• Oracle数据迁移后由列的直方图统计信息引起的执行计划异常


    (一)问题背景

    在使用impdp进行数据导入的时候,往往在导入表和索引的统计信息的时候,速度非常慢,因此我在使用impdp进行导入时,会使用exclude=table_statistics排除表的统计信息,从而加快导入速度,之后再手动收集统计信息。

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                                                  图.impdp导入数据的时导入统计信息速度非常慢

    导入语句如下:

    impdp user/password directory=DUMPDIR dumpfile=TEST01.dmp logfile=TEST01.log remap_schema=TEST_USER:TEST_USER123 exclude=table_statistics

    手动收集统计信息语句如下:

    EXEC dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname => 'LIJIAMAN',tabname => 'TEST01');

    最近使用以上方法将数据还原到测试环境后,发现与生产环境执行计划存在偏差,本来应该走全表扫描的,却走了索引范围扫描。经过确认,是由于列的直方图统计信息未收集引发的执行计划偏差。


    (二)列的直方图统计信息

    什么是列的直方图统计信息呢?在Oracle数据库中,Oracle默认列上的值是在最小值与最大值之间均分布的,当在计算cardinatity时,会以均匀分布的方式计算,但是在实际生活中某些场景下数据并非均匀分布。举个列子,某公司有员工10000人,表A的列COL1记录员工的绩效(分别是:A、B、C、D,A最好,D最差),那么可能A占了15%,B占了60,C占了20%,D占了5%。很明显在该场景下数据并非均匀分布,假如以均匀分布的方式去统计员工的绩效,可能会导致执行计划失准。

    当列的数据分布不均匀的时候,就需要统计列上的数据分布情况,从而走出正确的执行计划,列的直方图统计信息就是记录列上的数据分布情况的。


    (三)异常模拟

    STEP1:创建测试表test01

    create table test01
    (id number,
    name varchar2(10)
    );
    create index idx_test01_id on test01(id);

    向test01中插入测试数据

    begin
    insert into test01 values(1,'a');
    
    for i in 1..10 loop
    insert into test01 values(2,'b');
    end loop;
    
    for i in 1..100 loop
    insert into test01 values(3,'c');
    end loop;
    
    for i in 1..1000 loop
    insert into test01 values(4,'d');
    end loop;
    
    commit;
    end;

    查看数据分布情况:

    SQL> SELECT ID,NAME,COUNT(*) FROM test01 GROUP BY ID,NAME ORDER BY COUNT(*);
    
    ID          NAME       COUNT(*)
    ---------- ---------- ----------
    1           a          1       
    2           b          10
    3           c          100
    4           d          1000


    STEP2:收集统计信息,因为上面查询过id列,故在收集统计信息的时候,会收集直方图的统计信息

    EXEC dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname => 'LIJIAMAN',tabname => 'TEST01');

    查看是否已经收集了直方图信息,发现id列上已经收集

    SQL> SELECT a.OWNER,a.TABLE_NAME,a.COLUMN_NAME,a.LOW_VALUE,a.HIGH_VALUE,a.NUM_BUCKETS,a.HISTOGRAM
    2 FROM dba_tab_columns a
    3 WHERE a.OWNER = 'LIJIAMAN' AND a.TABLE_NAME = 'TEST01';
    
    OWNER     TABLE_NAME   COLUMN_NAME   LOW_VALUE     HIGH_VALUE    NUM_BUCKETS   HISTOGRAM
    --------- -----------  ------------  ------------  ------------  -----------  ---------------
    LIJIAMAN  TEST01       ID            C102          C105          4             FREQUENCY
    LIJIAMAN  TEST01       NAME          61            64            1             NONE

    查看直方图,已经将id列的4个值放入了4个bucket中:

    SQL> SELECT * FROM dba_tab_histograms a WHERE a.OWNER = 'LIJIAMAN' AND a.TABLE_NAME = 'TEST01';
    
