一、操作符优先级
下面展示了所有操作符的执行优先级,从高到低,同一行中的操作符优先级相同,相同优先级的情况下从左到右执行。
INTERVAL BINARY, COLLATE ! - (unary minus), ~ (unary bit inversion) ^ *, /, DIV, %, MOD -, + <<, >> & | = (comparison), <=>, >=, >, <=, <, <>, !=, IS, LIKE, REGEXP, IN BETWEEN, CASE, WHEN, THEN, ELSE NOT AND, && XOR OR, || = (assignment), :=
- 如果想改变优先级执行顺序,则可以使用括号。
mysql> select 1+2*3; +-------+ | 1+2*3 | +-------+ | 7 | +-------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select (1+2)*3; +---------+ | (1+2)*3 | +---------+ | 9 | +---------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
二、比较函数
名称 |
描述 |
> |
大于运算符 |
>= |
大于或等于运算符 |
< |
少于运算符 |
<>, != |
不等于运算符 |
<= |
小于或等于运算符 |
<=> |
NULL安全等于运算符 |
= |
平等算子 |
BETWEEN ... AND ... |
值是否在值范围内 |
COALESCE() |
返回第一个非NULL参数 |
GREATEST() |
返回最大参数 |
IN() |
一个值是否在一组值内 |
INTERVAL() |
返回小于第一个参数的参数的索引 |
IS |
针对布尔值测试值 |
IS NOT |
针对布尔值测试值 |
IS NOT NULL |
非空值测试 |
IS NULL |
空值测试 |
ISNULL() |
测试参数是否为NULL |
LEAST() |
返回最小的参数 |
LIKE |
简单模式匹配 |
NOT BETWEEN ... AND ... |
值是否不在值范围内 |
NOT IN() |
一个值是否不在一组值内 |
NOT LIKE |
否定简单模式匹配 |
STRCMP() |
比较两个字符串 |
- 对比操作符的执行结果为true,false,null三种。
- between A and B代表检查值是否在A和B之间。
mysql> select * from students;
+-----+-------+--------+---------+
| sid | sname | gender | dept_id |
+-----+-------+--------+---------+
| 1 | a | 3 | 4 |
| 4 | c | 3 | 1 |
| 5 | d | 1 | 2 |
| 6 | e | 2 | 4 |
+-----+-------+--------+---------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from students where sid between 3 and 5;##该语句相当于下面的那个语句。
+-----+-------+--------+---------+
| sid | sname | gender | dept_id |
+-----+-------+--------+---------+
| 4 | c | 3 | 1 |
| 5 | d | 1 | 2 |
+-----+-------+--------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from students where sid>=3 and sid<=5;
+-----+-------+--------+---------+
| sid | sname | gender | dept_id |
+-----+-------+--------+---------+
| 4 | c | 3 | 1 |
| 5 | d | 1 | 2 |
+-----+-------+--------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- COALESCE(value,...)对比操作符
返回第一个非NULL的值,如果没有非null值,则返回NULL
mysql> SELECT COALESCE(NULL,2);
-> 2
mysql> SELECT COALESCE(NULL,NULL,NULL);
-> NULL
- =代表相等操作符。
- >代表大于操作符。
- >=代表大于等于操作符。
- greatest()代表返回最大的值。
mysql> select greatest(1,5,10,2);
+--------------------+
| greatest(1,5,10,2) |
+--------------------+
| 10 |
+--------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
- lnterval()代表返回比第一个参数小的参数的位置。
- is/is not代表检查值是否与布尔值相同/不同。
mysql> SELECT 1 IS TRUE, 0 IS FALSE, NULL IS UNKNOWN;
+-----------+------------+-----------------+
| 1 IS TRUE | 0 IS FALSE | NULL IS UNKNOWN |
+-----------+------------+-----------------+
| 1 | 1 | 1 |
+-----------+------------+-----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT 1 IS NOT UNKNOWN, 0 IS NOT UNKNOWN, NULL IS NOT UNKNOWN;
+------------------+------------------+---------------------+
| 1 IS NOT UNKNOWN | 0 IS NOT UNKNOWN | NULL IS NOT UNKNOWN |
+------------------+------------------+---------------------+
| 1 | 1 | 0 |
+------------------+------------------+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
- is not null代表检查值是否是非NULL。
mysql> select * from students;
+-----+--------+--------+---------+---------------------+
| sid | sname | gender | dept_id | brithday |
+-----+--------+--------+---------+---------------------+
| 1 | Andrew | 0 | 1 | 1983-01-01 00:00:00 |
| 2 | Andy | 0 | 1 | 1983-01-01 00:00:00 |
| 3 | Bob | 0 | 1 | 1983-01-01 00:00:00 |
| 4 | Ruth | 1 | 2 | 1983-01-01 00:00:00 |
| 5 | Mike | 0 | 2 | 1986-01-01 00:00:00 |
| 6 | John | 0 | 3 | 1986-01-01 00:00:00 |
| 7 | Cindy | 1 | 3 | 1986-01-01 00:00:00 |
| 8 | Susan | 1 | 3 | 1986-01-01 00:00:00 |
| 9 | NULL | 0 | 1 | NULL |
+-----+--------+--------+---------+---------------------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from students where sname is not null;
+-----+--------+--------+---------+---------------------+
| sid | sname | gender | dept_id | brithday |
+-----+--------+--------+---------+---------------------+
| 1 | Andrew | 0 | 1 | 1983-01-01 00:00:00 |
| 2 | Andy | 0 | 1 | 1983-01-01 00:00:00 |
| 3 | Bob | 0 | 1 | 1983-01-01 00:00:00 |
| 4 | Ruth | 1 | 2 | 1983-01-01 00:00:00 |
| 5 | Mike | 0 | 2 | 1986-01-01 00:00:00 |
| 6 | John | 0 | 3 | 1986-01-01 00:00:00 |
| 7 | Cindy | 1 | 3 | 1986-01-01 00:00:00 |
| 8 | Susan | 1 | 3 | 1986-01-01 00:00:00 |
+-----+--------+--------+---------+---------------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- is null代表检查值是否是NULL。
mysql> select * from students;
+-----+--------+--------+---------+---------------------+
| sid | sname | gender | dept_id | brithday |
+-----+--------+--------+---------+---------------------+
| 1 | Andrew | 0 | 1 | 1983-01-01 00:00:00 |
| 2 | Andy | 0 | 1 | 1983-01-01 00:00:00 |
| 3 | Bob | 0 | 1 | 1983-01-01 00:00:00 |
| 4 | Ruth | 1 | 2 | 1983-01-01 00:00:00 |
| 5 | Mike | 0 | 2 | 1986-01-01 00:00:00 |
| 6 | John | 0 | 3 | 1986-01-01 00:00:00 |
