介绍
我们将学习如何写一个简单的web服务器,用于响应知名的HTTP请求(GET和POST),用C#发送响应。然后,我们从网络访问这台服务器,这次我们会说“Hello world!”
背景
HTTP协议
HTTP是服务器和客户机之间的通信协议。它使用TCP/IP协议来发送/接收请求/响应。
有几个HTTP方法,我们将实现两个:GET和POST。
GET
当我们将一个地址输入到我们的Web浏览器的地址栏中,按下回车键时,会发生什么情况?(虽然我们使
用TCP/IP,但我们不指定端口号,因为HTTP默认使用80端口,我们并不需要指定80)
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GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: okbase.net
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; rv:14.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/14.0.1
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Language: tr-tr,tr;q=0.8,en-us;q=0.5,en;q=0.3
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Connection: keep-alive
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该GET请求使用TCP/IP通过浏览器向服务器发送,请求的是okbase.net的根目录下的内容。
我们可以添加更多的头信息,最基本的信息如下:
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GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: okbase.net
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POST
POST请求和GET请求类似,在GET请求里,变量加到url的?下面,POST请求,变量加到两行回车的下面,并需要指定内容长度。
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POST /index.html HTTP/1.1
Host: atasoyweb.net
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; rv:15.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/15.0.1
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Language: tr-tr,tr;q=0.8,en-us;q=0.5,en;q=0.3
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Connection: keep-alive
Referer: http: //okbase.net/
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 35
variable1=value1&variable2=value2 |
简化版本如下:
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POST /index.html HTTP/1.1
Host: okbase.net
Content-Length: 35
variable1=value1&variable2=value2 |
响应
当服务器接收到一个请求进行解析,并返回一个响应状态代码:
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HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: Apache/1.3.3.7 (Unix) (Red-Hat/Linux)
Content-Length: {content_length}
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
the content of which length is equal to {content_length} |
这是一个响应头,"200 OK"便是一切OK,请求的内容将被返回。状态码有很多,我们经常使用200,501,404。
“501 Not Implemented”方法未实现。我们将只实现GET和POST。如果通过其它方法请求,我们将发送此代码。
“404 Not Found”:没有找到请求的内容。
内容类型
服务器必须指定它们的响应中的内容的类型。有许多内容类型,这些也被称为“MIME(多用途互联网邮件扩展)类型”(因为它们也可以用来识别非ASCII的电子邮件)。以下是在我们的实现中,我们将使用的内容类型:(您可以修改代码并添加更多)
text/html
text/xml
text/plain
text/css
image/png
image/gif
image/jpg
image/jpeg
application/zip
如果服务器指定了错误的内容类型的内容会被曲解。例如,如果一台服务器发送纯文本,使用“图像/ png”类型,客户端试图显示的文字图像。
多线程
如果我们使我们的服务器可以同时响应多个客户端,我们必须为每个请求创建新的线程。因此,每个线程处理一个请求,并退出完成它的使命。(多线程也加快了页面加载,因为如果我们请求一个页面,页面中使用了CSS和图像,每个图像和CSS文件会以GET方式发送请求)。
一个简单的Web服务器的实现
现在,我们准备实现一个简单的Web服务器。首先,让我们来定义变量,我们将使用:
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public bool running = false ; // Is it running? private int timeout = 8; // Time limit for data transfers. private Encoding charEncoder = Encoding.UTF8; // To encode string private Socket serverSocket; // Our server socket private string contentPath; // Root path of our contents // Content types that are supported by our server // You can add more... // To see other types: http://www.webmaster-toolkit.com/mime-types.shtml private Dictionary< string , string > extensions = new Dictionary< string , string >() { //{ "extension", "content type" } { "htm" , "text/html" }, { "html" , "text/html" }, { "xml" , "text/xml" }, { "txt" , "text/plain" }, { "css" , "text/css" }, { "png" , "image/png" }, { "gif" , "image/gif" }, { "jpg" , "image/jpg" }, { "jpeg" , "image/jpeg" }, { "zip" , "application/zip" } }; |
启动服务器的方法:
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public bool start(IPAddress ipAddress, int port, int maxNOfCon, string contentPath) { if (running) return false ; // If it is already running, exit. try { // A tcp/ip socket (ipv4) serverSocket = new Socket(AddressFamily.InterNetwork, SocketType.Stream, ProtocolType.Tcp); serverSocket.Bind( new IPEndPoint(ipAddress, port)); serverSocket.Listen(maxNOfCon); serverSocket.ReceiveTimeout = timeout; serverSocket.SendTimeout = timeout; running = true ; this .contentPath = contentPath; } catch { return false ; } // Our thread that will listen connection requests // and create new threads to handle them. Thread requestListenerT = new Thread(() => { while (running) { Socket clientSocket; try { clientSocket = serverSocket.Accept(); // Create new thread to handle the request and continue to listen the socket. Thread requestHandler = new Thread(() => { clientSocket.ReceiveTimeout = timeout; clientSocket.SendTimeout = timeout; try { handleTheRequest(clientSocket); } catch { try { clientSocket.Close(); } catch { } } }); requestHandler.Start(); } catch {} } }); requestListenerT.Start(); return true ; } |
