• 第十一章 读写分离及分布式架构


    atlas 实现读写分离

    Atlas是由 Qihoo 360, Web平台部基础架构团队开发维护的一个基于MySQL协议的数据中间层项目。

    atlas 说明

    Atlas是一个位于应用程序与MySQL之间中间件。在后端DB看来,Atlas相当于连接它的客户端,在前端应用看来,Atlas相当于一个DB。Atlas作为服务端与应用程序通讯,它实现了MySQL的客户端和服务端协议,同时作为客户端与MySQL通讯。它对应用程序屏蔽了DB的细节,同时为了降低MySQL负担,它还维护了连接池。


    atlas 部署

    安装atlas

    atlas 安装包下载地址:https://github.com/Qihoo360/Atlas

    rpm -ivh Atlas-2.2.1.el6.x86_64.rpm
    

    修改test.cnf配置文件

    配置文件说明具体可以看安装后自带的test.cnf文件。

    cd /usr/local/mysql-proxy/conf
    
    mv test.cnf test.cnf.bak
    
    vim test.cnf
    [mysql-proxy]
    admin-username = user
    admin-password = pwd
    # Atlas后端连接的MySQL主库的IP和端口
    proxy-backend-addresses = 10.0.0.55:3306
    # Atlas后端连接的MySQL从库的IP和端口,@后面的数字代表权重,用作负载均衡,则默认为1,可设多项,逗号分隔
    proxy-read-only-backend-addresses = 10.0.0.51:3306,10.0.0.53:3306
    # 用户名与其对应的加密过的MySQL密码,密码使用PREFIX/bin目录下的加密程序encrypt加密
    pwds = repl:3yb5jEku5h4=,mha:O2jBXONX098=
    daemon = true
    keepalive = true
    event-threads = 8
    log-level = message
    log-path = /usr/local/mysql-proxy/log
    sql-log=ON
    proxy-address = 0.0.0.0:33060
    admin-address = 0.0.0.0:2345
    charset=utf8
    

    启动atlas

    /usr/local/mysql-proxy/bin/mysql-proxyd test start
    ps -ef |grep proxy
    

    测试读写分离

    [root@db03 ~]# mysql -umha -pmha -h 10.0.0.53 -P 33060
    读: 
    db03 [(none)]>select @@server_id;
    写:
    db03 [(none)]>begin;select @@server_id; commit;
    

    生产授权用户

    例子: root@'10.0.0.%'
    (1) 业务主库中
    db01 [(none)]>grant all on *.* to root@'10.0.0.%' identified by '123';
    
    (2) 将密码加密处理
    cd /usr/local/mysql-proxy/bin
    [root@m01 /usr/local/mysql-proxy/bin]# ./encrypt 123
    3yb5jEku5h4=
    
    (3) 修改配置文件
    vim /usr/local/mysql-proxy/conf/test.cnf 
    pwds = repl:3yb5jEku5h4=,mha:O2jBXONX098=,root:3yb5jEku5h4=
    
    (4) 重启atlas 
    /usr/local/mysql-proxy/bin/mysql-proxyd test restart
    
    
    (5) 用户测试
    [root@db03 ~]# mysql -uroot -p123 -h 10.0.0.61 -P 33060
    

    atlas基础管理

    [root@db03 ~]# mysql -uuser -ppwd -h 10.0.0.53 -P 2345
    db03 [(none)]>select * from help;
    (1) 查帮助:
     SELECT * FROM help;
    
    (2) 查看节点信息
    SELECT * FROM backends;
    
    (3) 上线和下线节点
    SET OFFLINE $backend_id;
    SET ONLINE $backend_id 
    
    (4) 删除和添加节点
    REMOVE BACKEND 3;
    ADD SLAVE 10.0.0.53:3306;
    
    
    (5) 添加用户和删除用户
    SELECT * FROM pwds;
    REMOVE PWD root;
    ADD PWD root:123
    ADD ENPWD root:3yb5jEku5h4=
    
    (6) 持久化配置
    db03 [(none)]> SAVE CONFIG 
    

    MyCAT基础架构准备

    MyCAT基础架构图 (模拟)

    这里为了避免开太多台虚拟机,所以使用了多实例,不代表生产环境

    环境准备:

