1.Java通过多线程的并发运行提高系统资源利用率，改善系统性能。
2.假设有两个或两个以上的线程共享 某个对象，每个线程都调用了改变该对象类状态的方法，就会引起的不确定性。
3.多线程并发执行中的问题
◆多个线程相对执行的顺序是不确定的。
◆线程执行顺序的不确定性会产生执行结果的不确定性。
◆在多线程对共享数据操作时常常会产生这种不确定性。
4.多线程并发运行不确定性问题解决方案：引入线程同步机制。
5.（1）锁对象与条件对象
用ReentrantLock保护代码块的基本结构如下：
myLock.lock();
try { critical section }
finally{
myLock.unlock();
}
（2）synchronized关键字
synchronized关键字作用：
➢ 某个类内方法用synchronized 修饰后，该方 法被称为同步方法；
➢ 只要某个线程正在访问同步方法，其他线程 欲要访问同步方法就被阻塞，直至线程从同 步方法返回前唤醒被阻塞线程，其他线程方 可能进入同步方法。
实验十七 线程同步控制
实验时间 2018-12-10
1、实验目的与要求
(1) 掌握线程同步的概念及实现技术；
(2) 线程综合编程练习
2、实验内容和步骤
实验1：测试程序并进行代码注释。
测试程序1：
l 在Elipse环境下调试教材651页程序14-7，结合程序运行结果理解程序；
l 掌握利用锁对象和条件对象实现的多线程同步技术。
package synch; import java.util.*; import java.util.concurrent.locks.*; /** * A bank with a number of bank accounts that uses locks for serializing access. * @version 1.30 2004-08-01 * @author Cay Horstmann */ public class Bank { private final double[] accounts; private Lock bankLock; private Condition sufficientFunds; /** * Constructs the bank. * @param n the number of accounts * @param initialBalance the initial balance for each account */ public Bank(int n, double initialBalance) { accounts = new double[n]; Arrays.fill(accounts, initialBalance); bankLock = new ReentrantLock(); sufficientFunds = bankLock.newCondition();//在等待条件前，锁必须由当前线程保持。 } /** * Transfers money from one account to another. * @param from the account to transfer from * @param to the account to transfer to * @param amount the amount to transfer */ public void transfer(int from, int to, double amount) throws InterruptedException { bankLock.lock();//获取锁 try { while (accounts[from] < amount) sufficientFunds.await();//造成当前线程在接到信号或被中断之前一直处于等待状态。 System.out.print(Thread.currentThread()); accounts[from] -= amount; System.out.printf(" %10.2f from %d to %d", amount, from, to); accounts[to] += amount; System.out.printf(" Total Balance: %10.2f%n", getTotalBalance()); sufficientFunds.signalAll();//如果所有的线程都在等待此条件，则唤醒所有线程 } finally { bankLock.unlock();//释放锁。 } } /** * Gets the sum of all account balances. * @return the total balance */ public double getTotalBalance() { bankLock.lock(); try { double sum = 0; for (double a : accounts) sum += a; return sum; } finally { bankLock.unlock(); } } /** * Gets the number of accounts in the bank. * @return the number of accounts */ public int size() { return accounts.length; } }
package synch; /** * This program shows how multiple threads can safely access a data structure. * @version 1.31 2015-06-21 * @author Cay Horstmann */ public class SynchBankTest { public static final int NACCOUNTS = 100; public static final double INITIAL_BALANCE = 1000; public static final double MAX_AMOUNT = 1000; public static final int DELAY = 10; public static void main(String[] args) { Bank bank = new Bank(NACCOUNTS, INITIAL_BALANCE); for (int i = 0; i < NACCOUNTS; i++) { int fromAccount = i; Runnable r = () -> { try { while (true) { int toAccount = (int) (bank.size() * Math.random()); double amount = MAX_AMOUNT * Math.random(); bank.transfer(fromAccount, toAccount, amount); Thread.sleep((int) (DELAY * Math.random())); } } catch (InterruptedException e) { } }; Thread t = new Thread(r); t.start(); } } }
测试程序2：
l 在Elipse环境下调试教材655页程序14-8，结合程序运行结果理解程序；
l 掌握synchronized在多线程同步中的应用。
package synch2; import java.util.