| 7 | Cindy | 1 | 3 | 1986-01-01 00:00:00 |
| 8 | Susan | 1 | 3 | 1986-01-01 00:00:00 |
| 9 | NULL | 0 | 1 | NULL |
+-----+--------+--------+---------+---------------------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from students where sname='null';
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from students where sname is null;
+-----+-------+--------+---------+----------+
| sid | sname | gender | dept_id | brithday |
+-----+-------+--------+---------+----------+
| 9 | NULL | 0 | 1 | NULL |
+-----+-------+--------+---------+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
<代表小于操作符。
<=代表小于等于操作符。
like代表字符匹配。
not between A and B代表检查值是否不在A和B的范围之内。
!=/<>代表不等于操作符。
mysql> select * from students;
+-----+-------+--------+---------+
| sid | sname | gender | dept_id |
+-----+-------+--------+---------+
| 1 | a | 3 | 4 |
| 4 | c | 3 | 1 |
| 5 | d | 1 | 2 |
| 6 | e | 2 | 4 |
+-----+-------+--------+---------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from students where sid!=6;
+-----+-------+--------+---------+
| sid | sname | gender | dept_id |
+-----+-------+--------+---------+
| 1 | a | 3 | 4 |
| 4 | c | 3 | 1 |
| 5 | d | 1 | 2 |
+-----+-------+--------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from students where sid<>6;
+-----+-------+--------+---------+
| sid | sname | gender | dept_id |
+-----+-------+--------+---------+
| 1 | a | 3 | 4 |
| 4 | c | 3 | 1 |
| 5 | d | 1 | 2 |
+-----+-------+--------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- not in()代表检查值是否不在一系列值的当中。
- not like代表检查值是否不匹配。
- strcmp()对比两个字符串。
- =号对比操作符。
mysql> select true;##在mysql中真用数字1表示。
+------+
| TRUE |
+------+
| 1 |
+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select false;##在mysql中假用数字0表示。
+-------+
| FALSE |
+-------+
| 0 |
+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select 1=0;
+-----+
| 1=0 |
+-----+
| 0 |
+-----+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> select 0=0;
+-----+
| 0=0 |
+-----+
| 1 |
+-----+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
- expr between min and max对比操作符。
如果expr大于或等于min且expr小于或等于 max,则BETWEEN返回1,否则返回0。如果所有参数均为同一类型。(min <= expr AND expr <= max)
mysql> SELECT 2 BETWEEN 1 AND 3, 2 BETWEEN 3 and 1;
-> 1, 0
mysql> SELECT 1 BETWEEN 2 AND 3;
-> 0
mysql> SELECT 'b' BETWEEN 'a' AND 'c';
-> 1
mysql> SELECT 2 BETWEEN 2 AND '3';
-> 1
mysql> SELECT 2 BETWEEN 2 AND 'x-3';
-> 0
- expr NOT BETWEEN min AND max
相当于NOT (expr BETWEEN min AND max)
- expr IN (value,...)对比操作符。
当expr值能在values中找到,则返回1,否则返回0。
mysql> SELECT 2 IN (0,3,5,7);
-> 0
mysql> SELECT 'wefwf' IN ('wee','wefwf','weg');
-> 1
mysql> SELECT (3,4) IN ((1,2), (3,4));
-> 1
mysql> SELECT (3,4) IN ((1,2), (3,5));
-> 0
mysql> select * from students;
+-----+-------+--------+---------+
| sid | sname | gender | dept_id |
+-----+-------+--------+---------+
| 1 | a | 3 | 4 |
| 4 | c | 3 | 1 |
| 5 | d | 1 | 2 |
| 6 | e | 2 | 4 |
+-----+-------+--------+---------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from students where sid in (1,2,5,7,8);##要筛选的sid需要满足(1,2,5,7,8)中的任意一个。
+-----+-------+--------+---------+
| sid | sname | gender | dept_id |
+-----+-------+--------+---------+
| 1 | a | 3 | 4 |
| 5 | d | 1 | 2 |
+-----+-------+--------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- expr not IN (value,...)对比操作符。
- lsnull(expr)操作符
如果expr是null,则返回1,否则返回0、
mysql> select isnull(1+1);
+-------------+
| isnull(1+1) |
+-------------+
| 0 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select isnull(1/0);
+-------------+
| isnull(1/0) |
+-------------+
| 1 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
- least(value1,value2,...)
返回最小值,如果其中有值为null,则返回null。
mysql> select least(0,-1,2);
+---------------+
| least(0,-1,2) |
+---------------+
| -1 |
+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
三、逻辑操作符
- 逻辑操作符返回1(TRUE),0(FALSE),或者NULL。
name |
description |
AND,&& |
logical and |
NOT,! |
negates value |
||,OR |
logical or |
XOR |
logical xor |
- NOT,!逻辑操作符代表非操作。
mysql> SELECT NOT 10; -> 0 mysql> SELECT NOT 0; -> 1 mysql> SELECT NOT NULL; -> NULL mysql> SELECT ! (1+1); -> 0 mysql> SELECT ! 1+1; -> 1
- And,&&逻辑操作符。
mysql> select * from students; +-----+-------+--------+---------+ | sid | sname | gender | dept_id | +-----+-------+--------+---------+ | 1 | a | 3 | 4 | | 4 | c | 3 | 1 | | 5 | d | 1 | 2 | | 6 | e | 2 | 4 | +-----+-------+--------+---------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from students where sid>3 and sid<7; +-----+-------+--------+---------+ | sid | sname | gender | dept_id | +-----+-------+--------+---------+ | 4 | c | 3 | 1 | | 5 | d | 1 | 2 | | 6 | e | 2 | 4 | +-----+-------+--------+---------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
||,OR