    • 两台虚拟机 db01 db02
    • 每台创建四个mysql实例:3307 3308 3309 3310

    删除历史环境:

    pkill mysqld
    rm -rf /data/330* 
    mv /etc/my.cnf /etc/my.cnf.bak
    

    创建相关目录初始化数据

    mkdir /data/33{07..10}/data -p
    mysqld --initialize-insecure  --user=mysql --datadir=/data/3307/data --basedir=/application/mysql
    mysqld --initialize-insecure  --user=mysql --datadir=/data/3308/data --basedir=/application/mysql
    mysqld --initialize-insecure  --user=mysql --datadir=/data/3309/data --basedir=/application/mysql
    mysqld --initialize-insecure  --user=mysql --datadir=/data/3310/data --basedir=/application/mysql
    

    准备配置文件和启动脚本

    db01====

    cat >/data/3307/my.cnf<<EOF
    [mysqld]
    basedir=/application/mysql
    datadir=/data/3307/data
    socket=/data/3307/mysql.sock
    port=3307
    log-error=/data/3307/mysql.log
    log_bin=/data/3307/mysql-bin
    binlog_format=row
    skip-name-resolve
    server-id=7
    gtid-mode=on
    enforce-gtid-consistency=true
    log-slave-updates=1
    EOF
    
    cat >/data/3308/my.cnf<<EOF
    [mysqld]
    basedir=/application/mysql
    datadir=/data/3308/data
    port=3308
    socket=/data/3308/mysql.sock
    log-error=/data/3308/mysql.log
    log_bin=/data/3308/mysql-bin
    binlog_format=row
    skip-name-resolve
    server-id=8
    gtid-mode=on
    enforce-gtid-consistency=true
    log-slave-updates=1
    EOF
    
    cat >/data/3309/my.cnf<<EOF
    [mysqld]
    basedir=/application/mysql
    datadir=/data/3309/data
    socket=/data/3309/mysql.sock
    port=3309
    log-error=/data/3309/mysql.log
    log_bin=/data/3309/mysql-bin
    binlog_format=row
    skip-name-resolve
    server-id=9
    gtid-mode=on
    enforce-gtid-consistency=true
    log-slave-updates=1
    EOF
    cat >/data/3310/my.cnf<<EOF
    [mysqld]
    basedir=/application/mysql
    datadir=/data/3310/data
    socket=/data/3310/mysql.sock
    port=3310
    log-error=/data/3310/mysql.log
    log_bin=/data/3310/mysql-bin
    binlog_format=row
    skip-name-resolve
    server-id=10
    gtid-mode=on
    enforce-gtid-consistency=true
    log-slave-updates=1
    EOF
    
    cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3307.service<<EOF
    [Unit]
    Description=MySQL Server
    Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
    Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
    After=network.target
    After=syslog.target
    [Install]
    WantedBy=multi-user.target
    [Service]
    User=mysql
    Group=mysql
    ExecStart=/application/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3307/my.cnf
    LimitNOFILE = 5000
    EOF
    
    cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3308.service<<EOF
    [Unit]
    Description=MySQL Server
    Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
    Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
    After=network.target
    After=syslog.target
    [Install]
    WantedBy=multi-user.target
    [Service]
    User=mysql
    Group=mysql
    ExecStart=/application/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3308/my.cnf
    LimitNOFILE = 5000
    EOF
    
    cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3309.service<<EOF
    [Unit]
    Description=MySQL Server
    Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
    Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
    After=network.target
    After=syslog.target
    [Install]
    WantedBy=multi-user.target
    [Service]
    User=mysql
    Group=mysql
    ExecStart=/application/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3309/my.cnf
    LimitNOFILE = 5000
    EOF
    cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3310.service<<EOF
    [Unit]
    Description=MySQL Server
    Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
    Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
    After=network.target
    After=syslog.target
    