*; /** * A bank with a number of bank accounts that uses synchronization primitives. * @version 1.30 2004-08-01 * @author Cay Horstmann */ public class Bank { private final double[] accounts; /** * Constructs the bank. * @param n the number of accounts * @param initialBalance the initial balance for each account */ public Bank(int n, double initialBalance) { accounts = new double[n]; Arrays.fill(accounts, initialBalance); } /** * Transfers money from one account to another. * @param from the account to transfer from * @param to the account to transfer to * @param amount the amount to transfer */ public synchronized void transfer(int from, int to, double amount) throws InterruptedException { while (accounts[from] < amount) wait();//在其他线程调用此对象的 notify() 方法或 notifyAll() 方法前，导致当前线程等待 System.out.print(Thread.currentThread()); accounts[from] -= amount; System.out.printf(" %10.2f from %d to %d", amount, from, to); accounts[to] += amount; System.out.printf(" Total Balance: %10.2f%n", getTotalBalance()); notifyAll();//唤醒在此对象监视器上等待的所有线程 } /** * Gets the sum of all account balances. * @return the total balance */ public synchronized double getTotalBalance() { double sum = 0; for (double a : accounts) sum += a; return sum; } /** * Gets the number of accounts in the bank. * @return the number of accounts */ public int size() { return accounts.length; } }
package synch2; /** * This program shows how multiple threads can safely access a data structure, * using synchronized methods. * @version 1.31 2015-06-21 * @author Cay Horstmann */ public class SynchBankTest2 { public static final int NACCOUNTS = 100; public static final double INITIAL_BALANCE = 1000; public static final double MAX_AMOUNT = 1000; public static final int DELAY = 10; public static void main(String[] args) { Bank bank = new Bank(NACCOUNTS, INITIAL_BALANCE); for (int i = 0; i < NACCOUNTS; i++) { int fromAccount = i; Runnable r = () -> { try { while (true) { int toAccount = (int) (bank.size() * Math.random()); double amount = MAX_AMOUNT * Math.random(); bank.transfer(fromAccount, toAccount, amount); Thread.sleep((int) (DELAY * Math.random())); } } catch (InterruptedException e) { } }; Thread t = new Thread(r); t.start(); } } }
测试程序3：
l 在Elipse环境下运行以下程序，结合程序运行结果分析程序存在问题；
l 尝试解决程序中存在问题。
|
class Cbank { private static int s=2000; public static void sub(int m) { int temp=s; temp=temp-m; try { Thread.sleep((int)(1000*Math.random())); } catch (InterruptedException e) { } s=temp; System.out.println("s="+s); } }
class Customer extends Thread { public void run() { for( int i=1; i<=4; i++) Cbank.sub(100); } } public class Thread3 { public static void main(String args[]) { Customer customer1 = new Customer(); Customer customer2 = new Customer(); customer1.start(); customer2.start(); } } |
运行结果显示两个线程各自运行各自的：
修改后的代码：
class Cbank { private static int s=2000; public synchronized static void sub(int m) { int temp=s; temp=temp-m; try { Thread.sleep((int)(1000*Math.random())); } catch (InterruptedException e) { } s=temp; System.out.println("s="+s); } } class Customer extends Thread { public void run() { for( int i=1; i<=4; i++) Cbank.sub(100); } } public class Thread3 { public static void main(String args[]) { Customer customer1 = new Customer(); Customer customer2 = new Customer(); customer1.start(); customer2.start(); } }
实验2 编程练习
利用多线程及同步方法，编写一个程序模拟火车票售票系统，共3个窗口，卖10张票，程序输出结果类似（程序输出不唯一，可以是其他类似结果）。
Thread-0窗口售：第1张票
Thread-0窗口售：第2张票
Thread-1窗口售：第3张票
Thread-2窗口售：第4张票
Thread-2窗口售：第5张票
Thread-1窗口售：第6张票
Thread-0窗口售：第7张票
Thread-2窗口售：第8张票
Thread-1窗口售：第9张票
Thread-0窗口售：第10张票
import javax.swing.plaf.SliderUI; public class Demo1 { public static void main(String[] args) { Mythread mythread=new Mythread(); Thread t1=new Thread(mythread); Thread t2=new Thread(mythread); Thread t3=new Thread(mythread); t1.start(); t2.start(); t3.start(); } } /* new Thread() { @Override public void run() { System.out.println(); }; }.start(); } }*/ class Mythread implements Runnable{ int t=1; boolean flag=true; @Override public void run() { while(flag) { try { Thread.sleep(500); } catch (InterruptedException e) { // TODO: handle exception e.printStackTrace(); } synchronized (this) { if(t<=10) { System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"窗口售：第"+t+"张票"); t++; } if(t<0) { flag=false; } } } } }
实验总结;通过本次实验，我学习到了线程同步的概念，以及如何处理。通过本学期的学习，由刚开始的新手小白，对Java一无所知，
到通过大量的练习慢慢对Java编程有所熟悉，虽然现在还不是很熟练，但在课程结束后仍需继续关注学习Java的知识及编程。