• Spring Boot 的单元测试和集成测试


    学习如何使用本教程中提供的工具,并在 Spring Boot 环境中编写单元测试和集成测试。

    1. 概览

    本文中,我们将了解如何编写单元测试并将其集成在 Spring Boot 环境中。你可在网上找到大量关于这个主题的教程,但很难在一个页面中找到你需要的所有信息。我经常注意到初级开发人员混淆了单元测试和集成测试的概念,特别是在谈到 Spring 生态系统时。我将尝试讲清楚不同注解在不同上下文中的用法。

    2. 单元测试 vs. 集成测试

    维基百科是这么说 单元测试 的:

    在计算机编程中,单元测试是一种软件测试方法,用以测试源代码的单个单元、一个或多个计算机程序模块的集合以及相关的控制数据、使用过程和操作过程,以确定它们是否适合使用。

    集成测试

    “集成测试(有时也称集成和测试,缩写为 I&T)是软件测试的一个阶段,在这个阶段中,各个软件模块被组合在一起来进行测试。”

    简而言之,当我们在做单元测试时,只是测试了一个代码单元,每次只测试一个方法,不包括与正测试组件相交互的其他所有组件。

    另一方面,在集成测试中,我们测试各组件之间的集成。由于单元测试,我们可知这些组件行为与所需一致,但不清楚它们是如何在一起工作的。这就是集成测试的职责。

    3. Java 单元测试

    所有 Java 开发者都知道 JUnit 是执行单元测试的主要框架。它提供了许多注解来对期望进行断言。

    Hamcrest 是一个用于软件测试的附加框架。Hamcrest 允许使用现有的 matcher 类来检查代码中的条件,还允许自定义 matcher 实现。要在 JUnit 中使用 Hamcrest matcher,必须使用 assertThat 语句,后跟一个或多个 matcher。

    在这里,你可以看到使用这两种框架的简单测试:

    import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.allOf;
    import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.anyOf;
    import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.both;
    import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.containsString;
    import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.equalTo;
    import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.everyItem;
    import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.hasItems;
    import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.not;
    import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.sameInstance;
    import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.startsWith;
    import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
    import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
    import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
    import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
    import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotSame;
    import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
    import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame;
    import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;
    import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
    
    import java.util.Arrays;
    
    import org.hamcrest.core.CombinableMatcher;
    import org.junit.Test;
    
    public class AssertTests {
      @Test
      public void testAssertArrayEquals() {
        byte[] expected = "trial".getBytes();
        byte[] actual = "trial".getBytes();
        assertArrayEquals("failure - byte arrays not same", expected, actual);
      }
    
      @Test
      public void testAssertEquals() {
        assertEquals("failure - strings are not equal", "text", "text");
      }
    
      @Test
      public void testAssertFalse() {
        assertFalse("failure - should be false", false);
      }
    
      @Test
      public void testAssertNotNull() {
        assertNotNull("should not be null", new Object());
      }
    
      @Test
      public void testAssertNotSame() {
        assertNotSame("should not be same Object", new Object(), new Object());
      }
    
      @Test
      public void testAssertNull() {
        assertNull("should be null", null);
      }
    
      @Test
      public void testAssertSame() {
        Integer aNumber = Integer.valueOf(768);
        assertSame("should be same", aNumber, aNumber);
      }
    
      // JUnit Matchers assertThat
      @Test
      public void testAssertThatBothContainsString() {
        assertThat("albumen", both(containsString("a")).and(containsString("b")));
      }
    
      @Test
      public void testAssertThatHasItems() {
        assertThat(Arrays.asList("one", "two", "three"), hasItems("one", "three"));
      }
    
      @Test
      public void testAssertThatEveryItemContainsString() {
        assertThat(Arrays.asList(new String[] { "fun", "ban", "net" }), everyItem(containsString("n")));
      }
    
