http://blog.chinaunix.net/uid-23504396-id-4661783.html
执行subprocess的时候,执行不是问题
最麻烦的是获取进程执行后的回显来确认是否正确执行,还不能阻塞
还要获取进程执行后的返回状态确认进程是否正确结束,也不能阻塞
分开解决这个问题
我们先解决第一个问题,获取回显
一般获取回显,代码都是如下写法
点击(此处)折叠或打开
- sub_process = subprocess.Popen(command, stdin = subprocess.PIPE,stdout = subprocess.PIPE,stderr = subprocess.PIPE, shell = True)
为了搞清楚subprocess是怎么获取子进程stdout的,我们首先看看 subprocess.PIPE是什么
进入代码里可以看见subprocess.PIPE 直接是个int -1
再看看网上一般获取subprocess回显的代码
点击(此处)折叠或打开
- lines = sub_process.stdout.readline()
subprocess.PIPE是-1,为什么Popen这个类的stdout变成了什么对象,可以用readline方法呢
打印type可以知道Popen对象的stdout的类型是file,我们看看subprocess里做了什么操作。
我们看看Popen的init方法(python 2.7.8)
stdout传入_get_handles函数准换出(p2cread, p2cwrite,c2pread, c2pwrite,errread, errwrite)
点击(此处)折叠或打开
- (p2cread, p2cwrite,
- c2pread, c2pwrite,
- errread, errwrite) = self._get_handles(stdin, stdout, stderr)
p2cread, p2cwrite,c2pread, c2pwrite,errread, errwrite 传入_execute_child中,这个函数看名字就知道是真正的执行函数
点击(此处)折叠或打开
- self._execute_child(args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds,
- cwd, env, universal_newlines,
- startupinfo, creationflags, shell,
- p2cread, p2cwrite,
- c2pread, c2pwrite,
- errread, errwrite)
p2cread, p2cwrite,c2pread, c2pwrite,errread, errwrite传入执行函数后,stdout等通过fdopen函数转换问file对象
点击(此处)折叠或打开
- if p2cwrite is not None:
- self.stdin = os.fdopen(p2cwrite, 'wb', bufsize)
- if c2pread is not None:
- if universal_newlines:
- self.stdout = os.fdopen(c2pread, 'rU', bufsize)
- else:
- self.stdout = os.fdopen(c2pread, 'rb', bufsize)
- if errread is not None:
- if universal_newlines:
- self.stderr = os.fdopen(errread, 'rU', bufsize)
- else:
- self.stderr = os.fdopen(errread, 'rb', bufsize)
我们先看看_get_handles方法,部分代码如下
点击(此处)折叠或打开
- def _get_handles(self, stdin, stdout, stderr):
- """Construct and return tuple with IO objects:
- p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite
- """
- p2cread, p2cwrite = None, None
- c2pread, c2pwrite = None, None
- errread, errwrite = None, None
- if stdin is None:
- pass
- elif stdin == PIPE:
- p2cread, p2cwrite = self.pipe_cloexec()
- elif isinstance(stdin, int):
- p2cread = stdin
- else:
- # Assuming file-like object
- p2cread = stdin.fileno()
再跟踪进去看pipe_cloexec
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- def pipe_cloexec(self):
- """Create a pipe with FDs set CLOEXEC."""
- # Pipes' FDs are set CLOEXEC by default because we don't want them
- # to be inherited by other subprocesses: the CLOEXEC flag is removed
- # from the child is FDs by _dup2(), between fork() and exec().
- # This is not atomic: we would need the pipe2() syscall for that.
- r, w = os.pipe()
- self._set_cloexec_flag(r)
- self._set_cloexec_flag(w)
- return r, w
可以知道,当stdout赋值为subprocess.PIPE(即-1)时,subprocess内部通过os.pipe()创建一个管道,并返回管道的读,写文件描述符
点击(此处)折叠或打开
- os.pipe()
- Create a pipe. Return a pair of file descriptors (r, w) usable for reading and writing, respectively.