    [Install]
    WantedBy=multi-user.target
    [Service]
    User=mysql
    Group=mysql
    ExecStart=/application/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3310/my.cnf
    LimitNOFILE = 5000
    EOF
    

    db02====

    cat >/data/3307/my.cnf<<EOF
    [mysqld]
    basedir=/application/mysql
    datadir=/data/3307/data
    socket=/data/3307/mysql.sock
    port=3307
    log-error=/data/3307/mysql.log
    log_bin=/data/3307/mysql-bin
    binlog_format=row
    skip-name-resolve
    server-id=17
    gtid-mode=on
    enforce-gtid-consistency=true
    log-slave-updates=1
    EOF
    cat >/data/3308/my.cnf<<EOF
    [mysqld]
    basedir=/application/mysql
    datadir=/data/3308/data
    port=3308
    socket=/data/3308/mysql.sock
    log-error=/data/3308/mysql.log
    log_bin=/data/3308/mysql-bin
    binlog_format=row
    skip-name-resolve
    server-id=18
    gtid-mode=on
    enforce-gtid-consistency=true
    log-slave-updates=1
    EOF
    cat >/data/3309/my.cnf<<EOF
    [mysqld]
    basedir=/application/mysql
    datadir=/data/3309/data
    socket=/data/3309/mysql.sock
    port=3309
    log-error=/data/3309/mysql.log
    log_bin=/data/3309/mysql-bin
    binlog_format=row
    skip-name-resolve
    server-id=19
    gtid-mode=on
    enforce-gtid-consistency=true
    log-slave-updates=1
    EOF
    
    cat >/data/3310/my.cnf<<EOF
    [mysqld]
    basedir=/application/mysql
    datadir=/data/3310/data
    socket=/data/3310/mysql.sock
    port=3310
    log-error=/data/3310/mysql.log
    log_bin=/data/3310/mysql-bin
    binlog_format=row
    skip-name-resolve
    server-id=20
    gtid-mode=on
    enforce-gtid-consistency=true
    log-slave-updates=1
    EOF
    
    cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3307.service<<EOF
    [Unit]
    Description=MySQL Server
    Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
    Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
    After=network.target
    After=syslog.target
    [Install]
    WantedBy=multi-user.target
    [Service]
    User=mysql
    Group=mysql
    ExecStart=/application/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3307/my.cnf
    LimitNOFILE = 5000
    EOF
    
    cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3308.service<<EOF
    [Unit]
    Description=MySQL Server
    Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
    Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
    After=network.target
    After=syslog.target
    [Install]
    WantedBy=multi-user.target
    [Service]
    User=mysql
    Group=mysql
    ExecStart=/application/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3308/my.cnf
    LimitNOFILE = 5000
    EOF
    
    cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3309.service<<EOF
    [Unit]
    Description=MySQL Server
    Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
    Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
    After=network.target
    After=syslog.target
    [Install]
    WantedBy=multi-user.target
    [Service]
    User=mysql
    Group=mysql
    ExecStart=/application/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3309/my.cnf
    LimitNOFILE = 5000
    EOF
    
    cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3310.service<<EOF
    [Unit]
    Description=MySQL Server
    Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
    Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
    After=network.target
    After=syslog.target
    [Install]
    WantedBy=multi-user.target
    [Service]
    User=mysql
    Group=mysql
    ExecStart=/application/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3310/my.cnf
    LimitNOFILE = 5000
    EOF
    

    修改权限,启动多实例

    chown -R mysql.mysql /data/*
    systemctl start mysqld3307
    systemctl start mysqld3308
    systemctl start mysqld3309
    systemctl start mysqld3310
    
    mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "show variables like 'server_id'"
    mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "show variables like 'server_id'"
    mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "show variables like 'server_id'"
    mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "show variables like 'server_id'"
    

    节点主从规划

    箭头指向谁是主库

    ​ 10.0.0.51:3307 <-----> 10.0.0.52:3307
    ​ 10.0.0.51:3309 ------> 10.0.0.51:3307
    ​ 10.0.0.52:3309 ------> 10.0.0.52:3307
    ​ 10.0.0.52:3308 <-----> 10.0.0.51:3308
    ​ 10.0.0.52:3310 -----> 10.0.0.52:3308

    分片规划

    shard1:

    ​ Master:10.0.0.51:3307
    ​ slave1:10.0.0.51:3309
    ​ Standby Master:10.0.0.52:3307
    ​ slave2:10.0.0.52:3309

    shard2:

    ​ Master:10.0.0.52:3308
    ​ slave1:10.0.0.52:3310
    ​ Standby Master:10.0.0.51:3308
    ​ slave2:10.0.0.51:3310