mysql> select * from students; +-----+-------+--------+---------+ | sid | sname | gender | dept_id | +-----+-------+--------+---------+ | 1 | a | 3 | 4 | | 4 | c | 3 | 1 | | 5 | d | 1 | 2 | | 6 | e | 2 | 4 | +-----+-------+--------+---------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from students where sid>3 or sid<7; +-----+-------+--------+---------+ | sid | sname | gender | dept_id | +-----+-------+--------+---------+ | 1 | a | 3 | 4 | | 4 | c | 3 | 1 | | 5 | d | 1 | 2 | | 6 | e | 2 | 4 | +-----+-------+--------+---------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from students where sid>3 or sid<7 and sid>5;##由于and的优先级高于or,所以先执行后半部分。 +-----+-------+--------+---------+ | sid | sname | gender | dept_id | +-----+-------+--------+---------+ | 4 | c | 3 | 1 | | 5 | d | 1 | 2 | | 6 | e | 2 | 4 | +-----+-------+--------+---------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- Xor逻辑操作符
逻辑异或。NULL如果任一操作数为,则返回NULL。对于非NULL操作数,计算 1出奇数个操作数是否为非零,否则0返回。====>>>>不理解
https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/logical-operators.html#operator_xor
mysql> SELECT 1 XOR 1; -> 0 mysql> SELECT 1 XOR 0; -> 1 mysql> SELECT 1 XOR NULL; -> NULL mysql> SELECT 1 XOR 1 XOR 1; -> 1
第1章 分配操作符
l 分配操作符是指赋值操作
name |
description |
= |
assign a value(as part of a set statement,or as part of the set clause in an update statement) |
:= |
assign a value |
mysql> select @a,@b;##默认值是空的。
+------+------+
| @a | @b |
+------+------+
| NULL | NULL |
+------+------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> select @a:=10,@b;##通过“:=”赋值a的值是10。
+--------+------+
| @a:=10 | @b |
+--------+------+
| 10 | NULL |
+--------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select @a;##查询a的值。
+------+
| @a |
+------+
| 10 |
+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> set @a=17;##也可以使用set命令来赋值。
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select @a;
+------+
| @a |
+------+
| 17 |
+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
l =操作符在两种情况下会被认为是赋值操作,而其他情况下会认为是对比操作符
在set语句中,=操作符会被认为是赋值操作
mysql> set @a=1;
mysql> select @a;
+------+
| @a |
+------+
| 1 |
l 在update语句中的set子句中,=操作符会被认为是赋值操作
一、算数运算符
名称 |
描述 |
%, MOD |
模运算符 |
* |
乘法运算符 |
+ |
加法运算符 |
- |
减号 |
- |
更改参数的符号 |
/ |
除法 |
DIV |
整数除法 |
- /代表除法
mysql> SELECT 3/5; -> 0.60 mysql> SELECT 102/(1-1); -> NULL
- div代表整数型除法,相除之后只取整数部分
mysql> SELECT 5 DIV 2, -5 DIV 2, 5 DIV -2, -5 DIV -2; -> 2, -2, -2, 2
- MOD(N,M), N % M, N MOD M
N % M,N MOD M模运算。返回N除以M的余数。一般用在分片场景
mysql> SELECT MOD(234, 10); -> 4 mysql> SELECT 253 % 7; -> 1 mysql> SELECT MOD(29,9); -> 2 mysql> SELECT 29 MOD 9; -> 2
二、数字函数
名称 |
描述 |
ABS() |
返回绝对值 |
ACOS() |
返回反余弦 |
ASIN() |
返回反正弦 |
ATAN() |
返回反正切 |
ATAN2(), ATAN() |
返回两个参数的反正切 |
CEIL() |
返回不小于参数的最小整数值 |
CEILING() |
返回不小于参数的最小整数值 |
CONV() |
在不同的基数之间转换数字 |
COS() |
返回余弦 |
COT() |
返回余切 |
CRC32() |
计算循环冗余校验值 |
DEGREES() |
将弧度转换为度 |
EXP() |
提升力量 |
FLOOR() |
返回不大于参数的最大整数值 |
LN() |
返回参数的自然对数 |
LOG() |
返回第一个参数的自然对数 |
LOG10() |
返回参数的以10为底的对数 |
LOG2() |
返回参数的以2为底的对数 |
MOD() |
退还剩余 |
PI() |
返回pi的值 |
POW() |
将参数提高到指定的幂 |
POWER() |
将参数提高到指定的幂 |
RADIANS() |
返回参数转换为弧度 |
RAND() |
返回一个随机浮点值 |
ROUND() |
围绕论点 |
SIGN() |
返回参数的符号 |
SIN() |
返回参数的正弦 |
SQRT() |
返回参数的平方根 |
TAN() |
返回参数的切线 |
TRUNCATE() |
截断为指定的小数位数 |
- ABS(X)
绝对值函数。
mysql> SELECT ABS(2); -> 2 mysql> SELECT ABS(-32); -> 32
- CEILING(X)/CEIL(X)
返回>=X值的最小整数。
mysql> SELECT CEILING(1.23); -> 2 mysql> SELECT CEILING(-1.23); -> -1
- FLOOR(X)
返回<=X值的最大整数。
mysql> SELECT FLOOR(1.23), FLOOR(-1.23); -> 1, -2
- RAND([N])
获取0到1之间的随机小数,比如当想获取7~12之间的随机整数是可以使用。一般用于生成测试数据
SELECT FLOOR(7 + (RAND() * 5)); select floor(10+(rand()*10));##取10-20的随机整数 Select * from students order by rand() limit 1;
- ROUND(X), ROUND(X,D)
四舍五入为D位个小数,当D参数不存在是,则默认为0。D 可以为负数,从而导致D该值的小数点左边的数字,X变为零。
mysql> SELECT ROUND(-1.23); -> -1 mysql> SELECT ROUND(-1.58); -> -2 mysql> SELECT ROUND(1.58); -> 2 mysql> SELECT ROUND(1.298, 1); -> 1.3 mysql> SELECT ROUND(1.298, 0); -> 1 mysql> SELECT ROUND(23.298, -1); -> 20
- TRUNCATE(X,D)
数字X只保留D位的小数,其余均舍弃。D可以为负数,从而导致D该值的小数点左边的数字X变为零。
mysql> SELECT TRUNCATE(1.223,1); -> 1.2 mysql> SELECT TRUNCATE(1.999,1); -> 1.9 mysql> SELECT TRUNCATE(1.999,0); -> 1 mysql> SELECT TRUNCATE(-1.999,1); -> -1.9 mysql> SELECT TRUNCATE(122,-2); -> 100 mysql> SELECT TRUNCATE(10.28*100,0); -> 1028
三、日期和时间函数
名称 |
描述 |
ADDDATE() |
将时间值(间隔)添加到日期值 |
ADDTIME() |
加时间 |
CONVERT_TZ() |
从一个时区转换到另一个时区 |
CURDATE() |
返回当前日期 |
CURRENT_DATE(), CURRENT_DATE |
CURDATE()的同义词 |
CURRENT_TIME(),CURRENT_TIME |
CURTIME()的同义词 |
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(),CURRENT_TIMESTAMP |
NOW()的同义词 |
CURTIME() |
返回当前时间 |
DATE() |
提取日期或日期时间表达式的日期部分 |
DATE_ADD() |
将时间值(间隔)添加到日期值 |
DATE_FORMAT() |
指定格式日期 |
DATE_SUB() |
从日期中减去时间值(间隔) |
DATEDIFF() |
减去两个日期 |
DAY() |
DAYOFMONTH()的同义词 |
DAYNAME() |
返回工作日的名称 |
DAYOFMONTH() |
返回月份中的一天(0-31) |
DAYOFWEEK() |
返回参数的工作日索引 |
DAYOFYEAR() |
返回一年中的某天(1-366) |
EXTRACT() |
提取部分日期 |
FROM_DAYS() |
将天数转换为日期 |
FROM_UNIXTIME() |
将Unix时间戳记格式化为日期 |
GET_FORMAT() |
返回日期格式字符串 |
HOUR() |
提取时间 |
LAST_DAY |
返回参数的月份的最后一天 |
LOCALTIME(), LOCALTIME |
NOW()的同义词 |
LOCALTIMESTAMP,LOCALTIMESTAMP() |