_set_cloexec_flag函数暂时不用详细看了,只是通过fcntl设置下文件做控制。
所以从这里我可以看出stdout等传入subprocess.PIPE后,这个值只是作为一个判断值,判断为此值以后,内部通过os.piep()用作输入输出传送。
由于subprocess内部创建的pipe()大小不可控,所以推举做法是使用StringIO创建一个内存文件对象,并传入这个对象的fileno,参考文章
http://backend.blog.163.com/blog/static/2022941262014016710912/
现在就剩下单问题就是,这个管道如何获得子进程的输入输出的呢,这就要看_execute_child里是怎么做的了
具体说明我直接在下面源代码里注释说明,最后再做总结
点击(此处)折叠或打开
- def _execute_child(self, args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds,
- cwd, env, universal_newlines,
- startupinfo, creationflags, shell,
- p2cread, p2cwrite,
- c2pread, c2pwrite,
- errread, errwrite):
- """Execute program (POSIX version)"""
- if isinstance(args, types.StringTypes):
- args = [args]
- else:
- args = list(args)
- if shell:
- args = ["/bin/sh", "-c"] + args
- if executable:
- args[0] = executable
- if executable is None:
- executable = args[0]
- #这里又创建了一个管道,这个管道只用来获取自进程try后except出来的内容,不是获取stderr
- errpipe_read, errpipe_write = self.pipe_cloexec()
- try:
- try:
- gc_was_enabled = gc.isenabled()
- #这里关闭了gc回收,防止对象被回收,这里值得学习。
- gc.disable()
- try:
- self.pid = os.fork()
- except:
- if gc_was_enabled:
- gc.enable()
- raise
- self._child_created = True
- if self.pid == 0:
- #如果pid为0,表示自己是子进程,执行下面代码(父进程获取到的是子进程的PID,不执行此代码)
- #父子进程pipe()通信原理——利用pipe()建立起来的无名文件(无路径名)。只用该系统调用所返回的文件描述符来标识该文件.
- #只有调用pipe()的进程及其子孙进程才能识别此文件描述符,才能利用该文件(管道)进行通信。当这些进程不再使用此管道时,核心收回其索引结点。
- #如果Pope对象初始化的时候,stdin stdout stderr都用subprocess.PIPE的话,那么fork前会创建3个管道,并传入对应的文件描述符进来
- try:
- #关闭从父进程复制过来的的不需要的管道的一端
- if p2cwrite is not None:
- os.close(p2cwrite)
- if c2pread is not None:
- os.close(c2pread)
- if errread is not None:
- os.close(errread)
- os.close(errpipe_read)
- #下面都是做了一些文件描述符复制操作,反正通过下面的代码将子进程的输出传到父进程
- #那些描述符复制操作基本就相当于把子进程的stdout、stdin、stderr的fd绑定的父进程传过来的文件描述符上
- # When duping fds, if there arises a situation
- # where one of the fds is either 0, 1 or 2, it
- # is possible that it is overwritten (#12607).
- if c2pwrite == 0:
- c2pwrite = os.dup(c2pwrite)
- if errwrite == 0 or errwrite == 1:
- errwrite = os.dup(errwrite)
- # Dup fds for child
- def _dup2(a, b):
- # dup2() removes the CLOEXEC flag but
- # we must do it ourselves if dup2()
- # would be a no-op (issue #10806).
- if a == b:
- self._set_cloexec_flag(a, False)
- elif a is not None:
- os.dup2(a, b)
- _dup2(p2cread, 0)
- _dup2(c2pwrite, 1)
- _dup2(errwrite, 2)
- #2.7才有的写法,2.6这样写报错,2.7大概这样写比list里找快一点,所以用了dict
- #如果管道文件描述符大于2的话,关闭从主进程赋值过来的管道的一端,
- closed = { None }
- for fd in [p2cread, c2pwrite, errwrite]:
- if fd not in closed and fd > 2:
- os.close(fd)
- closed.add(fd)
- #这里控制关闭前面用来保存except输出的管道
- if close_fds:
- self._close_fds(but=errpipe_write)
- #切换下执行目录防止运行出错,这里也值得学习!