停止服务器的方法
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public void stop() { if (running) { running = false ; try { serverSocket.Close(); } catch { } serverSocket = null ; } } |
最重要的部分代码:
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private void handleTheRequest(Socket clientSocket) { byte [] buffer = new byte [10240]; // 10 kb, just in case int receivedBCount = clientSocket.Receive(buffer); // Receive the request string strReceived = charEncoder.GetString(buffer, 0, receivedBCount); // Parse method of the request string httpMethod = strReceived.Substring(0, strReceived.IndexOf( " " )); int start = strReceived.IndexOf(httpMethod) + httpMethod.Length + 1; int length = strReceived.LastIndexOf( "HTTP" ) - start - 1; string requestedUrl = strReceived.Substring(start, length); string requestedFile; if (httpMethod.Equals( "GET" ) || httpMethod.Equals( "POST" )) requestedFile = requestedUrl.Split( '?' )[0]; else // You can implement other methods... { notImplemented(clientSocket); return ; } requestedFile = requestedFile.Replace( "/" , @"" ).Replace("\.. ", " "); start = requestedFile.LastIndexOf( '.' ) + 1; if (start > 0) { length = requestedFile.Length - start; string extension = requestedFile.Substring(start, length); if (extensions.ContainsKey(extension)) // Do we support this extension? if (File.Exists(contentPath + requestedFile)) //If yes check existence of the file // Everything is OK, send requested file with correct content type: sendOkResponse(clientSocket, File.ReadAllBytes(contentPath + requestedFile), extensions[extension]); else notFound(clientSocket); // We don't support this extension. // We are assuming that it doesn't exist. } else { // If file is not specified try to send index.htm or index.html // You can add more (default.htm, default.html) if (requestedFile.Substring(length - 1, 1) != @"" ) requestedFile += @"" ; if (File.Exists(contentPath + requestedFile + "index.htm" )) sendOkResponse(clientSocket, File.ReadAllBytes(contentPath + requestedFile + "\index.htm" ), "text/html" ); else if (File.Exists(contentPath + requestedFile + "index.html" )) sendOkResponse(clientSocket, File.ReadAllBytes(contentPath + requestedFile + "\index.html" ), "text/html" ); else notFound(clientSocket); } } |
不同的状态代码的响应:
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private void notImplemented(Socket clientSocket) { sendResponse(clientSocket, "<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> </head><body><h2>Atasoy Simple Web Server</h2><div>501 - Method Not Implemented</div></body></html>", "501 Not Implemented" , "text/html" ); } private void notFound(Socket clientSocket) { sendResponse(clientSocket, "<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body><h2>Atasoy Simple Web Server</h2><div>404 - Not Found</div></body></html>", "404 Not Found" , "text/html" ); } private void sendOkResponse(Socket clientSocket, byte [] bContent, string contentType) { sendResponse(clientSocket, bContent, "200 OK" , contentType); } |
将响应发送到客户端的方法
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// For strings private void sendResponse(Socket clientSocket, string strContent, string responseCode, string contentType) { byte [] bContent = charEncoder.GetBytes(strContent); sendResponse(clientSocket, bContent, responseCode, contentType); } // For byte arrays private void sendResponse(Socket clientSocket, byte [] bContent, string responseCode, string contentType) { try { byte [] bHeader = charEncoder.GetBytes( "HTTP/1.1 " + responseCode + "
" + "Server: Atasoy Simple Web Server
" + "Content-Length: " + bContent.Length.ToString() + "
" + "Connection: close
" + "Content-Type: " + contentType + "
" ); clientSocket.Send(bHeader); clientSocket.Send(bContent); clientSocket.Close(); } catch { } } |
用法
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// to create new one: Server server = new Server(); // to start it server.start(ipAddress, port, maxconnections, contentpath); // to stop it server.stop(); |
向全世界说"Hello"
我们简单的Web服务器已准备就绪。现在,我们将从Internet访问它。为了实现这一目标,我们必须将请求从Modem重定向到我们的计算机。如果我们的调制解调器支持UPnP那就很简单。
1. 下载UPnp Port Forwarder ,并运行它。
2. 点击“Search For Devices”按钮。如果您的调制解调器支持UPnP,它会被添加到ComboBox。
3. 点击“Update List”按钮,列出转发端口。
4. 然后点击“Add New”按钮,填写表格。
5. 如果选中“IP”复选框,并输入一个IP地址,只有从这个IP的请求将被重定向。所以,千万不要填写。
6. 内部端口必须等于我们服务器的端口。
7.“Port”和“ Internal port”可以不相同。
这样,所有来自externalip:port的请求都将通过modem转发到我们的电脑上,你可以用http://www.web-sniffer.net/ 来测试连接的有效性,输入外部IP和端口号 http://外部IP:端口号并点击Submit按钮...