lamp简介
所谓lamp，其实就是由Linux+Apache+Mysql/MariaDB+Php/Perl/Python的一组动态网站或者服务器的开源软件，除Linux外其它各部件本身都是各自独立的程序，但是因为经常被放在一起使用，拥有了越来越高的兼容度，共同组成了一个强大的Web应用程序平台。
LAMP指的是Linux（操作系统）、Apache（HTTP服务器）、MySQL（也指MariaDB，数据库软件）和PHP（有时也是指Perl或Python）的第一个字母，一般用来建立web应用平台。
web服务器工作流程
在说lamp架构平台的搭建前，我们先来了解下什么是CGI，什么是FastCGI，什么是......
web服务器的资源分为两种，静态资源和动态资源
- 静态资源就是指静态内容，客户端从服务器获得的资源的表现形式与原文件相同。可以简单的理解为就是直接存储于文件系统中的资源
- 动态资源则通常是程序文件，需要在服务器执行之后，将执行的结果返回给客户端
那么web服务器如何执行程序并将结果返回给客户端呢？下面通过一张图来说明一下web服务器如何处理客户端的请求
如上图所示
阶段①显示的是httpd服务器（即apache）和php服务器通过FastCGI协议进行通信，且php作为独立的服务进程运行
阶段②显示的是php程序和mysql数据库间通过mysql协议进行通信。php与mysql本没有什么联系，但是由Php语言写成的程序可以与mysql进行数据交互。同理perl和python写的程序也可以与mysql数据库进行交互
cgi与fastcgi
上图阶段①中提到了FastCGI，下面我们来了解下CGI与FastCGI。
CGI（Common Gateway Interface，通用网关接口），CGI是外部应用程序（CGI程序）与WEB服务器之间的接口标准，是在CGI程序和Web服务器之间传递信息的过程。CGI规范允许Web服务器执行外部程序，并将它们的输出发送给Web浏览器，CGI将web的一组简单的静态超媒体文档变成一个完整的新的交互式媒体。
FastCGI（Fast Common Gateway Interface）是CGI的改良版，CGI是通过启用一个解释器进程来处理每个请求，耗时且耗资源，而FastCGI则是通过master-worker形式来处理每个请求，即启动一个master主进程，然后根据配置启动几个worker进程，当请求进来时，master会从worker进程中选择一个去处理请求，这样就避免了重复的生成和杀死进程带来的频繁cpu上下文切换而导致耗时
httpd与php结合的方式
httpd与php结合的方式有以下三种：
- modules：php将以httpd的扩展模块形式存在，需要加载动态资源时，httpd可以直接通过php模块来加工资源并返回给客户端
- httpd prefork：libphp5.so（多进程模型的php）
- httpd event or worker：libphp5-zts.so（线程模型的php）
- CGI：httpd需要加载动态资源时，通过CGI与php解释器联系，获得php执行的结果，此时httpd负责与php连接的建立和断开等
- FastCGI：利用php-fpm机制，启动为服务进程，php自行运行为一个服务，https通过socket与php通信
web工作流程
通过上面的图说明一下web的工作流程：
客户端通过http协议请求web服务器资源
- web服务器收到请求后判断客户端请求的资源是静态资源或是动态资源
- 若是静态资源则直接从本地文件系统取之返回给客户端。
- 否则若为动态资源则通过FastCGI协议与php服务器联系，通过CGI程序的master进程调度worker进程来执行程序以获得客户端请求的动态资源，并将执行的结果通过FastCGI协议返回给httpd服务器，httpd服务器收到php的执行结果后将其封装为http响应报文响应给客户端。在执行程序获取动态资源时若需要获得数据库中的资源时，由Php服务器通过mysql协议与MySQL/MariaDB服务器交互，取之而后返回给httpd，httpd将从php服务器收到的执行结果封装成http响应报文响应给客户端。
lamp平台构建
环境说明：
| 系统平台 | IP | 需要安装的服务 |
| centos8 redhat8 | 192.168.220.40 | httpd mysql php php-mysql |
1.安装HTTP： //安装需要的包[root@chouyu ~]# yum -y install wget bzip2 gcc gcc-c++ make pcre-devel expat-devel libxml2-devel openssl-devel
[root@chouyu ~]# yum groups mark install 'Development Tools' //下载和安装apache，apr和apr-util [root@chouyu~]# wget https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/apache/httpd/httpd-2.4.46.tar.gz [root@chouyu~]# wget http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/apache//apr/apr-1.7.0.tar.gz [root@chouyu~]# wget http://mirrors.hust.edu.cn/apache//apr/apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz //创建apache用户和组 [root@chouyu~]# useradd -r -M -s /sbin/nologin apache //解压 [root@chouyu ~]# tar -xf apr-1.7.0.tar.gz [root@chouyu~]# tar -xf httpd-2.4.46.tar.gz [root@chouyu~]# tar -xf apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz [root@chouyu~]# cd apr-1.7.0 [root@chouyuapr-1.7.0]# vim configure cfgfile="${ofile}T" trap "$RM "$cfgfile"; exit 1" 1 2 15 # $RM "$cfgfile" //将此行加上注释，或者删除此行 [root@localhost apr-1.7.0]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr .................................................... //配置过程 [root@localhost apr-1.7.0]# make && make install ................................... //编译安装过程 [root@localhost apr-1.7.0]# cd /root/apr-util-1.6.1 [root@localhost apr-util-1.6.1]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr-util --with-apr=/usr/local/apr .................................... //配置过程 [root@localhost apr-util-1.6.1]# make && make install ......................................... //编译安装过程 //apache安装 [root@chouyu apr-util-1.6.1]# cd /root/httpd-2.4.46 [root@chouyu httpd-2.4.46]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache > --sysconfdir=/etc/httpd24 > --enable-so > --enable-ssl > --enable-cgi > --enable-rewrite > --with-zlib > --with-pcre > --with-apr=/usr/local/apr > --with-apr-util=/usr/local/apr-util/ > --enable-modules=most > --enable-mpms-shared=all > --with-mpm=prefork ....................................