    开始配置

    shard1 配置

    10.0.0.51:3307 <-----> 10.0.0.52:3307

    db02

    mysql  -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "grant replication slave on *.* to repl@'10.0.0.%' identified by '123';"
    mysql  -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "grant all  on *.* to root@'10.0.0.%' identified by '123'  with grant option;"
    

    db01

    mysql  -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='10.0.0.52', MASTER_PORT=3307, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';"
    mysql  -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "start slave;"
    mysql  -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"
    

    db02

    mysql  -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='10.0.0.51', MASTER_PORT=3307, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';"
    mysql  -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "start slave;"
    mysql  -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"
    

    10.0.0.51:3309 ------> 10.0.0.51:3307

    db01

    mysql  -S /data/3309/mysql.sock  -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='10.0.0.51', MASTER_PORT=3307, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';"
    mysql  -S /data/3309/mysql.sock  -e "start slave;"
    mysql  -S /data/3309/mysql.sock  -e "show slave statusG"
    

    10.0.0.52:3309 ------> 10.0.0.52:3307
    db02

    mysql  -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='10.0.0.52', MASTER_PORT=3307, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';"
    mysql  -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "start slave;"
    mysql  -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"
    
    shard2 配置

    10.0.0.52:3308 <-----> 10.0.0.51:3308
    db01

    mysql  -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "grant replication slave on *.* to repl@'10.0.0.%' identified by '123';"
    mysql  -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "grant all  on *.* to root@'10.0.0.%' identified by '123'  with grant option;"
    

    db02

    mysql  -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='10.0.0.51', MASTER_PORT=3308, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';"
    mysql  -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "start slave;"
    mysql  -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"
    

    db01

    mysql  -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='10.0.0.52', MASTER_PORT=3308, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';"
    mysql  -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "start slave;"
    mysql  -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"
    

    10.0.0.52:3310 -----> 10.0.0.52:3308
    db02

    mysql  -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='10.0.0.52', MASTER_PORT=3308, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';"
    mysql  -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "start slave;"
    mysql  -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"
    

    10.0.0.51:3310 -----> 10.0.0.51:3308
    db01

    mysql  -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='10.0.0.51', MASTER_PORT=3308, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';"
    mysql  -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "start slave;"
    mysql  -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"
    

    检测主从状态

    mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"|grep Running:
    mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"|grep Running:
    mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"|grep Running:
    mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"|grep Running:
    

    如果中间出现错误,在每个节点进行执行以下命令(2.9 状态正确,忽略此步骤)

    mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "stop slave; reset slave all;"
    mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "stop slave; reset slave all;"
    mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "stop slave; reset slave all;"
    mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "stop slave; reset slave all;"
    

    Mycat的安装

    这里只是为了测试搭建Mycat,所以直接将MyCAT服务安装到了DB01服务器上

    安装java环境

    yum install -y java
    

    上传到/application 并解压

    文件介绍

    conf:
    schema.xml 主配置文件
    rule.xml 分片策略定义文件
    server.xml mycat服务有关的配置
    xxxx.txt 分片参数功能有关

    启动mycat

    [root@db02 ~]# vim /etc/profile 
    export PATH=/application/mycat/bin:$PATH
    source /etc/profile
    
    [root@db02 ~]# mycat start 
    [root@db02 ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -h 10.0.0.52 -P8066
    

    测试数据准备

    db01:

    mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock 
    grant all on *.* to root@'10.0.0.%' identified by '123';
    source /root/world.sql
    
    mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock 
    grant all on *.* to root@'10.0.0.%' identified by '123';
    source /root/world.sql
    

    MyCAT 核心配置文件使用介绍(schema.xml)

    <?xml version="1.0"?>  
    <!DOCTYPE mycat:schema SYSTEM "schema.dtd">  
    <mycat:schema xmlns:mycat="http://io.mycat/">
    <schema name="TESTDB" checkSQLschema="false" sqlMaxLimit="100" dataNode="dn1"> 
    </schema>  
        <dataNode name="dn1" dataHost="localhost1" database= "world" />  
        <dataHost name="localhost1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1"  writeType="0" dbType="mysql"  dbDriver="native" switchType="1"> 
            <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat>  
        <writeHost host="db1" url="10.0.0.51:3307" user="root" password="123"> 
                <readHost host="db2" url="10.0.0.51:3309" user="root" password="123" /> 
        </writeHost> 
        </dataHost>  
    </mycat:schema>
    