NOW()的同义词 |
MAKEDATE() |
从一年中的年月日创建日期 |
MAKETIME() |
从小时,分钟,秒创建时间 |
MICROSECOND() |
从参数返回微秒 |
MINUTE() |
返回参数的分钟 |
MONTH() |
返回经过日期的月份 |
MONTHNAME() |
返回月份名称 |
NOW() |
返回当前日期和时间 |
PERIOD_ADD() |
在一年的月份中添加一个期间 |
PERIOD_DIFF() |
返回期间之间的月数 |
QUARTER() |
从日期参数返回季度 |
SEC_TO_TIME() |
将秒转换为“ hh:mm:ss”格式 |
SECOND() |
返回第二个(0-59) |
STR_TO_DATE() |
将字符串转换为日期 |
SUBDATE() |
用三个参数调用时DATE_SUB()的同义词 |
SUBTIME() |
减去时间 |
SYSDATE() |
返回函数执行的时间 |
TIME() |
提取传递的表达式的时间部分 |
TIME_FORMAT() |
格式化为时间 |
TIME_TO_SEC() |
返回参数转换为秒 |
TIMEDIFF() |
减去时间 |
TIMESTAMP() |
仅使用一个参数,此函数将返回日期或日期时间表达式。有两个参数,参数的总和 |
TIMESTAMPADD() |
向日期时间表达式添加间隔 |
TIMESTAMPDIFF() |
从日期时间表达式中减去一个间隔 |
TO_DAYS() |
返回日期参数转换为天 |
TO_SECONDS() |
返回从Year 0开始转换为秒的日期或datetime参数 |
UNIX_TIMESTAMP() |
返回Unix时间戳 |
UTC_DATE() |
返回当前UTC日期 |
UTC_TIME() |
返回当前UTC时间 |
UTC_TIMESTAMP() |
返回当前UTC日期和时间 |
WEEK() |
返回星期数 |
WEEKDAY() |
返回工作日索引 |
WEEKOFYEAR() |
返回日期的日历周(1-53) |
YEAR() |
返回年份 |
YEARWEEK() |
返回年和周 |
- ADDDATE(date,INTERVAL expr unit),ADDDATE(expr,days)
当expr为正数时则为增加时间,为负数时则为减少时间。Unit参数可以是任意时间单位
mysql> SELECT ADDDATE('2008-01-02', INTERVAL 31 DAY); -> '2008-02-02' mysql> SELECT ADDDATE('2008-01-02', 31); -> '2008-02-02'
- ADDTIME(expr1,expr2)
将expr2的时间增加到expr1上
mysql> SELECT ADDTIME('2007-12-31 23:59:59.999999', '1 1:1:1.000002'); -> '2008-01-02 01:01:01.000001' mysql> SELECT ADDTIME('01:00:00.999999', '02:00:00.999998'); -> '03:00:01.999997'
- CONVERT_TZ(dt,from_tz,to_tz)
将时间dt从from_tz这个时区转换成to_tz这个时区并返回
mysql> SELECT CONVERT_TZ('2004-01-01 12:00:00','GMT','MET'); -> '2004-01-01 13:00:00' mysql> SELECT CONVERT_TZ('2004-01-01 12:00:00','+00:00','+10:00'); -> '2004-01-01 22:00:00‘
- CURDATE(),CURRENT_DATE,CURRENT_DATE()
返回以yyyy-mm-dd或者yyyymmdd格式的当前日期
mysql> SELECT CURDATE(); -> '2008-06-13' mysql> SELECT CURDATE() + 0; -> 20080613
- CURTIME(),CURRENT_TIME,CURRENT_TIME()
按照hh:mm:ss或者hhmmss格式返回当前时间
mysql> SELECT CURTIME(); -> '23:50:26' mysql> SELECT CURTIME() + 0; -> 235026.000000
- Now(), CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()
返回当前的日期和时间,格式为yyyy-mm-dd hh:mi:ss或者yyyymmddhhmiss
mysql> SELECT NOW(); -> '2007-12-15 23:50:26' mysql> SELECT NOW() + 0; -> 20071215235026.000000
- DATE(expr)
获取expr中的日期
mysql> SELECT DATE('2003-12-31 01:02:03'); -> '2003-12-31'
- YEAR(expr)
获取expr中的年份
mysql> select year('2020-01-15 19:41:57'); +-----------------------------+ | year('2020-01-15 19:41:57') | +-----------------------------+ | 2020 | +-----------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
- DATEDIFF(expr1,expr2)
返回expr1和expr2之间的天数差异,忽略时分秒
mysql> SELECT DATEDIFF('2007-12-31 23:59:59','2007-12-30'); -> 1 mysql> SELECT DATEDIFF('2010-11-30 23:59:59','2010-12-31'); -> -31
- DATE_ADD(date,INTERVAL expr unit), DATE_SUB(date,INTERVAL expr unit
增加或者减少时间
表:时间间隔表达式和单位参数
unit 值 |
预期expr格式 |
MICROSECOND |
MICROSECONDS |
SECOND |
SECONDS |
MINUTE |
MINUTES |
HOUR |
HOURS |
DAY |
DAYS |
WEEK |
WEEKS |
MONTH |
MONTHS |
QUARTER |
QUARTERS |
YEAR |
YEARS |
SECOND_MICROSECOND |
'SECONDS.MICROSECONDS' |
MINUTE_MICROSECOND |
'MINUTES:SECONDS.MICROSECONDS' |
MINUTE_SECOND |
'MINUTES:SECONDS' |
HOUR_MICROSECOND |
'HOURS:MINUTES:SECONDS.MICROSECONDS' |
HOUR_SECOND |
'HOURS:MINUTES:SECONDS' |
HOUR_MINUTE |
'HOURS:MINUTES' |
DAY_MICROSECOND |
'DAYS HOURS:MINUTES:SECONDS.MICROSECONDS' |
DAY_SECOND |
'DAYS HOURS:MINUTES:SECONDS' |
DAY_MINUTE |
'DAYS HOURS:MINUTES' |
DAY_HOUR |
'DAYS HOURS' |
YEAR_MONTH |
'YEARS-MONTHS' |
mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD('2018-05-01',INTERVAL 1 DAY); -> '2018-05-02' mysql> SELECT DATE_SUB('2018-05-01',INTERVAL 1 YEAR); -> '2017-05-01' mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD('2020-12-31 23:59:59',INTERVAL 1 SECOND); -> '2021-01-01 00:00:00' mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD('2018-12-31 23:59:59',INTERVAL 1 DAY); -> '2019-01-01 23:59:59' mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD('2100-12-31 23:59:59',INTERVAL '1:1' MINUTE_SECOND); -> '2101-01-01 00:01:00' mysql> SELECT DATE_SUB('2025-01-01 00:00:00',INTERVAL '1 1:1:1' DAY_SECOND); -> '2024-12-30 22:58:59' mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD('1900-01-01 00:00:00',INTERVAL '-1 10' DAY_HOUR); -> '1899-12-30 14:00:00' mysql> SELECT DATE_SUB('1998-01-02', INTERVAL 31 DAY); -> '1997-12-02' mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD('1992-12-31 23:59:59.000002',INTERVAL '1.999999' SECOND_MICROSECOND); -> '1993-01-01 00:00:01.000001'
- DATE_FORMAT(date,format)
将date日期时间转换成format格式
说明符 |
描述 |
%a |
工作日的缩写名称(Sun.. Sat) |
%b |
月份缩写名称(Jan.. Dec) |
%c |
月份,数字(0.. 12) |
%D |
英语后缀月的一天(0th, 1st,2nd, 3rd,...) |
%d |
每月的某天,数字(00.. 31) |
%e |
每月的某天,数字(0.. 31) |
%f |
微秒(000000.. 999999) |
%H |
小时(00.. 23) |
%h |
小时(01.. 12) |
%I |
小时(01.. 12) |
%i |
分钟,数字(00.. 59) |
%j |
一年中的一天(001.. 366) |
%k |
小时(0.. 23) |
%l |
小时(1.. 12) |
%M |
月名(January.. December) |
%m |
月份,数字(00.. 12) |
%p |
AM 要么 PM |