配置过程 [root@chouyu httpd-2.4.46]# make && make install ............................编译安装过程 //安装后配置 [root@localhost ~]# echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/apache/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh [root@localhost ~]# source /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh [root@localhost ~]# ln -s /usr/local/apache/include/ /usr/include/httpd [root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/man_db.conf MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/man MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/share/man MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/local/share/man MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/local/apache/man //添加此行 [root@chouyu ~]# vim /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf # #ServerName www.example.com:80 //取消前面的注释 //启动 [root@chouyu httpd-2.4.46]# apachectl start [root@chouyu httpd-2.4.46]# ss -antl State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:* LISTEN 0 128 *:80 *:* [root@chouyu httpd-2.4.46]# //安装依赖包 [root@localhost ~]# yum -y install ncurses-devel openssl-devel openssl cmake mariadb-devel ncurses-compat-libs //创建用户和组 [root@localhost ~]# useradd -r -M -s /sbin/nologin mysql //下载二进制格式mysql软件包 [root@localhost ~]# wget https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/p/23/file/mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz //解压软件 [root@localhost ~]# tar -xf mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/ [root@localhost ~]# ln -sv /usr/local/mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ /usr/local/mysql '/usr/local/mysql' -> '/usr/local/mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/' [root@localhost local]# chown -R mysql.mysql mysql* //添加环境变量 [root@localhost local]# echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/myslq.sh [root@localhost local]# source /etc/profile.d/myslq.sh [root@localhost local]# echo $PATH /usr/local/mysql/bin:/usr/local/apache/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin [root@localhost ~]# ln -s /usr/local/mysql/include/ /usr/include/mysql [root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/man_db.conf MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/local/apache/man MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/local/mysql/man //添加man文件 [root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/ld.so.conf.d/mysql.conf /usr/local/mysql/lib [root@localhost ~]# ldconfig #创建数据存放目录 [root@localhost local]# mkdir /mydata [root@localhost local]# chown -R mysql.mysql /mydata/ //初始化数据库 [root@chouyu local]# mysqld --initialize --user=mysql --datadir=/mydata 2021-01-03T12:26:58.269415Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details). 2021-01-03T12:26:58.522285Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790 2021-01-03T12:26:58.546744Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables. 2021-01-03T12:26:58.602304Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: f943bc2c-4dbe-11eb-8248-000c29aa2fbf. 2021-01-03T12:26:58.602972Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table 'mysql.gtid_executed' cannot be opened. 2021-01-03T12:26:58.917180Z 0 [Warning] CA certificate ca.pem is self signed. 