      // Core Hamcrest Matchers with assertThat
      @Test
      public void testAssertThatHamcrestCoreMatchers() {
        assertThat("good", allOf(equalTo("good"), startsWith("good")));
        assertThat("good", not(allOf(equalTo("bad"), equalTo("good"))));
        assertThat("good", anyOf(equalTo("bad"), equalTo("good")));
        assertThat(7, not(CombinableMatcher.<Integer> either(equalTo(3)).or(equalTo(4))));
        assertThat(new Object(), not(sameInstance(new Object())));
      }
    
      @Test
      public void testAssertTrue() {
        assertTrue("failure - should be true", true);
      }
    }
    

    4. 介绍我们的案例

    让我们来写一个简单的程序吧。其目的是为漫画提供一个基本的搜索引擎。

    Kenshiro vs Roul

    4.1. Maven 依赖

    首先,需要添加一些依赖到我们的工程中。

    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
      <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
      <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
      <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
      <artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
      <version>1.16.20</version>
      <scope>provided</scope>
    </dependency>
    

    4.2. 定义 Model

    我们的模型非常简单,只有两个类组成:Manga 和 MangaResult

    4.2.1. Manga 类

    Manga 类表示系统检索到的 Manga 实例。使用 Lombok 来减少样板代码。

    package com.mgiglione.model;
    
    import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
    import lombok.Builder;
    import lombok.Getter;
    import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;
    import lombok.Setter;
    
    @Getter @Setter @NoArgsConstructor @AllArgsConstructor @Builder
    public class Manga {
        private String title;
        private String description;
        private Integer volumes;
        private Double score;
    }
    

    4.2.2. MangaResult

    MangaResult 类是包含了一个 Manga List 的包装类。

    package com.mgiglione.model;
    
    import java.util.List;
    
    import lombok.Getter;
    import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;
    import lombok.Setter;
    
    @Getter @Setter @NoArgsConstructor
    public class MangaResult {
        private List<Manga> result;
    }
    

    4.3. 实现 Service

    为实现本 Service,我们将使用由 Jikan Moe 提供的免费 API 接口。

    RestTemplate 是用来对 API 进行发起 REST 调用的 Spring 类。

    package com.mgiglione.service;
    
    import java.util.List;
    
    import org.slf4j.Logger;
    import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
    import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
    import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
    import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;
    
    import com.mgiglione.model.Manga;
    import com.mgiglione.model.MangaResult;
    
    @Service
    public class MangaService {
    
        Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MangaService.class);
        private static final String MANGA_SEARCH_URL="http://api.jikan.moe/search/manga/";
        
        @Autowired
        RestTemplate restTemplate;
        
        public List<Manga> getMangasByTitle(String title) {
            return restTemplate.getForEntity(MANGA_SEARCH_URL+title, MangaResult.class).getBody().getResult();
        }
    
    }
    

    4.4. 实现 Controller

    下一步就是写一个暴露了两个端点的 REST Controller,一个是同步的,一个是异步的,其仅用于测试目的。该 Controller 使用了上面定义的 Service。

    package com.mgiglione.controller;
    
    import java.util.List;
    import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
    
    import org.slf4j.Logger;
    import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
    import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
    import org.springframework.scheduling.annotation.Async;
    import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
    import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
    import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
    import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
    import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
    
    import com.mgiglione.model.Manga;
    import com.mgiglione.service.MangaService;
    
    @RestController
    @RequestMapping(value = "/manga")
    public class MangaController {
    
        Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MangaController.class);
        
        @Autowired
        private MangaService mangaService;   
        
        @RequestMapping(value = "/async/{title}", method = RequestMethod.GET)
        @Async
        public CompletableFuture<List<Manga>> searchASync(@PathVariable(name = "title") String title) {
            return CompletableFuture.completedFuture(mangaService.getMangasByTitle(title));
        }
        
        @RequestMapping(value = "/sync/{title}", method = RequestMethod.GET)
        public @ResponseBody <List<Manga>> searchSync(@PathVariable(name = "title") String title) {
            return mangaService.getMangasByTitle(title);
        }
    