    OWNER        TABLE_NAME    COLUMN_NAME    ENDPOINT_NUMBER    ENDPOINT_VALUE ENDPOINT_ACTUAL_VALUE
    -----------  ------------  -------------  ---------------    -------------- ----------------------
    LIJIAMAN     TEST01        ID                           1                 1 
    LIJIAMAN     TEST01        ID                          11                 2 
    LIJIAMAN     TEST01        ID                         111                 3 
    LIJIAMAN     TEST01        ID                        1111                 4 
    LIJIAMAN     TEST01        NAME                         0    5.036527952778 
    LIJIAMAN     TEST01        NAME                         1    5.192296858534


    STEP3:查看id=1和id=4的执行计划,当id=1时,走索引范围扫描,当id=4时,走全表扫描

    id列存在直方图统计信息,当id=1时,走索引范围扫描 id列存在直方图统计信息,当id=4时,走全表扫描
    SELECT * FROM test01 WHERE ID=1
    
     Plan Hash Value  : 1151852672 
    
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    | Id  | Operation                     | Name          | Rows | Bytes | Cost | Time     |
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    |   0 | SELECT STATEMENT              |               |    1 |     5 |    2 | 00:00:01 |
    |   1 |   TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | TEST01        |    1 |     5 |    2 | 00:00:01 |
    | * 2 |    INDEX RANGE SCAN           | IDX_TEST01_ID |    1 |       |    1 | 00:00:01 |
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    
    Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
    ------------------------------------------
    * 2 - access("ID"=1)
    SELECT * FROM test01 WHERE ID=4
    
     Plan Hash Value  : 262542483 
    
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------
     | Id  | Operation           | Name   | Rows | Bytes | Cost | Time     |
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |   0 | SELECT STATEMENT    |        | 1000 |  5000 |    3 | 00:00:01 |
     | * 1 |   TABLE ACCESS FULL | TEST01 | 1000 |  5000 |    3 | 00:00:01 |
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------
    
    Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
     ------------------------------------------
     * 1 - filter("ID"=4)


    STEP4:接下来模拟数据迁移,排除统计信息

    导出表test01

    expdp lijiaman/lijiaman directory=DUMPDIR tables=LIJIAMAN.TEST01 dumpfile =test01.dmp

    删除原来的表:

    SQL> drop table test01;
    Table dropped

    再次导入表,排除统计信息:

    impdp lijiaman/lijiaman directory=DUMPDIR dumpfile =test01.dmp exclude=table_statistics

    查看表的统计信息,不存在统计信息:

    SQL> SELECT   a.OWNER,a.TABLE_NAME,a.COLUMN_NAME,a.LOW_VALUE,a.HIGH_VALUE,a.NUM_BUCKETS,a.HISTOGRAM
       2  FROM     dba_tab_columns a
       3  WHERE    a.OWNER = 'LIJIAMAN' AND a.TABLE_NAME = 'TEST01';
    
    OWNER          TABLE_NAME      COLUMN_NAME     LOW_VALUE    HIGH_VALUE   NUM_BUCKETS HISTOGRAM
     -------------- --------------- --------------- ------------ ------------ ----------- ---------------
     LIJIAMAN       TEST01          ID                                                    NONE
     LIJIAMAN       TEST01          NAME                                                  NONE


    STEP5:手动收集统计信息

    EXEC dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname => 'LIJIAMAN',tabname => 'TEST01');

    发现统计信息已经收集,但是不存在直方图的统计信息

    SQL> SELECT   a.OWNER,a.TABLE_NAME,a.COLUMN_NAME,a.LOW_VALUE,a.HIGH_VALUE,a.NUM_BUCKETS,a.HISTOGRAM
      2  FROM     dba_tab_columns a
      3  WHERE    a.OWNER = 'LIJIAMAN' AND a.TABLE_NAME = 'TEST01';
    
    OWNER     TABLE_NAME  COLUMN_NAME  LOW_VALUE   HIGH_VALUE  NUM_BUCKETS HISTOGRAM
    --------- ----------- -----------  ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------------
    LIJIAMAN  TEST01      ID           C102        C105                  1 NONE
    LIJIAMAN  TEST01      NAME         61          64                    1 NONE


    STEP6:再次查看id=1和id=4的执行计划,当id=1或id=4时,都走索引范围扫描

    id列未收集直方图统计信息,当id=1时,走索引范围扫描 id列未收集直方图统计信息,当id=4时,走索引范围扫描
    SELECT * FROM test01 WHERE ID=1
     Plan Hash Value  : 1151852672 
    
