• Requests爬虫包及解析工具 xpath、正则、Beautiful Soup


    ”python爬虫系列“目录:

    第一篇:Requests

    一、简介

    Requests 是用Python语言编写,基于 urllib,采用 Apache2 Licensed 开源协议的 HTTP 库,是爬虫常用库,使用的频率非常高,所以做此总结,希望能对后来者有所助益。。

    二、安装

    pip install requests
    

    三、使用文档

    1 实际案例

    1.1 访问百度网站

    # 引入Requests库
    import requests
    # 发起GET请求
    r = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com/')
    # 查看响应类型  requests.models.Response
    print(type(r))
    # 输出状态码  200
    print(r.status_code)
    # 输出响应内容类型  str
    print(type(r.text))
    # 输出响应内容
    print(r.text)
    # 输出cookies
    print(r.cookies)
    

    1.2 各种请求方式

    import requests
    # 发起POST请求
    requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post')
    # 发起PUT请求
    requests.put('http://httpbin.org/put')
    # 发起DELETE请求
    requests.delete('http://httpbin.org/delete')
    # 发送HEAD请求
    requests.head('http://httpbin.org/get')
    # 发送OPTION请求
    requests.options('http://httpbin.org/get')
    

    2 GET请求

    2.1 无参数的GET请求

    import requests
    response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
    print(response.text)
    

    2.2 带参数的GET请求

    2.2.1 访问url携带参数
    import requests
    response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get?name=jyx&age=18')
    print(response.text)
    
    2.2.2 请求体包含参数
    import requests
    # GET请求参数
    param = {'name': 'ide', 'city': 'New York'}
    # 传递参数params
    response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get',params=param)
    print(response.text)
    

    3 POST请求

    3.1 发送表单形式的数据

    import requests
    #POST请求参数
    param = {'name': 'ide', 'city': 'New York'}
    #传递参数params
    response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post',data=param)
    print(response.text)
    

    3.2 发送Json数据

    import json
    import requests
    # POST请求参数
    param = {'name': 'ide', 'city': 'New York'}
    # 传递参数params,并格式化为json数据
    response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data=json.dumps(param))
    print(response.text)
    

    3.3 发送文件数据

    如果需要向网站发送图片、文档等,需要使用files参数

    import requests
    # POST请求参数
    file ={'file': open('default.png', 'rb')}
    # 传递参数files
    response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', files=file)
    print(response.text)
    python```
    
    ### 4 获取二进制数据
    ```python
    import requests
    response = requests.get('http://l.bst.126.net/rsc/img/loginopen/201406/appstore/quanzi.jpg?v=001')
    # 输出响应的二进制内容
    print(response.content)
    # 下载二进制数据到本地
    with open('quanzi.jpg', 'wb') as f:
        f.write(response.content)
        f.close()
    

    5 设置headers

    import requests
    
    # 设置User-Agent浏览器信息
    headers = {
        "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.132 Safari/537.36",
        # 'content-type': 'application/json'
    }
    # 设置请求头信息
    response = requests.get('https://www.zhihu.com/question/37787004',headers=headers)
    print(response.text)
    

    6 编码类型

    可以找出requests使用了什么编码,并能够进行改变

    r.encoding
    r.encoding = 'ISO-8859-1'
    如果改变了编码,每当访问r.text时,Request都将会使用r.encoding的新值。
    
    python```
    
    ### 7 响应属性
    ```python
    import requests
    
    response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com/')
    # 获取响应状态码
    print(type(response.status_code),response.status_code)
    # 获取响应头信息
    print(type(response.headers),response.headers)
    # 获取响应头中的cookies
    print(type(response.cookies),response.cookies)
    # 获取访问的url
    print(type(response.url),response.url)
    # 获取访问的历史记录
    print(type(response.history),response.history)
    8 requests内置的状态字符
    100: ('continue',),
    101: ('switching_protocols',),
    102: ('processing',),
    103: ('checkpoint',),
    122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'),
    200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', '\o/', '✓'),
    201: ('created',),
    202: ('accepted',),
    203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'),
    204: ('no_content',),
    205: ('reset_content', 'reset'),
    206: ('partial_content', 'partial'),
    207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'),
    208: ('already_reported',),
    226: ('im_used',),
    