%r |
时间12小时(hh:mm:ss后跟 AM或PM) |
%S |
秒(00.. 59) |
%s |
秒(00.. 59) |
%T |
时间24小时(hh:mm:ss) |
%U |
周(00.. 53),其中星期日是一周的第一天; WEEK()模式0 |
%u |
周(00.. 53),其中星期一是一周的第一天; WEEK()模式1 |
%V |
周(01.. 53),其中星期日是一周的第一天; WEEK()模式2; 用于 %X |
%v |
周(01.. 53),其中星期一是一周的第一天; WEEK()模式3; 用于 %x |
%W |
工作日名称(Sunday.. Saturday) |
%w |
星期几(0=星期天.. 6=星期六) |
%X |
星期的年份,其中星期日是一周的第一天,数字,四位数;用于%V |
%x |
一周的年份,其中星期一是一周的第一天,数字,四位数;用于%v |
%Y |
年,数字,四位数 |
%y |
年,数字(两位数字) |
%% |
文字%字符 |
%x |
x,对于上面未列出的任何 “ x” |
mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('2009-10-04 22:23:00', '%W %M %Y'); -> 'Sunday October 2009' mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('2007-10-04 22:23:00', '%H:%i:%s'); -> '22:23:00' mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('1900-10-04 22:23:00', -> '%D %y %a %d %m %b %j'); -> '4th 00 Thu 04 10 Oct 277' mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('1997-10-04 22:23:00', -> '%H %k %I %r %T %S %w'); -> '22 22 10 10:23:00 PM 22:23:00 00 6' mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('1999-01-01', '%X %V'); -> '1998 52' mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('2006-06-00', '%d'); -> '00'
- DAY(date), DAYOFMONTH(date)
返回date中日期在当前月份中是第几天
mysql> SELECT DAYOFMONTH('2007-02-03'); -> 3
- DAYNAME(date)
返回date时间是星期几
mysql> SELECT DAYNAME('2007-02-03'); -> 'Saturday'
- DAYOFWEEK(date)
返回date时间是星期“几”
mysql> SELECT DAYOFWEEK('2007-02-03'); -> 7
- DAYOFYEAR(date)
返回date是一年中的第几天,取值范围在1~366
mysql> SELECT DAYOFYEAR('2007-02-03'); -> 34
- EXTRACT(unit FROM date)
Unit单元和date_add/date_sub函数中的一样,是获取date日期的unit部分
mysql> SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR FROM '2009-07-02'); -> 2009 mysql> SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR_MONTH FROM '2009-07-02 01:02:03'); -> 200907 mysql> SELECT EXTRACT(DAY_MINUTE FROM '2009-07-02 01:02:03'); -> 20102 mysql> SELECT EXTRACT(MICROSECOND FROM '2003-01-02 10:30:00.000123'); -> 123
- UNIX_TIMESTAMP(), UNIX_TIMESTAMP(date)
如果没有date参数,则返回当前时间到1970-01-01 00:00:00之间的秒数,如果有date参数,则表示date到1970-01-01 00:00:00之间的秒数
mysql> SELECT UNIX_TIMESTAMP(); -> 1447431666 mysql> SELECT UNIX_TIMESTAMP('2015-11-13 10:20:19'); -> 1447431619
- FROM_UNIXTIME(unix_timestamp), FROM_UNIXTIME(unix_timestamp,format)
根据给定的unixtime,返回yyyy-mm-dd hh:mi:ss或者yyyymmddhhmiss格式的具体时间,或者按照format返回时间。
mysql> SELECT FROM_UNIXTIME(1447430881); -> '2015-11-13 10:08:01' mysql> SELECT FROM_UNIXTIME(1447430881) + 0; -> 20151113100801 mysql> SELECT FROM_UNIXTIME(UNIX_TIMESTAMP(),'%Y %D %M %h:%i:%s %x'); -> '2015 13th November 10:08:01 2015'
- LAST_DAY(date)
返回date日期所在月份的最后一天日期
mysql> SELECT LAST_DAY('2004-02-05'); -> '2004-02-29' mysql> SELECT LAST_DAY('2004-01-01 01:01:01'); -> '2004-01-31' mysql> SELECT LAST_DAY('2003-03-32'); -> NULL
- SYSDATE()
返回当前日期和时间,格式为yyyy-mm-dd hh:mi:ss或者yyyymmddhhmiss和now()函数的区别在于now()返回的时间是语句执行的时间,而sysdate()返回的时间是该函数执行的时间
mysql> SELECT NOW(), SLEEP(2), NOW(); +---------------------+----------+---------------------+ | NOW() | SLEEP(2) | NOW() | +---------------------+----------+---------------------+ | 2006-04-12 13:47:36 | 0 | 2006-04-12 13:47:36 | +---------------------+----------+---------------------+ mysql> SELECT SYSDATE(), SLEEP(2), SYSDATE() ,now(); +---------------------+----------+---------------------+---------------------+ | SYSDATE() | SLEEP(2) | SYSDATE() | now() | +---------------------+----------+---------------------+---------------------+ | 2020-02-26 21:01:06 | 0 | 2020-02-26 21:01:08 | 2020-02-26 21:01:06 | +---------------------+----------+---------------------+---------------------+
- TIME(expr)
返回expr日期时间中的时间部分
mysql> SELECT TIME('2003-12-31 01:02:03'); -> '01:02:03' mysql> SELECT TIME('2003-12-31 01:02:03.000123'); -> '01:02:03.000123'
四、字符串函数
4.1常用的字符串函数
-
char_length(str)
返回字符串的字符长度
mysql> select * from students; +-----+-------+--------+---------+ | sid | sname | gender | dept_id | +-----+-------+--------+---------+ | 1 | a | 3 | 4 | | 4 | c | 3 | 1 | | 5 | dd | 2 | 2 | | 6 | eee | 2 | 4 | +-----+-------+--------+---------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select sid,char_length(sname) from students; +-----+--------------------+ | sid | char_length(sname) | +-----+--------------------+ | 1 | 1 | | 4 | 1 | | 5 | 2 | | 6 | 3 | +-----+--------------------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- concat(str1,str2,...)
返回括号里所有参数字符串连接在一起,当其中有参数为NULL时则返回NULL