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    | Id  | Operation                     | Name          | Rows | Bytes | Cost | Time     |
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    |   0 | SELECT STATEMENT              |               |  278 |  1390 |    2 | 00:00:01 |
    |   1 |   TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | TEST01        |  278 |  1390 |    2 | 00:00:01 |
    | * 2 |    INDEX RANGE SCAN           | IDX_TEST01_ID |  278 |       |    1 | 00:00:01 |
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    
    Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
    ------------------------------------------
    * 2 - access("ID"=1)
    SELECT * FROM test01 WHERE ID=4
    
     Plan Hash Value  : 1151852672 
    
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    | Id  | Operation                     | Name          | Rows | Bytes | Cost | Time     |
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    |   0 | SELECT STATEMENT              |               |  278 |  1390 |    2 | 00:00:01 |
    |   1 |   TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | TEST01        |  278 |  1390 |    2 | 00:00:01 |
    | * 2 |    INDEX RANGE SCAN           | IDX_TEST01_ID |  278 |       |    1 | 00:00:01 |
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    
    Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
    ------------------------------------------
    * 2 - access("ID"=4)


    STEP7:再次收集统计信息,因为使用过了id列作为查询条件,故再次收集统计信息时,会收集id列的直方图信息:

    EXEC dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname => 'LIJIAMAN',tabname => 'TEST01');

    可以看到,此时已经收集了id列的直方图统计信息:

    SQL> SELECT   a.OWNER,a.TABLE_NAME,a.COLUMN_NAME,a.LOW_VALUE,a.HIGH_VALUE,a.NUM_BUCKETS,a.HISTOGRAM
      2  FROM     dba_tab_columns a
      3  WHERE    a.OWNER = 'LIJIAMAN' AND a.TABLE_NAME = 'TEST01';
    
    OWNER                          TABLE_NAME                     COLUMN_NAME                    LOW_VALUE     HIGH_VALUE    NUM_BUCKETS HISTOGRAM
    ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------- ------------- ----------- ---------------
    LIJIAMAN                       TEST01                         ID                             C102          C105                    4 FREQUENCY
    LIJIAMAN                       TEST01                         NAME                           61            64                      1 NONE
    

    执行计划已经按照我们想要的方式走:

    id列重新收集直方图统计信息,当id=1时,走索引范围扫描 id列重新收集直方图统计信息,当id=4时,走全表扫描
    SELECT * FROM test01 WHERE ID=1
    
     Plan Hash Value  : 1151852672 
    
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    | Id  | Operation                     | Name          | Rows | Bytes | Cost | Time     |
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    |   0 | SELECT STATEMENT              |               |    1 |     5 |    2 | 00:00:01 |
    |   1 |   TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | TEST01        |    1 |     5 |    2 | 00:00:01 |
    | * 2 |    INDEX RANGE SCAN           | IDX_TEST01_ID |    1 |       |    1 | 00:00:01 |
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    
    Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
    ------------------------------------------
    * 2 - access("ID"=1)
    SELECT * FROM test01 WHERE ID=4
    
     Plan Hash Value  : 262542483 
    
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------
    | Id  | Operation           | Name   | Rows | Bytes | Cost | Time     |
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------
    |   0 | SELECT STATEMENT    |        | 1000 |  5000 |    3 | 00:00:01 |
    | * 1 |   TABLE ACCESS FULL | TEST01 | 1000 |  5000 |    3 | 00:00:01 |
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------
    
    Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
    ------------------------------------------
    * 1 - filter("ID"=4)


    (四)总结

    在使用expdp/impdp进行导出/导入数据的时,统计信息是非常重要的,对于大部分统计信息,我们可以在导入结束之后收集获得。但是对于列的直方图统计信息,Oracle默认收集的方式是auto,即Oracle会根据用户对列的使用情况进行判断是否收集直方图统计信息,然而数据刚迁移完成,在表还未使用的情况下收集统计信息,往往收集不到列的直方图信息,这就造成了执行计划异常,这种情况通常在下一次收集统计信息之后会有所改变。



    参考文档:

    DBMS_STATS With METHOD_OPT =>'..SIZE auto' May Not Collect Histograms (Doc ID 557594.1)

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/lijiaman/p/13068772.html
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