    # Redirection.
    300: ('multiple_choices',),
    301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', '\'),
    302: ('found',),
    303: ('see_other', 'other'),
    304: ('not_modified',),
    305: ('use_proxy',),
    306: ('switch_proxy',),
    307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'),
    308: ('permanent_redirect', 'resume_incomplete', 'resume',), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0
    
    # Client Error.
    400: ('bad_request', 'bad'),
    401: ('unauthorized',),
    402: ('payment_required', 'payment'),
    403: ('forbidden',),
    404: ('not_found', '-'),
    405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'),
    406: ('not_acceptable',),
    407: ('proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'),
    408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'),
    409: ('conflict',),
    410: ('gone',),
    411: ('length_required',),
    412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'),
    413: ('request_entity_too_large',),
    414: ('request_uri_too_large',),
    415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'),
    416: ('requested_range_not_satisfiable', 'requested_range', 'range_not_satisfiable'),
    417: ('expectation_failed',),
    418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'),
    421: ('misdirected_request',),
    422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'),
    423: ('locked',),
    424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'),
    425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'),
    426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'),
    428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'),
    429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'),
    431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'),
    444: ('no_response', 'none'),
    449: ('retry_with', 'retry'),
    450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'),
    451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'),
    499: ('client_closed_request',),
    
    # Server Error.
    500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o\', '✗'),
    501: ('not_implemented',),
    502: ('bad_gateway',),
    503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'),
    504: ('gateway_timeout',),
    505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'),
    506: ('variant_also_negotiates',),
    507: ('insufficient_storage',),
    509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'),
    510: ('not_extended',),
    511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication')
    

    9 获取/发送cookies

    import requests
    
    response = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com')
    print(response.cookies)
    for key, value in response.cookies.items():
        print(key, '=====', value)
    print(response.cookies['BAIDUID'])
    发送自已定义请求的COOKIES
    
    url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies'
    cookies = {'mycookies':'working'}
    response = requests.get(url, cookies = cookies)
    print(response.text)
    

    10 session会话保存

    import requests
    
    # 从requests中获取session
    session = requests.session()
    # 使用seesion去请求保证了请求是同一个session
    session.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/12456')
    response = session.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')
    print(response.text)
    

    11 https安全访问

    11.1 无证书访问

    import requests
    
    response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn')
    # 在请求https时,request会进行证书的验证,如果验证失败则会抛出异常
    print(response.status_code)  
    

    11.2 关闭证书验证

    import requests
    
    # 关闭验证,但是仍然会报出证书警告
    response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',verify=False)
    print(response.status_code)
    

    11.3 消除关闭证书验证的警告

    from requests.packages import urllib3  # 可能会报错,不用担心,继续运行即可
    import requests
    
    # 关闭警告
    urllib3.disable_warnings()
    response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',verify=False)
    print(response.status_code)
    

    11.4 手动设置证书

    import requests
    
    # 设置本地证书
    response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn', cert=('/path/server.crt', '/path/key'))
    print(response.status_code) 
    

    12 设置代理

    12.1 普通代理

    import requests
    
    proxies = {
        "http": "http://127.0.0.1:9743",
        "https": "https://127.0.0.1:9743",
    }
    # 往请求中设置代理(proxies
    )
    response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)
    print(response.status_code)
    

    12.2 需要认证的代理

    import requests
    
    proxies = {
        "http": "http://user:password@127.0.0.1:9743/",
    }
    response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)
    print(response.status_code)
    

    12.3 设置socks代理

    import requests
    
    proxies = {
        'http': 'socks5://127.0.0.1:9742',
        'https': 'socks5://127.0.0.1:9742'
    }
    response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)
    print(response.status_code)
    