    }
    

    4.5. 启动并测试系统

    mvn spring-boot:run
    

    然后,Let’s try it:

    curl http://localhost:8080/manga/async/ken
    curl http://localhost:8080/manga/sync/ken
    

    示例输出:

    {  
       "title":"Rurouni Kenshin: Meiji Kenkaku Romantan",
       "description":"Ten years have passed since the end of Bakumatsu, an era of war that saw the uprising of citizens against the Tokugawa shogunate. The revolutionaries wanted to create a time of peace, and a thriving c...",
       "volumes":28,
       "score":8.69
    },
    {  
       "title":"Sun-Ken Rock",
       "description":"The story revolves around Ken, a man from an upper-class family that was orphaned young due to his family's involvement with the Yakuza; he became a high school delinquent known for fighting. The only...",
       "volumes":25,
       "score":8.12
    },
    {  
       "title":"Yumekui Kenbun",
       "description":"For those who suffer nightmares, help awaits at the Ginseikan Tea House, where patrons can order much more than just Darjeeling. Hiruko is a special kind of a private investigator. He's a dream eater....",
       "volumes":9,
       "score":7.97
    }
    

    5. Spring Boot 应用的单元测试

    Spring Boot 提供了一个强大的类以使测试变得简单:@SpringBootTest 注解

    可以在基于 Spring Boot 运行的测试类上指定此注解。

    除常规 Spring TestContext Framework 之外,其还提供以下功能:

    • 当 @ContextConfiguration (loader=…) 没有特别声明时,使用 SpringBootContextLoader 作为默认 ContextLoader。
    • 在未使用嵌套的 @Configuration 注解,且未显式指定相关类时,自动搜索 @SpringBootConfiguration。
    • 允许使用 Properties 来自定义 Environment 属性。
    • 对不同的 Web 环境模式提供支持,包括启动在已定义或随机端口上的完全运行的 Web 服务器的功能。
    • 注册 TestRestTemplate 和 / 或 WebTestClient Bean,以便在完全运行在 Web 服务器上的 Web 测试中使用。

    此处,我们仅有两个组件需要测试:MangaService 和 MangaController

    5.1. 对 MangaService 进行单元测试

    为了测试 MangaService,我们需要将其与外部组件隔离开来。本例中,只需要一个外部组件:RestTemplate,我们用它来调用远程 API。

    我们需要做的是模拟 RestTemplate Bean,并让它始终以固定的给定响应进行响应。Spring Test 结合并扩展了 Mockito 库,通过 @MockBean 注解,我们可以配置模拟 Bean。

    package com.mgiglione.service.test.unit;
    
    import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
    import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
    
    import java.io.IOException;
    import java.util.List;
    
    import org.junit.Test;
    import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
    import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
    import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
    import org.springframework.boot.test.mock.mockito.MockBean;
    import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
    import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
    import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner;
    import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;
    import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
    
    import com.mgiglione.model.Manga;
    import com.mgiglione.model.MangaResult;
    import com.mgiglione.service.MangaService;
    import com.mgiglione.utils.JsonUtils;
    
    @RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
    @SpringBootTest
    public class MangaServiceUnitTest {
        
        @Autowired
        private MangaService mangaService;
        
        // MockBean is the annotation provided by Spring that wraps mockito one
        // Annotation that can be used to add mocks to a Spring ApplicationContext.
        // If any existing single bean of the same type defined in the context will be replaced by the mock, if no existing bean is defined a new one will be added.
        @MockBean
        private RestTemplate template;
        
        @Test
        public void testGetMangasByTitle() throws IOException {
            // Parsing mock file
            MangaResult mRs = JsonUtils.jsonFile2Object("ken.json", MangaResult.class);
            // Mocking remote service
            when(template.getForEntity(any(String.class), any(Class.class))).thenReturn(new ResponseEntity(mRs, HttpStatus.OK));
            // I search for goku but system will use mocked response containing only ken, so I can check that mock is used.
            List<Manga> mangasByTitle = mangaService.getMangasByTitle("goku");
            assertThat(mangasByTitle).isNotNull()
                .isNotEmpty()
                .allMatch(p -> p.getTitle()
                    .toLowerCase()
                    .contains("ken"));
        }
        
