    	GstElement *filesink = gst_bin_get_by_name(GST_BIN(pipeline), "file");
    	g_assert(filesink);
    
    	g_object_set(G_OBJECT(filesink), "location", app->recordFileName.toStdString().c_str(), NULL);
    
    
    	/* 设置 rtmp 属性 */
    
    	GstElement *rtmp = gst_bin_get_by_name(GST_BIN(pipeline), "rtmp");
    	g_assert(rtmp);
    
    	g_object_set(G_OBJECT(rtmp), "location", app->pushStreamUrl.toStdString().c_str(), NULL);
    
    	/* go to playing */
    	gst_element_set_state(pipeline, GST_STATE_PLAYING);
    
    	//GST_DEBUG_BIN_TO_DOT_FILE_WITH_TS(GST_BIN(pipeline), GST_DEBUG_GRAPH_SHOW_ALL, "pipeline_dot");
    
    	app->pipeline = pipeline;
    
    	app->sucCallback(app->callbackData);
    
    	g_main_loop_run(app->gloop);
    
    	GST_DEBUG("stopping");
    
    	gst_element_set_state(app->pipeline, GST_STATE_NULL);
    
    	gst_object_unref(app->bus);
    	g_main_loop_unref(app->gloop);
    }
    

    上面代码中,比较关键的地方是 appsrc 的 format 属性需要设置为 GST_FORMAT_TIME,如果不设置的话,视频和音频会无法同步,就是下面这几行代码:

    ...
    g_object_set(app->shareScreenAppsrc, "format", GST_FORMAT_TIME, NULL);
    ...
    g_object_set(app->sendAudioAppsrc, "format", GST_FORMAT_TIME, NULL);
    ...
    g_object_set(app->receiveAudioAppsrc, "format", GST_FORMAT_TIME, NULL);
    

    然后在需要启动录制的地方开启线程,启动 GStreamer 处理线程(因为项目比较复杂,这里只截取部分)

    ...
    m_pAppSrcOption = new AppSrcOption();
    m_pAppSrcOption->recordFileName = filePath;
    m_pAppSrcOption->pushStreamUrl = m_pushStreamUrl;
    
    m_pAppSrcOption->callbackData = this;
    m_pAppSrcOption->sucCallback = OnLocalRecordSuc;
    m_pAppSrcOption->errCallback = OnLocalRecordErr;
    
    m_pLocalRecordProcessThread = new GStreamProcess();
    m_pLocalRecordProcessThread->app = m_pAppSrcOption;
    
    connect(m_pLocalRecordProcessThread, &GStreamProcess::finished, m_pLocalRecordProcessThread, &QObject::deleteLater);
    connect(m_pLocalRecordProcessThread, &GStreamProcess::finished, this, &MainForm::OnLocalRecordClose);
    
    m_pLocalRecordProcessThread->start();
    
    m_pFillBlankAudioTimer->start(2000);
    ...
    

    接下来注入视频帧数据。 这个项目在分享屏幕时,每一帧的视频数据会回调指定方法。在回调方法中,我们将数据传给管道中的 shareScreenAppsrc

    void MainForm::localVideoHook(const LiveVideoFrame* video_frame)
    {
    	if (m_pAppSrcOption && m_pAppSrcOption->pipeline)
    	{
    		GstBuffer *buffer;
    		guint8 *ptr;
    		ptr = (guint8 *)g_malloc(video_frame->dataSize * sizeof(uint8));
    		if (NULL == ptr)
    		{
    			qDebug("OnLocalVideo::malloc failed!");
    		}
    		else
    		{
    			memcpy(ptr, video_frame->data, video_frame->dataSize);
    			buffer = gst_buffer_new_wrapped((void*)ptr, video_frame->dataSize);
    
    			//设置时间戳
    			GST_BUFFER_PTS(buffer) = gst_clock_get_time(m_pAppSrcOption->pipeline->clock) - m_pAppSrcOption->pipeline->base_time;
    
    			GstFlowReturn ret;
    			//注入视频帧数据
    			g_signal_emit_by_name(m_pAppSrcOption->shareScreenAppsrc, "push-buffer", buffer, &ret);
    
    			gst_buffer_unref(buffer);
    		}
    	}
    }
    

    上面代码中,设置时间戳的代码非常关键,如果没有时间戳,会导致管道中的 videorate 由于缺少时间戳信息而失败。
    这里的时间戳取的是:当前管道时间 - 管道启动时的时间