    Mycat实现读写分离功能

    [root@db02 /application/mycat/conf]# cat schema.xml
    
    <?xml version="1.0"?>
    <!DOCTYPE mycat:schema SYSTEM "schema.dtd">  
    <mycat:schema xmlns:mycat="http://io.mycat/">
    <schema name="TESTDB" checkSQLschema="false" sqlMaxLimit="100" dataNode="sh1"> 
    </schema>  
            <dataNode name="sh1" dataHost="oldguo1" database= "world" />         
            <dataHost name="oldguo1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1"  writeType="0" dbType="mysql"  dbDriver="native" switchType="1">    
                    <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat>  
            <writeHost host="db1" url="10.0.0.51:3307" user="root" password="123"> 
                            <readHost host="db2" url="10.0.0.51:3309" user="root" password="123" /> 
            </writeHost> 
            </dataHost>  
    </mycat:schema>
    

    重启生效:

    [root@db02 /application/mycat/conf]# mycat restart
    

    测试:

    [root@db02 /application/mycat/conf]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -h 10.0.0.52 -P8066
    mysql> select @@server_id;
    mysql> begin; select @@server_id;commit;
    

    读写分离+高可用功能

    编写配置文件

    [root@db02 conf]# mv schema.xml schema.xml.rw
    [root@db02 conf]# vim schema.xml
    
    <?xml version="1.0"?>  
    
    <!DOCTYPE mycat:schema SYSTEM "schema.dtd">  
    <mycat:schema xmlns:mycat="http://io.mycat/">
    <schema name="TESTDB" checkSQLschema="false" sqlMaxLimit="100" dataNode="sh1"> 
    </schema>  
        <dataNode name="sh1" dataHost="oldguo1" database= "world" />  
        <dataHost name="oldguo1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1"  writeType="0" dbType="mysql"  dbDriver="native" switchType="1"> 
            <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat>  
        <writeHost host="db1" url="10.0.0.51:3307" user="root" password="123"> 
                <readHost host="db2" url="10.0.0.51:3309" user="root" password="123" /> 
        </writeHost> 
        <writeHost host="db3" url="10.0.0.52:3307" user="root" password="123"> 
                <readHost host="db4" url="10.0.0.52:3309" user="root" password="123" /> 
        </writeHost>        
        </dataHost>  
    </mycat:schema>
    

    真正的 writehost:负责写操作的writehost
    standby writeHost :和readhost一样,只提供读服务

    当写节点宕机后,后面跟的readhost也不提供服务,这时候standby的writehost就提供写服务,
    后面跟的readhost提供读服务

    测试:

    mysql -uroot -p123456 -h 10.0.0.52 -P 8066
    show variables like 'server_id';
    

    读写分离测试

    mysql -uroot -p -h 127.0.0.1 -P8066
    
    show variables like 'server_id';
    show variables like 'server_id';
    show variables like 'server_id';
    begin;
    show variables like 'server_id';
    

    对db01 3307节点进行关闭和启动,测试读写操作

    配置中的属性介绍:(了解一下)

    balance属性

    负载均衡类型,目前的取值有3种:

    1. balance="0", 不开启读写分离机制,所有读操作都发送到当前可用的writeHost上。

    2. balance="1",全部的readHost与standby writeHost参与select语句的负载均衡,简单的说,当双主双从模式(M1->S1,M2->S2,并且M1与M2互为主备),正常情况,M2,S1,S2都参与select语句的负载均衡。

    3. balance="2",所有读操作都随机的在writeHost、readhost上分发。

    writeType属性

    负载均衡类型,目前的取值有2种:

    1. writeType="0", 所有写操作发送到配置的第一个writeHost,第一个挂了切到还生存的第二个writeHost,
      重新启动后已切换后的为主,切换记录在配置文件中:dnindex.properties .