mysql> SELECT CONCAT('My', 'S', 'QL'); -> 'MySQL' mysql> SELECT CONCAT('My', NULL, 'QL'); -> NULL mysql> SELECT CONCAT(14.3); -> '14.3' mysql> select * from students; +-----+-------+--------+---------+ | sid | sname | gender | dept_id | +-----+-------+--------+---------+ | 1 | a | 3 | 4 | | 4 | c | 3 | 1 | | 5 | dd | 2 | 2 | | 6 | eee | 2 | 4 | | 7 | NULL | 3 | 1 | +-----+-------+--------+---------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select concat(sid,sname) from students;##可以看到有null值的行,只返回null。 +-------------------+ | concat(sid,sname) | +-------------------+ | 1a | | 4c | | 5dd | | 6eee | | NULL | +-------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select concat ('sid:',sid,'@@','sname:',sname) from students;##中间可以加一些分隔符 +-----------------------------------------+ | concat ('sid:',sid,'@@','sname:',sname) | +-----------------------------------------+ | sid:1@@sname:a | | sid:4@@sname:c | | sid:5@@sname:dd | | sid:6@@sname:eee | | NULL | +-----------------------------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select concat ('sid:',sid,'@@','sname:',ifnull(sname,'')) from students;##去掉字符串中的null值嵌套ifnull函数,这里用空串表示 +----------------------------------------------------+ | concat ('sid:',sid,'@@','sname:',ifnull(sname,'')) | +----------------------------------------------------+ | sid:1@@sname:a | | sid:4@@sname:c | | sid:5@@sname:dd | | sid:6@@sname:eee | | sid:7@@sname: | +----------------------------------------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- CONCAT_WS(separator,str1,str2,...)
返回以第一个参数为分隔符的连接后的一个字符串,当有参数为NULL时则null被忽略。
mysql> select concat_ws(',','First name','Second name','Last Name'); +-------------------------------------------------------+ | concat_ws(',','First name','Second name','Last Name') | +-------------------------------------------------------+ | First name,Second name,Last Name | +-------------------------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT CONCAT_WS(',','First name',NULL,'Last Name'); -> 'First name,Last Name‘ mysql> select concat(sid,sname) from students; +-------------------+ | concat(sid,sname) | +-------------------+ | 1a | | 4c | | 5dd | | 6eee | | NULL | +-------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select concat_ws(',',sid,sname) from students; +--------------------------+ | concat_ws(',',sid,sname) | +--------------------------+ | 1,a | | 4,c | | 5,dd | | 6,eee | | 7 | +--------------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.01 sec)
- INSERT(str,pos,len,newstr)
将str中从pos位置开始后的len个字符替换成newstr字符串
mysql> select insert('Quadratic',3,4,'What'); +--------------------------------+ | insert('Quadratic',3,4,'What') | +--------------------------------+ | QuWhattic | +--------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select insert('Quadratic',-1,4,'What'); +---------------------------------+ | insert('Quadratic',-1,4,'What') | +---------------------------------+ | Quadratic | +---------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select insert('Quadratic',3,100,'What'); +----------------------------------+ | insert('Quadratic',3,100,'What') | +----------------------------------+ | QuWhat | +----------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
- instr(str,substr)
返回str字符串中第一个出现substr字符串的位置。
mysql> select instr('foobarbar','bar');##在字符串fobarbar中第一次返回bar字符串的字符是第四个字符,故返回4。 +--------------------------+ | instr('foobarbar','bar') | +--------------------------+ | 4 | +--------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from students; +-----+-----------+--------+---------+ | sid | sname | gender | dept_id | +-----+-----------+--------+---------+ | 1 | foobarbar | 3 | 4 | | 4 | c | 3 | 1 | | 5 | dd | 2 | 2 | | 6 | eee | 2 | 4 | | 7 | NULL | 3 | 1 | +-----+-----------+--------+---------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select instr(sname,'bar') from students; +--------------------+ | instr(sname,'bar') | +--------------------+ | 4 | | 0 | | 0 | | 0 | | NULL | +--------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- LENGTH(str)
返回str字符串的byte字节长度。
mysql> select length('test'); +----------------+ | length('test') | +----------------+ | 4 | +----------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from students; +-----+-----------+--------+---------+ | sid | sname | gender | dept_id | +-----+-----------+--------+---------+ | 1 | foobarbar | 3 | 4 | | 4 | c | 3 | 1 | | 5 | dd | 2 | 2 | | 6 | eee | 2 | 4 | | 7 | NULL | 3 | 1 | +-----+-----------+--------+---------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select length(sname) from students; +---------------+ | length(sname) | +---------------+ | 9 | | 1 | | 2 | | 3 | | NULL | +---------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- locate(substr,str)
返回str字符串中第一次出现substr字符串的位置,如果没有则返回null
mysql> SELECT LOCATE('bar', 'foobarbar'); -> 4 mysql> SELECT LOCATE('xbar', 'foobar'); -> 0
- LOCATE(substr,str,pos)
返回str字符串中从pos位置开始第一次出现substr字符串的位置,如果没有则返回null
mysql> SELECT LOCATE('bar', 'foobarbar', 5); -> 7
- LOWER(str)
返回将str字符串中所有字符变换成小写后的字符串,但对二进制文本无效。
mysql> select lower('QWERTYUIOP'); +---------------------+ | lower('QWERTYUIOP') | +---------------------+ | qwertyuiop | +---------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
- LTRIM(str)
将str最左边的空格去掉并返回。
mysql> select ltrim(' barbar'); +--------------------+ | ltrim(' barbar') | +--------------------+ | barbar | +--------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