    }
    

    5.2. 对 MangaController 进行单元测试

    正如在 MangaService 的单元测试中所做的那样,我们需要隔离组件。在这种情况下,我们需要模拟 MangaService Bean。

    然后,我们还有一个问题……Controller 部分是管理 HttpRequest 的系统的一部分,因此我们需要一个系统来模拟这种行为,而非启动完整的 HTTP 服务器。

    MockMvc 是执行该操作的 Spring 类。其可以以不同的方式进行设置:

    1. 使用 Standalone Context
    2. 使用 WebApplication Context
    3. 让 Spring 通过在测试类上使用 @SpringBootTest、@AutoConfigureMockMvc 这些注解来加载所有的上下文,以实现自动装配
    4. 让 Spring 通过在测试类上使用 @WebMvcTest 注解来加载 Web 层上下文,以实现自动装配
    package com.mgiglione.service.test.unit;
    
    import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.is;
    import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
    import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
    import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.asyncDispatch;
    import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.get;
    import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultHandlers.print;
    import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.jsonPath;
    import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.request;
    import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.status;
    import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.setup.MockMvcBuilders.standaloneSetup;
    
    import java.util.ArrayList;
    import java.util.List;
    
    import org.junit.Before;
    import org.junit.Test;
    import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
    import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
    import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
    import org.springframework.boot.test.mock.mockito.MockBean;
    import org.springframework.http.MediaType;
    import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner;
    import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MockMvc;
    import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MvcResult;
    import org.springframework.web.context.WebApplicationContext;
    
    import com.mgiglione.controller.MangaController;
    import com.mgiglione.model.Manga;
    import com.mgiglione.service.MangaService;
    
    @SpringBootTest
    @RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
    public class MangaControllerUnitTest {
    
        MockMvc mockMvc;
        
        @Autowired
        protected WebApplicationContext wac;
        
        @Autowired
        MangaController mangaController;
        
        @MockBean
        MangaService mangaService;
        
        /**
         * List of samples mangas
         */
        private List<Manga> mangas;
        
        @Before
        public void setup() throws Exception {
            this.mockMvc = standaloneSetup(this.mangaController).build();// Standalone context
            // mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders.webAppContextSetup(wac)
            // .build();
            Manga manga1 = Manga.builder()
                .title("Hokuto no ken")
                .description("The year is 199X. The Earth has been devastated by nuclear war...")
                .build();
            Manga manga2 = Manga.builder()
                .title("Yumekui Kenbun")
                .description("For those who suffer nightmares, help awaits at the Ginseikan Tea House, where patrons can order much more than just Darjeeling. Hiruko is a special kind of a private investigator. He's a dream eater....")
                .build();
            mangas = new ArrayList<>();
            mangas.add(manga1);
            mangas.add(manga2);
        }
        
        @Test
        public void testSearchSync() throws Exception {
            // Mocking service
            when(mangaService.getMangasByTitle(any(String.class))).thenReturn(mangas);
            mockMvc.perform(get("/manga/sync/ken").contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON))
                .andExpect(status().isOk())
                .andExpect(jsonPath("$[0].title", is("Hokuto no ken")))
                .andExpect(jsonPath("$[1].title", is("Yumekui Kenbun")));
        }
    
        @Test
        public void testSearchASync() throws Exception {
            // Mocking service
            when(mangaService.getMangasByTitle(any(String.class))).thenReturn(mangas);
            MvcResult result = mockMvc.perform(get("/manga/async/ken").contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON))
                .andDo(print())
                .andExpect(request().asyncStarted())
                .andDo(print())
                // .andExpect(status().is2xxSuccessful()).andReturn();
                .andReturn();
            // result.getRequest().getAsyncContext().setTimeout(10000);
            mockMvc.perform(asyncDispatch(result))
                .andDo(print())
                .andExpect(status().isOk())
                .andExpect(jsonPath("$[0].title", is("Hokuto no ken")));
        }
    }
    