    2. writeType=“1”,所有写操作都随机的发送到配置的writeHost,但不推荐使用

    switchType属性

    -1 表示不自动切换
    1 默认值,自动切换
    2 基于MySQL主从同步的状态决定是否切换 ,心跳语句为 show slave status

    datahost其他配置

    <dataHost name="localhost1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1"  writeType="0" dbType="mysql"  dbDriver="native" switchType="1"> 
    
    maxCon="1000":最大的并发连接数
    minCon="10" :mycat在启动之后,会在后端节点上自动开启的连接线程
    
    tempReadHostAvailable="1"
    这个一主一从时(1个writehost,1个readhost时),可以开启这个参数,如果2个writehost,2个readhost时
    <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat>  监测心跳
    

    MyCAT核心特性 - 切分

    数据切分

    指通过某种特定的条件,将我们存放在同一个数据库中的数据分散存放到多个数据库(主机)上面,以达到分散单台设备负载的效果。

    切分类型

    • 垂直拆分
      是按照不同的表(或者 Schema)来切分到不同的数据库(主机)上
    • 水平(横向)拆分
      根据表中数据的逻辑关系,将同一个表中数据按照某种条件查分到多台数据库(主机)

    分片策略

    • 范围 range 800w 1-400w 400w01-800w
    • 取模 mod 取余数
    • 枚举
    • 哈希 hash
    • 时间 流水

    垂直分表

    编写配置文件schema.xml

    最好先将配置文件备份一份,

    cd /application/mycat/conf/
    mv  schema.xml  schema.xml.ha
    vim schema.xml
    ------ 配置文件内容如下
    <?xml version="1.0"?>
    <!DOCTYPE mycat:schema SYSTEM "schema.dtd">
    <mycat:schema xmlns:mycat="http://io.mycat/">
    <schema name="TESTDB" checkSQLschema="false" sqlMaxLimit="100" dataNode="sh1">
            <table name="user" dataNode="sh1"/>
            <table name="order_t" dataNode="sh2"/>
    </schema>
        <dataNode name="sh1" dataHost="oldguo1" database= "taobao" />
        <dataNode name="sh2" dataHost="oldguo2" database= "taobao" />
        <dataHost name="oldguo1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1"  writeType="0" dbType="mysql"  dbDriver="native" switchType="1">
            <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat>
        <writeHost host="db1" url="10.0.0.51:3307" user="root" password="123">
                <readHost host="db2" url="10.0.0.51:3309" user="root" password="123" />
        </writeHost>
        <writeHost host="db3" url="10.0.0.52:3307" user="root" password="123">
                <readHost host="db4" url="10.0.0.52:3309" user="root" password="123" />
        </writeHost>
        </dataHost>
        <dataHost name="oldguo2" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1"  writeType="0" dbType="mysql"  dbDriver="native" switchType="1">
            <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat>
        <writeHost host="db1" url="10.0.0.51:3308" user="root" password="123">
                <readHost host="db2" url="10.0.0.51:3310" user="root" password="123" />
        </writeHost>
        <writeHost host="db3" url="10.0.0.52:3308" user="root" password="123">
                <readHost host="db4" url="10.0.0.52:3310" user="root" password="123" />
        </writeHost>
        </dataHost>
    </mycat:schema>
    

    创建测试库和表

    双活状态所以在哪一台服务器操作都可以

    mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "create database taobao charset utf8;"
    mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "create database taobao charset utf8;"
    mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table user(id int,name varchar(20))";
    mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table order_t(id int,name varchar(20))"
    

    水平拆分

    范围分片

    (1)修改配置文件

    修改如下:

    vim /application/mycat/conf/schema.xml
    --- 修改内容如下
    
    <schema name="TESTDB" checkSQLschema="false" sqlMaxLimit="100" dataNode="sh1"> 
            <table name="t3" dataNode="sh1,sh2" rule="auto-sharding-long" />
    </schema>  
        <dataNode name="sh1" dataHost="oldguo1" database= "taobao" /> 
        <dataNode name="sh2" dataHost="oldguo2" database= "taobao" />
    
    vim /application/mycat/conf/autopartition-long.txt
    
    0-10=0
    11-20=1
    

    (2)创建测试表

    mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table t3 (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);"
    
    mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock  -e "use taobao;create table t3 (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);"
    

    (3)测试

    重启mycat
    mycat restart
    mysql -uroot -p123456 -h 127.0.0.1 -P 8066
    
    use TESTDB;
    insert into t3(id,name) values(1,'a');
    insert into t3(id,name) values(2,'b');
    insert into t3(id,name) values(3,'c');
    insert into t3(id,name) values(4,'d');
    insert into t3(id,name) values(11,'aa');
    insert into t3(id,name) values(12,'bb');
    insert into t3(id,name) values(13,'cc');
    insert into t3(id,name) values(14,'dd');
    