- if cwd is not None:
- os.chdir(cwd)
- if preexec_fn:
- preexec_fn()
- #可以看到,最终是通过execvp/execvpe来执行系统命令的
- if env is None:
- os.execvp(executable, args)
- else:
- os.execvpe(executable, args, env)
- except:
- exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info()
- # Save the traceback and attach it to the exception object
- exc_lines = traceback.format_exception(exc_type,
- exc_value,
- tb)
- exc_value.child_traceback = ''.join(exc_lines)
- #子进程将错误信息写入接受except的管道的写端
- os.write(errpipe_write, pickle.dumps(exc_value))
- #这里退出子进程
- os._exit(255)
- #父进程启动自进程后,重新打开gc回收
- if gc_was_enabled:
- gc.enable()
- finally:
- #父关闭保存子进程except输出的管道的写端
- os.close(errpipe_write)
- #父进程也关闭不需要使用的管道的一端
- if p2cread is not None and p2cwrite is not None:
- os.close(p2cread)
- if c2pwrite is not None and c2pread is not None:
- os.close(c2pwrite)
- if errwrite is not None and errread is not None:
- os.close(errwrite)
- #通过获取except输出的管道的读端获取最大1M的数据
- data = _eintr_retry_call(os.read, errpipe_read, 1048576)
- finally:
- #父关闭保存子进程except输出的管道的读端
- os.close(errpipe_read)
- #如果有子进程except输出,抛出自定义错误,init函数那边会try到并做相应处理
- if data != "":
- try:
- _eintr_retry_call(os.waitpid, self.pid, 0)
- except OSError as e:
- if e.errno != errno.ECHILD:
- raise
- child_exception = pickle.loads(data)
- raise child_exception
下面我们总结下,创建Popen对象时,我们传入subprocess.PIPE。
内部通过os.pipe()创建1-3个管道
生成的子进程复制了这些管道的文件描述符,子进程内部将自己的输出绑定到这写管道上
父进程通过os.fdopen将管道的文件描述符打开为file对象
并赋值给self.stdin self.stdout stderr
因为是file对象,我们就可以直接通过read、readline、readlines等方法获取回显的字符串了
但是由于file对象的read、readline、readlines方法都是阻塞的,那么我们可以这样。
新建立一个线程去读取,并把读出来的内容塞入一个列表,每次我们主进程都去读取这个列表的最后一列
线程中读取后写入列表的延迟 需要大于主进程读取列表最后一列的延迟,以免判断内容还没被主进程读取已经进入下一列
读取子进程回显函数
点击(此处)折叠或打开
- def stdout_theard(end_mark,cur_stdout,stdout_lock,string_list):
- #用户获取subprocess的stdout输出的线程,防止阻塞
- #cur_stdout是一个file对象,end_mark是个随机字符串,获取到这个字符串表明结束
- #先暂停0.01秒
- time.sleep(0.01)
- for i in range(3000):
- try:
- out_put = cur_stdout.readline()
- if not out_put:
- #添加结束标记
- stdout_lock.acquire()
- string_list.append(end_mark)
- stdout_lock.release()
- break
- if out_put == end_mark:
- #out put正好和end_mark相等的特殊情况
- continue
- #外部获取到指定内容会清理string_list列表,所以要加锁
- stdout_lock.acquire()
- string_list.append(out_put.rstrip().lstrip())
- stdout_lock.release()
- time.sleep(0.03)
- except:
- print 'wtffff!!!!!!tuichule !!'