2021-01-03T12:26:59.390382Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: Ewl1guldYj>! #修改my.cnf配置文件 [root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf #添加以下内容 [mysqld] basedir = /usr/local/mysql datadir = /mydata socket = /tmp/mysql.sock port = 3306 pid-file = /mydata/mysql.pid user = mysql skip-name-resolve [client-server] #配置服务启动脚本 [root@localhost ~]# cd /usr/local/mysql/support-files/ [root@localhost support-files]# ls magic mysqld_multi.server mysql-log-rotate mysql.server [root@localhost support-files]# cp mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld [root@localhost support-files]# vim /etc/init.d/mysqld # If you change base dir, you must also change datadir. These may get # overwritten by settings in the MySQL configuration files. basedir=/usr/local/mysql datadir=/mydata #启动mysql如果报错最下面有解决办法 [root@localhost ~]# service mysqld start Starting MySQL. SUCCESS! [root@chouyu support-files]# ss -antl State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:* LISTEN 0 80 *:3306 *:* LISTEN 0 128 *:80 *:* [root@chouyu support-files]# mysql -uroot -p'Ewl1guldYj>!' mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or g. Your MySQL connection id is 2 Server version: 5.7.31 Copyright (c) 2000, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or 'h' for help. Type 'c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> set password = password('123321123'); Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) mysql>
//安装依赖包 [root@chouyu ~]# yum -y install libxml2 libxml2-devel openssl openssl-devel bzip2 bzip2-devel libcurl libcurl-devel libicu-devel libjpeg libjpeg-devel libpng libpng-devel openldap-devel pcre-devel freetype freetype-devel gmp gmp-devel libmcrypt libmcrypt-devel readline readline-devel libxslt libxslt-devel mhash mhash-devel php-mysqlnd [root@chouyu ~]# yum -y install php-* [root@chouyu ~]# php -v [root@chouyu ~]# php -v PHP 7.2.24 (cli) (built: Oct 22 2019 08:28:36) ( NTS ) Copyright (c) 1997-2018 The PHP Group Zend Engine v3.2.0, Copyright (c) 1998-2018 Zend Technologies with Zend OPcache v7.2.24, Copyright (c) 1999-2018, by Zend Technologies [root@chouyu ~]# [root@chouyu ~]# vim /etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf ;listen = /run/php-fpm/www.sock #注释此行 listen = 127.0.0.1:9000 #添加监听端口 [root@chouyu ~]# systemctl start php-fpm [root@chouyu ~]# ss -antl State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:9000 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:* LISTEN 0 80 *:3306 *:* LISTEN 0 128 *:80 *:* [root@chouyu ~]# [root@localhost ~]# mkdir /usr/local/apache/htdocs/ceshi [root@localhost ~]# vim /usr/local/apache/htdocs/ceshi/index.php <?php phpinfo(); ?> [root@localhost ~]# chown -R apache.apache /usr/local/apache/htdocs/ [root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf #在配置文件的最后加入以下内容 <VirtualHost *:80> DocumentRoot "/usr/local/apache/htdocs/ceshi" ServerName www.ceshi11.com ProxyRequests Off ProxyPassMatch ^/(.*.php)$ fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/usr/local/apache/htdocs/ceshi/$1 <Directory "/usr/local/apache/htdocs/ceshi"> Options none AllowOverride none Require all granted </Directory> </VirtualHost> [root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf # If the AddEncoding directives above are commented-out, then you # probably should define those extensions to indicate media types: # AddType application/x-compress .Z AddType application/x-gzip .gz .tgz AddType application/x-httpd-php .php #添加此行 AddType application/x-httpd-php-source .phps #添加此行 ....................................................... # is requested. # <IfModule dir_module> DirectoryIndex index.php index.html #添加index.php #重启报错的话后面有解决办法
[root@localhost ~]# apachectl restart
验证
mysql重启报错解决：
重启报错解决 解决的方法就在httpd这个配置文件里，找到以下两条： #LoadModule proxy_module modules/mod_proxy.so #LoadModule proxy_http_module modules/mod_proxy_http.so