    (4)查看数据存放

    mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock  -e "use taobao;select * from t5";
    mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock  -e "use taobao;select * from t5";
    mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock  -e "use taobao;select * from t5";
    mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock  -e "use taobao;select * from t5";
    

    11.2 取模分片(mod-long)

    取余分片方式:分片键(一个列)与节点数量进行取余,得到余数,将数据写入对应节点

    (1)修改配置文件

    vim schema.xml
    <table name="t4" dataNode="sh1,sh2" rule="mod-long" />
    
    vim rule.xml
      <function name="mod-long" class="io.mycat.route.function.PartitionByMod">
                    <property name="count">2</property>
            </function>
    

    (2)创建测试表:

    mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table t4 (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);"
    
    mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table t4 (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);"
    

    (3)测试

    重启mycat 
    mycat restart 
    
    测试: 
    mysql -uroot -p123456 -h10.0.0.52 -P8066
    
    use TESTDB
    insert into t4(id,name) values(1,'a');
    insert into t4(id,name) values(2,'b');
    insert into t4(id,name) values(3,'c');
    insert into t4(id,name) values(4,'d');
    

    (4)查看结果,分别登录后端节点查询数据

    mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock 
    use taobao
    select * from t4;
    
    mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock 
    use taobao
    select * from t4;
    

    11.3 枚举分片

    vim schema.xml
    <table name="t5" dataNode="sh1,sh2" rule="sharding-by-intfile" />
    
    vim rule.xml
    <tableRule name="sharding-by-intfile"> 
    <rule> <columns>name</columns> 
    <algorithm>hash-int</algorithm> 
    </rule> 
    </tableRule> 
    
    <function name="hash-int" class="org.opencloudb.route.function.PartitionByFileMap"> 
    <property name="mapFile">partition-hash-int.txt</property> 
      <property name="type">1</property>
    </function> 
    
    partition-hash-int.txt 配置: 
    bj=0 
    sh=1
    DEFAULT_NODE=1 
    columns 标识将要分片的表字段,algorithm 分片函数, 其中分片函数配置中,mapFile标识配置文件名称
    

    创建测试表:

    mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table t5 (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);"
    
    mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table t5 (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);"
    

    测试

    重启mycat 
    mycat restart 
    
    mysql -uroot -p123456 -h10.0.0.52 -P8066
    use TESTDB
    insert into t5(id,name) values(1,'bj');
    insert into t5(id,name) values(2,'sh');
    insert into t5(id,name) values(3,'bj');
    insert into t5(id,name) values(4,'sh');
    insert into t5(id,name) values(5,'tj');
    

    分别登录后端节点查询数据

    mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;select * from t5;"
    mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;select * from t5;"
    

    MyCAT 全局表

    使用场景

    如果你的业务中有些数据类似于数据字典,比如配置文件的配置,
    常用业务的配置或者数据量不大很少变动的表,这些表往往不是特别大,
    而且大部分的业务场景都会用到,那么这种表适合于Mycat全局表,无须对数据进行切分,
    要在所有的分片上保存一份数据即可,Mycat 在Join操作中,业务表与全局表进行Join聚合会优先选择相同分片内的全局表join,
    避免跨库Join,在进行数据插入操作时,mycat将把数据分发到全局表对应的所有分片执行,在进行数据读取时候将会随机获取一个节点读取数据。
    修改配置文件

    vim schema.xml 
    <table name="t_area" primaryKey="id"  type="global" dataNode="sh1,sh2" /> 
    

    后端数据准备

    mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table t_area (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);"
    
    mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table t_area (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);"
    

    测试

    重启mycat 
    mycat restart 
    
    测试:
    mysql -uroot -p123456 -h10.0.0.52 -P8066
    
    use TESTDB
    insert into t_area(id,name) values(1,'a');
    insert into t_area(id,name) values(2,'b');
    insert into t_area(id,name) values(3,'c');
    insert into t_area(id,name) values(4,'d');
    

    分别登录后端节点查询数据

    mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;select * from t_area;"
    mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;select * from t_area;"
    
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/lpcsf/p/12077389.html
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