    然后以类似的方式注入音频帧数据,音频帧有两路,一路为老师的声音,一路为学生的声音。
    老师的声音:

    void MainForm::sendAudioHook(const iLiveAudioFrame* audio_frame)
    {
    
    	if (m_pAppSrcOption && m_pAppSrcOption->pipeline)
    	{
    		GstBuffer *buffer;
    
    		guint8 *ptr;
    		ptr = (guint8 *)g_malloc(audio_frame->dataSize * sizeof(uint8));
    		if (NULL == ptr)
    		{
    			qDebug("OnSendAudioCallback::malloc failed!");
    		}
    		else
    		{
    			memcpy(ptr, audio_frame->data, audio_frame->dataSize);
    			buffer = gst_buffer_new_wrapped((void*)ptr, audio_frame->dataSize);
    
    			GstClockTime pts = gst_clock_get_time(m_pAppSrcOption->pipeline->clock) - m_pAppSrcOption->pipeline->base_time;
    			GST_BUFFER_PTS(buffer) = pts;
    			m_lastWriteSendAudioTime = pts;
    
    			GST_DEBUG("feed buffer");
    
    			GstFlowReturn ret;
    			g_signal_emit_by_name(m_pAppSrcOption->sendAudioAppsrc, "push-buffer", buffer, &ret);
    
    			gst_buffer_unref(buffer);
    		}
    	}
    }
    

    学生的声音:

    void MainForm::receiveAudioHook(const iLiveAudioFrame* audio_frame)
    {
    
    	if (m_pAppSrcOption && m_pAppSrcOption->pipeline)
    	{
    		GstBuffer *buffer;
    
    		guint8 *ptr;
    		ptr = (guint8 *)g_malloc(audio_frame->dataSize * sizeof(uint8));
    		if (NULL == ptr)
    		{
    			qDebug("receiveAudioHook::malloc failed!");
    		}
    		else
    		{
    			memcpy(ptr, audio_frame->data, audio_frame->dataSize);
    			buffer = gst_buffer_new_wrapped((void*)ptr, audio_frame->dataSize);
    
    			GstClockTime pts = gst_clock_get_time(m_pAppSrcOption->pipeline->clock) - m_pAppSrcOption->pipeline->base_time;
    			GST_BUFFER_PTS(buffer) = pts;
    			m_lastWriteReceiveAudioTime = pts;
    
    			GST_DEBUG("feed buffer");
    
    			GstFlowReturn ret;
    			g_signal_emit_by_name(m_pAppSrcOption->receiveAudioAppsrc, "push-buffer", buffer, &ret);
    
    			gst_buffer_unref(buffer);
    		}
    	}
    }
    

    在项目中还有一个特殊的地方,因为声音并不是一直有数据的,如果学生没有连麦或老师没有开启麦克风,是没有音频帧数据回调的,这会导致音频混流时因为缺少数据而一直等待,造成阻塞。

    这里采取了一个变通的方法,就是设置一个定时器,每隔 2 秒注入一帧空白数据。上面代码中的 m_pFillBlankAudioTimer->start(2000); 就是用于启动这个定时器的。下面是注入空白帧的代码:

    2018-03-15 updated: 这里每2秒注入一个空白帧会导致录制下来的视频出现声音突突声。后来改为增加了一个变量,在收到音频信号时记录上次插入音频帧的时间戳。每隔2秒打算插入空白帧时,检查时间戳距现在大于 5 秒才插入,否则不必插入。

    //填充音频无信号时的空白声音,音频断流的话,会导致 adder 混流 block
    void MainForm::OnFillBlankAudioTimer()
    {
    	if (m_pAppSrcOption && m_pAppSrcOption->pipeline && m_pAppSrcOption->receiveAudioAppsrc)
    	{
    		GstClockTime pts = gst_clock_get_time(m_pAppSrcOption->pipeline->clock) - m_pAppSrcOption->pipeline->base_time;
    
    		if (GST_TIME_AS_SECONDS(pts - m_lastWriteReceiveAudioTime) > 5)
    		{
    			GstBuffer *buffer;
    			guint size;
    			GstFlowReturn ret;
    
    			size = 3840;
    
    			buffer = gst_buffer_new_allocate(NULL, size, NULL);
    