- RTRIM(str)
将字符串str右边的空格去掉并返回。
mysql> SELECT RTRIM('barbar '); -> 'barbar‘
- TRIM(str)
将字符串str左右两边的空格去掉并返回。
mysql> select trim(' abcd ');##这个trim等同于下面的嵌套命令 +------------------+ | trim(' abcd ') | +------------------+ | abcd | +------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select rtrim(ltrim(' abcd ')); +--------------------------+ | rtrim(ltrim(' abcd ')) | +--------------------------+ | abcd | +--------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
- REPEAT(str,count)
将str重复count并组合成字符串返回,如果count<1,则返回空串。
mysql> select repeat('mysql',3); +-------------------+ | repeat('mysql',3) | +-------------------+ | mysqlmysqlmysql | +-------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
- REPLACE(str,from_str,to_str)
将所有str字符串中匹配from_str字串的地方都替换成to_str子字符串。
mysql> select replace('www.mysql.com','w','Aa'); +-----------------------------------+ | replace('www.mysql.com','w','Aa') | +-----------------------------------+ | AaAaAa.mysql.com | +-----------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
- SUBSTR(str,pos), SUBSTR(str FROM pos), SUBSTR(str,pos,len), SUBSTR(str FROM pos FOR len)
- SUBSTRING(str,pos), SUBSTRING(str FROM pos), SUBSTRING(str,pos,len),SUBSTRING(str FROM pos FOR len)
如果没有len参数,则返回从pos位置开始的str中的子字符串;如果有len参数,则从pos位置开始返回str中长度为len的子字符串;如果pos为负值,则代表pos从右边开始数。
mysql> select substring('Quadratically',5); +------------------------------+ | substring('Quadratically',5) | +------------------------------+ | ratically | +------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select substring('Quadratically'from 6); +----------------------------------+ | substring('Quadratically'from 6) | +----------------------------------+ | atically | +----------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select substring('Quadratically',5,6); +--------------------------------+ | substring('Quadratically',5,6) | +--------------------------------+ | ratica | +--------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select substring('Quadratically'from 5 for 3); +----------------------------------------+ | substring('Quadratically'from 5 for 3) | +----------------------------------------+ | rat | +----------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select substring('Quadratically',-5); +-------------------------------+ | substring('Quadratically',-5) | +-------------------------------+ | cally | +-------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select substring('Quadratically',-5,4); +---------------------------------+ | substring('Quadratically',-5,4) | +---------------------------------+ | call | +---------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
实际场景:
mysql> select name,substring(name,1,instr(name,' ')),substring(name,instr(name,' ')) from teacher; +-----------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------+ | name | substring(name,1,instr(name,' ')) | substring(name,instr(name,' ')) | +-----------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------+ | zhang san | zhang | san | | li si | li | si | | wang wu | wang | wu | +-----------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4.2 不太常用的字符串函数
- ASCII(str)
返回str字符串中最左边字符的ascii码值,如果是空串则返回0,如果str是null则返回null
mysql> SELECT ASCII('2'); -> 50 mysql> SELECT ASCII(2); -> 50 mysql> SELECT ASCII('dx'); -> 100
- CHAR(N,... [USING charset_name])
将括号中的N转化成ascii码对应的字符,返回这些字符组成的字符串,其中的null会被忽略
mysql> SELECT CHAR(77,121,83,81,'76'); -> 'MySQL' mysql> SELECT CHAR(77,77.3,'77.3'); -> 'MMM‘ mysql> SELECT CHARSET(CHAR(X'65')), CHARSET(CHAR(X'65' USING utf8)); +----------------------+---------------------------------+ | CHARSET(CHAR(X'65')) | CHARSET(CHAR(X'65' USING utf8)) | +----------------------+---------------------------------+ | binary | utf8 | +----------------------+---------------------------------+
- LEFT(str,len)
返回str字符串中从左边开始的len个长度的字符
mysql> SELECT LEFT('foobarbar', 5); -> 'fooba‘
- LOAD_FILE(file_name)
读取文件且返回文件内容为字符串
mysql> UPDATE t SET blob_col=LOAD_FILE('/tmp/picture') WHERE id=1;
- LPAD(str,len,padstr)
将str的左边补充为padstr,直到补充成len长度的字符串并返回;如果str的长度比len长,则返回str中最左边开始的len长度的字符
mysql> SELECT LPAD('hi',4,'??'); -> '??hi' mysql> SELECT LPAD('hi',1,'??'); -> 'h'
- REVERSE(str)
将str字符串中的字符按照倒序组合并返回
mysql> SELECT REVERSE('abc'); -> 'cba‘
- RIGHT(str,len)
将str字符串中从右边开始的len个字符返回
mysql> SELECT RIGHT('foobarbar', 4); -> 'rbar'
- RPAD(str,len,padstr)
将字符串str从右边开始补充为padstr直到整体长度为len,如果str的长度本身大于len,则返回str中len长度的字符串
mysql> SELECT RPAD('hi',5,'?'); -> 'hi???' mysql> SELECT RPAD('hi',1,'?'); -> 'h'
- RTRIM(str)
将字符串str右边的空格去掉并返回
mysql> SELECT RTRIM('barbar '); -> 'barbar'
- SPACE(N)
返回N个长度的空格组成的空字符串
mysql> SELECT SPACE(6); -> ' '
- SUBSTRING_INDEX(str,delim,count)
当count为正数,则返回delim出现在str字符串中第count次之前的子字符串,如果是负数,则从右边开始计算