    正如在代码中所看到的那样,选择第一种解决方案是因为其是最轻量的一个,并且我们可以对 Spring 上下文中加载的对象有更好的治理。

    在异步测试中,必须首先通过调用服务,然后启动 asyncDispatch 方法来模拟异步行为。

    6. Spring Boot 应用的集成测试

    对于集成测试,我们希望提供下游通信来检查我们的主要组件。

    6.1. 对 MangaService 进行集成测试

    这个测试也是非常简单的。我们不需要模拟任何东西,因为我们的目的就是要调用远程 Manga API。

    package com.mgiglione.service.test.integration;
    
    import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
    
    import java.util.List;
    
    import org.junit.Test;
    import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
    import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
    import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
    import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner;
    
    import com.mgiglione.model.Manga;
    import com.mgiglione.service.MangaService;
    
    @RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
    @SpringBootTest
    public class MangaServiceIntegrationTest {
    
        @Autowired
        private MangaService mangaService;
        
        @Test
        public void testGetMangasByTitle() {
               List<Manga> mangasByTitle = mangaService.getMangasByTitle("ken");
               assertThat(mangasByTitle).isNotNull().isNotEmpty();
        }
        
    }
    

    6.2. 对 MangaController 进行集成测试

    这个测试和单元测试很是相似,但在这个案例中,我们无需再模拟 MangaService。

    package com.mgiglione.service.test.integration;
    
    import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.hasItem;
    import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.is;
    import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.asyncDispatch;
    import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.get;
    import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultHandlers.print;
    import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.jsonPath;
    import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.request;
    import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.status;
    import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.setup.MockMvcBuilders.standaloneSetup;
    
    import org.junit.Before;
    import org.junit.Test;
    import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
    import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
    import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
    import org.springframework.http.MediaType;
    import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner;
    import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MockMvc;
    import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MvcResult;
    import org.springframework.web.context.WebApplicationContext;
    
    import com.mgiglione.controller.MangaController;
    
    @SpringBootTest
    @RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
    public class MangaControllerIntegrationTest {
    
        // @Autowired
        MockMvc mockMvc;
        
        @Autowired
        protected WebApplicationContext wac;
        
        @Autowired
        MangaController mangaController;
        
        @Before
        public void setup() throws Exception {
            this.mockMvc = standaloneSetup(this.mangaController).build();// Standalone context
            // mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders.webAppContextSetup(wac)
            // .build();
        }
        
        @Test
        public void testSearchSync() throws Exception {
            mockMvc.perform(get("/manga/sync/ken").contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON))
                .andExpect(status().isOk())
                .andExpect(jsonPath("$.*.title", hasItem(is("Hokuto no Ken"))));
        }
        
        @Test
        public void testSearchASync() throws Exception {
            MvcResult result = mockMvc.perform(get("/manga/async/ken").contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON))
                .andDo(print())
                .andExpect(request().asyncStarted())
                .andDo(print())
                .andReturn();
            mockMvc.perform(asyncDispatch(result))
                .andDo(print())
                .andExpect(status().isOk())
                .andExpect(jsonPath("$.*.title", hasItem(is("Hokuto no Ken"))));
        }
    
    }
    

    7. 结论

    我们已经了解了在 Spring Boot 环境下单元测试和集成测试的主要不同,了解了像 Hamcrest 这样简化测试编写的框架。当然,也可以在我的 GitHub 仓库 里找到所有代码。

    原文:https://dzone.com/articles/unit-and-integration-tests-in-spring-boot-2

    作者:Marco Giglione

    译者:万想


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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/liululee/p/11595537.html
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