    			//全部填入0x0
    			gst_buffer_memset(buffer, 0, 0x0, size);
    
    			GST_BUFFER_PTS(buffer) = pts;
    
    			g_signal_emit_by_name(m_pAppSrcOption->receiveAudioAppsrc, "push-buffer", buffer, &ret);
    			gst_buffer_unref(buffer);
    		}
    	}
    
    	if (m_pAppSrcOption && m_pAppSrcOption->pipeline && m_pAppSrcOption->sendAudioAppsrc)
    	{
    		GstClockTime pts = gst_clock_get_time(m_pAppSrcOption->pipeline->clock) - m_pAppSrcOption->pipeline->base_time;
    
    		if (GST_TIME_AS_SECONDS(pts - m_lastWriteSendAudioTime) > 5)
    		{
    			GstBuffer *buffer;
    			guint size;
    			GstFlowReturn ret;
    
    			size = 3840;
    
    			buffer = gst_buffer_new_allocate(NULL, size, NULL);
    
    			//全部填入0x0
    			gst_buffer_memset(buffer, 0, 0x0, size);
    
    			GST_BUFFER_PTS(buffer) = pts;
    
    			g_signal_emit_by_name(m_pAppSrcOption->sendAudioAppsrc, "push-buffer", buffer, &ret);
    			gst_buffer_unref(buffer);
    		}
    	}
    }
    

    当需要结束混流和录制时,向管道中的各个 appsrc 发送 end-of-stream 消息,管道在处理完所有数据后,就会正常结束,关闭退出。

    void MainForm::onBtnStopPushStream()
    {
    	QMessageBox::StandardButton ret = QMessageBox::question(this, FromBits("确认"), FromBits("是否要停止视频录制?(多次录制会产生多个视频文件,会影响回放的体验,应尽量避免多次录制)"));
    
    	if (ret == QMessageBox::Yes)
    	{
    		stopPushStream();
    
    		if (m_pAppSrcOption && m_pAppSrcOption->pipeline)
    		{
    			GstFlowReturn ret;
    			g_signal_emit_by_name(m_pAppSrcOption->shareScreenAppsrc, "end-of-stream", &ret);
    			g_signal_emit_by_name(m_pAppSrcOption->sendAudioAppsrc, "end-of-stream", &ret);
    			g_signal_emit_by_name(m_pAppSrcOption->receiveAudioAppsrc, "end-of-stream", &ret);
    
    			m_pFillBlankAudioTimer->stop();
    		}
    
    		m_pushStreamStatus = E_ChangingPushStream;
    		setStatus(m_status);
    	}
    } 
    

    之前我们在启动线程时,用下面这句代码注册了事件,当线程结束时会调用 OnLocalRecordClose 方法,可以在这个方法中更改 UI 控件的状态和释放资源

    ...
    connect(m_pLocalRecordProcessThread, &GStreamProcess::finished, this, &MainForm::OnLocalRecordClose);
    ...
    

    因为第一次使用 GStreamer 进行开发,走了很多弯路,踩了很多坑。好在最后还是完成了需要的功能,直播录制和推流的效果还是不错的。

    但这个方案还存在一个问题,就是rtmp 推流时如果失败,会导致整个管道出错停止,这个还需要设法解决。

    开发过程中参考了很多资料,比较有用的是下面这几个:

    • appsrc 的 demo 代码

    https://gist.github.com/nzjrs/725122/16ceee88aafae389bab207818e0661328921e1ab (需要翻墙)

    http://blog.csdn.net/u010312436/article/details/53610599

    https://gstreamer.freedesktop.org/documentation/application-development/advanced/pipeline-manipulation.html


    • GStreamer 时钟机制

    https://gstreamer.freedesktop.org/documentation/application-development/advanced/clocks.html


    • GStreamer 写日志和生成管道逻辑图的方法

    https://gstreamer.freedesktop.org/documentation/tutorials/basic/debugging-tools.html

    https://gstreamer.freedesktop.org/data/doc/gstreamer/head/gstreamer/html/gst-running.html

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/luckbird/p/GStreamer_appsrc.html
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