    13 超时设置

    import requests
    from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout
    
    try:
       # 设置必须在500ms内收到响应,不然或抛出ReadTimeout异常
       response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout=0.5)
       print(response.status_code)
    except ReadTimeout:
       print('Timeout')
    

    14 json解析

    requests中内置了一个JSON解码器,帮助你处理JSON数据
    
    import requests
    
    response  = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
    print(response .json())
    如果JSON解码失败,response .json就会抛出一个异常
    
    

    15 网站认证

    import requests
    from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth
    
    response = requests.get('http://120.27.34.24:9001', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user', '123'))
    print(response.status_code)
    

    16 异常处理

    import requests
    from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout, ConnectionError, RequestException
    
    try:
        response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout=0.5)
        print(response.status_code)
    except ReadTimeout:
        # 超时异常
        print('Timeout')
    except ConnectionError:
        # 连接异常
        print('Connection error')
    except RequestException:
        # 请求异常
        print('Error')
    

    17 原始响应内容

    如果你想获取来自服务器的原始套接字响应,那么你可以访问r.raw,前提是需要在初始请求中设置stream=True

    import requests
    
    response = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json', stream=True)
    print(response.raw)
    print(response.raw.read(10))
    
    

    摘自:https://www.jianshu.com/p/50bdcb7cd5f6

    第二篇:解析工具

    xpath

    1、简介

    XPath,全称 XML Path Language,即 XML 路径语言,它是一门在 XML 文档中查找信息的语言。最初是用来搜寻 XML 文档的,但同样适用于 HTML 文档的搜索。所以在做爬虫时完全可以使用 XPath 做相应的信息抽取。

    2、安装

    pip install lxml
    

    3、使用文档

    1 实际案例

    from lxml import etree
    
    text = '''
    <div>
    <ul>
    <li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html">first item</a></li>
    <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
    <li class="item-inactive"><a href="link3.html">third item</a></li>
    <li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
    <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a>
    </ul>
    </div>
    '''
    x_data = etree.HTML(text)
    result = x_data.xpath('//li/a[@href="link4.html"]/text()')  
    printn(result)     # ['fourth item']
    

    2 xml和html的不同

    (1)html标签被预定义,xml标签需要自己定义
    (2)html设计用来显示数据,xml设计用来传输数据
    

    3 xpath常用路径表达式

    / : 从根节点开始查找
    // : 从任意位置开始查找
    . : 从当前节点开始查找
    .. : 从上一级节点开始查找
    @ :选取指定属性
    * :匹配所有的节点
    @* : 匹配所有的属性节点
    具体使用:
        属性定位
            input[@id="kw"]
        层级定位、索引定位
            //div[@class="head_wrapper"]/div[@id="u1"]/a[1]
            //div[@class="head_wrapper"]//a
        模糊匹配
            contains
                //a[contains(@class,"lb")]
                查找所有的a,class属性值包含lb的a
                //a[contains(text(),"新")]
                查找所有的a,文本内容包含 新 的a
            starts-with
                //a[starts-with(@class,"lb")]
                查找所有的a。class属性值以lb开头的
                //a[starts-with(text(),"更多")]
                查找所有的a,文本内容以更多开头
        获取文本内容
            //div[@id="u1"]/a[1]/text()
        获取属性值
            //div[@id="u1"]/a[2]/@href
            //div[@id="u1"]/img[1]/@src
    
    eg:                  
           bookstore/book : 查找bookstore下面的所有book节点,该book必须是bookstore的直接子节点
           //book : 查找所有的book
           bookstore//book : 查找bookstore下面的所有book节点,但是该book是bookstore的子节点或者子孙节点
            //@lang : 查找所有有lang属性的节点
    	bookstore/book[1] : 取出bookstore下面的第一个本book
    	bookstore/book[last()] : 取出bookstore下面的最后一个本book
    	bookstore/book[last()-1] : 取出bookstore下面的倒数第二本book
    	//title[@lang] : 查找所有的有lang属性的title节点
    	//title[@lang='eng'] :查找所有lang属性为eng的title节点
    			
    
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/lpdeboke/p/14237136.html
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