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING_INDEX('www.mysql.com', '.', 2); -> 'www.mysql' mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING_INDEX('www.mysql.com', '.', -2); -> 'mysql.com‘
- UPPER(str)
返回将str字符串中所有字符转换成大写的字符串
mysql> SELECT UPPER('Hej'); -> 'HEJ‘
五、字符串对比函数
name |
description |
like |
简单模式匹配 |
not like |
简单模式匹配的否定 |
strcmp() |
比较两个字符串 |
5.1 like对比函数
- 通配符%表示匹配0个或多个字符
mysql> select * from students; +-----+-------+--------+---------+ | sid | sname | gender | dept_id | +-----+-------+--------+---------+ | 1 | aa | 3 | 1 | | 4 | cc | 3 | 1 | | 5 | dd | 1 | 2 | | 6 | aac | 1 | 1 | | 10 | a | 1 | 1 | | 20 | bac | 1 | 1 | +-----+-------+--------+---------+ 6 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from students where sname like 'a%';##匹配以"a"开头的0个或多个字符 +-----+-------+--------+---------+ | sid | sname | gender | dept_id | +-----+-------+--------+---------+ | 1 | aa | 3 | 1 | | 6 | aac | 1 | 1 | | 10 | a | 1 | 1 | +-----+-------+--------+---------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from students where sname like '%a%';##配置字符串中有“a”的行 +-----+-------+--------+---------+ | sid | sname | gender | dept_id | +-----+-------+--------+---------+ | 1 | aa | 3 | 1 | | 6 | aac | 1 | 1 | | 10 | a | 1 | 1 | | 20 | bac | 1 | 1 | +-----+-------+--------+---------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from students where sname like 'a%a%';##以“a”开头其中还有一个“a”的字符串。 +-----+-------+--------+---------+ | sid | sname | gender | dept_id | +-----+-------+--------+---------+ | 1 | aa | 3 | 1 | | 6 | aac | 1 | 1 | +-----+-------+--------+---------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from students where sname like '%a';##匹配以a结尾的字符串 +-----+-------+--------+---------+ | sid | sname | gender | dept_id | +-----+-------+--------+---------+ | 1 | aa | 3 | 1 | | 10 | a | 1 | 1 | +-----+-------+--------+---------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from students where sname like 'a%c';##匹配以“a”开头以“c”结尾的字符串 +-----+-------+--------+---------+ | sid | sname | gender | dept_id | +-----+-------+--------+---------+ | 6 | aac | 1 | 1 | +-----+-------+--------+---------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
- 通配符“_”表示匹配1个字符
mysql> select * from students; +-----+-------+--------+---------+ | sid | sname | gender | dept_id | +-----+-------+--------+---------+ | 1 | aa | 3 | 1 | | 4 | cc | 3 | 1 | | 5 | dd | 1 | 2 | | 6 | aac | 1 | 1 | | 10 | a | 1 | 1 | | 20 | bac | 1 | 1 | +-----+-------+--------+---------+ 6 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from students where sname like 'a_';##以“a”开头,后面的字符必须是一个字符。 +-----+-------+--------+---------+ | sid | sname | gender | dept_id | +-----+-------+--------+---------+ | 1 | aa | 3 | 1 | +-----+-------+--------+---------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from students where sname like 'a_%';##表示以“a”开头,后面必须有一个字符,然后后面可以匹配0到多个任意字符 +-----+-------+--------+---------+ | sid | sname | gender | dept_id | +-----+-------+--------+---------+ | 1 | aa | 3 | 1 | | 6 | aac | 1 | 1 | +-----+-------+--------+---------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- 当匹配字符中有特殊字符时,可以用 或者escape来指定特殊字符为字符
mysql> select * from students; +-----+-------+--------+---------+ | sid | sname | gender | dept_id | +-----+-------+--------+---------+ | 1 | aa | 3 | 1 | | 4 | cc | 3 | 1 | | 5 | dd | 1 | 2 | | 6 | aac | 1 | 1 | | 10 | a | 1 | 1 | | 20 | bac | 1 | 1 | +-----+-------+--------+---------+ 6 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from students where sname like 'a\%';##该命令相当与where sname='a%',百分号不再表示匹配0或多个字符,而是一个字符。 Empty set (0.00 sec)
5.2 not like对比函数
是上一个字符串对比函数的反义
expr NOT LIKE pat [ESCAPE 'escape_char']
5.3 strcmp(expr1,expr2)对比函数
当expr1等于expr2时等于0,当expr1小于expr2时为-1,反之为1
mysql> SELECT STRCMP('text', 'text2'); -> -1 mysql> SELECT STRCMP('text2', 'text'); -> 1 mysql> SELECT STRCMP('text', 'text'); -> 0
六、格式转换函数
Cast()和convert()
两个函数都可以用来转换数据类型或者转换字符集
允许转换的数据类型包括:
Binary[N]
char[N]
Date
Datetime
decimal[M,[D]]
Time
Signed [integer]
Unsigned [integer]
SELECT CONVERT(_latin1'Müller' USING utf8); SELECT CONVERT('test', CHAR CHARACTER SET utf8); SELECT CAST('test' AS CHAR CHARACTER SET utf8); select CAST('2000-01-01' AS DATE); select CONVERT('2000-01-01', DATE);
七、聚合函数
- 用在存在group by子句的语句中
- AVG([DISTINCT] expr)
计算expr的平均值,distinct关键词表示是否排除重复值
mysql> SELECT student_name, AVG(test_score) FROM student GROUP BY student_name;
- COUNT(expr)
计算expr中的个数,如果没有匹配则返回0,注意NULL的区别
mysql> SELECT student.student_name,COUNT(*) FROM student,course WHERE student.student_id=course.student_id GROUP BY student_name;
- COUNT(DISTINCT expr,[expr...])
计算有多少个不重复的expr值,注意是计算非NULL的个数
mysql> SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT results) FROM student;
- MAX([DISTINCT] expr),MIN([DISTINCT] expr)
返回expr中最大或者最小的值
mysql> SELECT student_name, MIN(test_score), MAX(test_score) FROM student GROUP BY student_name;
- SUM([DISTINCT] expr)
返回expr的求和值