- break
主进程中启动线程
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- stdout_list = []
- stdout_lock = threading.Lock()
- end_mark = 'end9c2nfxz'
- cur_stdout_thread = threading.Thread(target=stdout_theard, args=(end_mark,sub_process.stdout,stdout_lock,stdout_list))
- cur_stdout_thread.setDaemon('True')
- cur_stdout_thread.start()
主进程中判断子进程回显内容是否正确
我的例子是的作用是 erl进程里输入command_reload_list里的所有命令,并判断并记录每个命令执行后是否有ok_str返回
点击(此处)折叠或打开
- for command_reload_dict in command_reload_list:
- sub_process.stdin.write(command_reload_dict['com'] + ' ')
- #每个命令执行后通过线程修改的str list的最后一个元素来获取取回显的最后一行
- #得到返回值等于ok_str的为正确,延迟0.2后退出并清理回显,否则总共等待300*0.01秒
- ok_str = 'load module %s true' % command_reload_dict['mod']
- for i in xrange(300):
- if len(stdout_list)>0:
- #获得正确的返回,退出
- if stdout_list[-1] == ok_str:
- #记录当前模块热更成功
- command_reload_dict['res'] = 'ok'
- break
- if stdout_list[-1] == end_mark:
- #遇到end_mark 说明读线程已经结束,说明有错,直接退出
- return_value['msg'] += 'reload mod process has been exit in [%s]' % command_reload_dict['mod']
- return return_value
- break
- time.sleep(0.01)
- #清除上个reload命令产生的回显
- stdout_lock.acquire()
- del stdout_list[:]
- stdout_lock.release()
- #子进程输入退出命令
- sub_process.stdin.write('q(). ')
- #等待tmp erl 进程退出
- for i in xrange(300):
- if len(stdout_list)>0:
- if stdout_list[-1] == end_mark:
- break
- time.sleep(0.01)
=======================================第二个问题的分割线=========================================
进程执行后的返回状态确认进程是否正确结束,不能阻塞
之前我有接触过这个问题的,当时还没细看subprocess源码
http://blog.chinaunix.net/uid-23504396-id-4471612.html
我现在的写法
点击(此处)折叠或打开
- if stop_process.poll() is None:
- try:
- if stop_process.stdout:
- stop_process.stdout.close()
- if stop_process.stderr:
- stop_process.stderr.close()
- stop_process.terminate()
- time.sleep(0.5)
- if stop_process.poll() is None:
- stop_process.kill()
- time.sleep(0.2)
- if stop_process.poll() is None:
- print 'wtf!!!!'
- else:
- stop_process.wait()
- else:
- stop_process.wait()
- except:
- print 'wtf?'
上面代码我一直有个疑问,poll()之后如果有问题进程还没结束怎么办?
因为sub_process.wait()是阻塞的,所以我在poll以后直接sub_process.wait()是不是也会被卡住?
subprocess的wati到底调用了什么?
当然我也可以像获取回显那样,启一个线程,主进程通过一个可以指定次数的循环来获取wait返回。
不过这样做太绕了,所以我们直接进代码看,把wait彻底搞明白
点击(此处)折叠或打开
- def poll(self):
- return self._internal_poll()
点击(此处)折叠或打开
- def _internal_poll(self, _deadstate=None, _waitpid=os.waitpid,
- _WNOHANG=os.WNOHANG, _os_error=os.error, _ECHILD=errno.ECHILD):
- """Check if child process has terminated. Returns returncode
- attribute.
- This method is called by __del__, so it cannot reference anything
- outside of the local scope (nor can any methods it calls).
- """
- if self.returncode is None:
- try:
- pid, sts = _waitpid(self.pid, _WNOHANG)
- if pid == self.pid:
- self._handle_exitstatus(sts)
- except _os_error as e:
- if _deadstate is not None:
- self.returncode = _deadstate
- if e.errno == _ECHILD:
- # This happens if SIGCLD is set to be ignored or
- # waiting for child processes has otherwise been
- # disabled for our process. This child is dead, we
- # can not get the status.
- # http://bugs.python.org/issue15756
- self.returncode = 0
- return self.returncode
再看看wait的代码
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- def wait(self):
- """Wait for child process to terminate. Returns returncode
- attribute."""
- while self.returncode is None:
- try:
- pid, sts = _eintr_retry_call(os.waitpid, self.pid, 0)
- except OSError as e:
- if e.errno != errno.ECHILD:
- raise
- # This happens if SIGCLD is set to be ignored or waiting
- # for child processes has otherwise been disabled for our
- # process. This child is dead, we can not get the status.
- pid = self.pid
- sts = 0
- # Check the pid and loop as waitpid has been known to return
- # 0 even without WNOHANG in odd situations. issue14396.
- if pid == self.pid:
- self._handle_exitstatus(sts)
- return self.returncode
看到这里就明白了,poll和wait最终调用的是os.waitpid,但是poll是非阻塞的wait是阻塞的.....
我们看看python的文档
点击(此处)折叠或打开
- os.waitpid(pid, options)
- The details of this function differ on Unix and Windows.
- On Unix: Wait for completion of a child process given by process id pid, and return a tuple containing its process id and exit status indication (encoded as for wait()). The semantics of the call are affected by the value of the integer options, which should be 0 for normal operation.
- os.WNOHANG
- The option for waitpid() to return immediately if no child process status is available immediately. The function returns (0, 0) in this case.
所以,发送kill信号后,pool()后就不需要wait了