• Python 多线程抓取网页


    Python 多线程抓取网页 - 糖拌咸鱼 - 博客园

    Python 多线程抓取网页

       最近,一直在做网络爬虫相关的东西。 看了一下开源C++写的larbin爬虫,仔细阅读了里面的设计思想和一些关键技术的实现。

    1、larbin的URL去重用的很高效的bloom filter算法;
    2、DNS处理,使用的adns异步的开源组件;
    3、对于url队列的处理,则是用部分缓存到内存,部分写入文件的策略。
    4、larbin对文件的相关操作做了很多工作
    5、在larbin里有连接池,通过创建套接字,向目标站点发送HTTP协议中GET方法,获取内容,再解析header之类的东西
    6、大量描述字,通过poll方法进行I/O复用,很高效
    7、larbin可配置性很强
    8、作者所使用的大量数据结构都是自己从最底层写起的,基本没用STL之类的东西
    ......
    还有很多,以后有时间在好好写篇文章,总结下。

       这两天,用python写了个多线程下载页面的程序,对于I/O密集的应用而言,多线程显然是个很好的解决方案。刚刚写过的线程池,也正好可以利用上了。其实用python爬取页面非常简单,有个urllib2的模块,使用起来很方便,基本两三行代码就可以搞定。虽然使用第三方模块,可以很方便的解决问题,但是对个人的技术积累而言没有什么好处,因为关键的算法都是别人实现的,而不是你自己实现的,很多细节的东西,你根本就无法了解。 我们做技术的,不能一味的只是用别人写好的模块或是api,要自己动手实现,才能让自己学习得更多。

      我决定从socket写起,也是去封装GET协议,解析header,而且还可以把DNS的解析过程单独处理,例如DNS缓存一下,所以这样自己写的话,可控性更强,更有利于扩展。对于timeout的处理,我用的全局的5秒钟的超时处理,对于重定位(301or302)的处理是,最多重定位3次,因为之前测试过程中,发现很多站点的重定位又定位到自己,这样就无限循环了,所以设置了上限。具体原理,比较简单,直接看代码就好了。

       自己写完之后,与urllib2进行了下性能对比,自己写的效率还是比较高的,而且urllib2的错误率稍高一些,不知道为什么。网上有人说urllib2在多线程背景下有些小问题,具体我也不是特别清楚。

    先贴代码:

    fetchPage.py  使用Http协议的Get方法,进行页面下载,并存储为文件

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    '''
    Created on 2012-3-13
    Get Page using GET method
    Default using HTTP Protocol , http port 80
    @author: xiaojay
    '''
    import socket
    import statistics
    import datetime
    import threading
     
    socket.setdefaulttimeout(statistics.timeout)
     
    class Error404(Exception):
        '''Can not find the page.'''
        pass
     
    class ErrorOther(Exception):
        '''Some other exception'''
        def __init__(self,code):
            #print 'Code :',code
            pass
    class ErrorTryTooManyTimes(Exception):
        '''try too many times'''
        pass
     
    def downPage(hostname ,filename , trytimes=0):
        try :
            #To avoid too many tries .Try times can not be more than max_try_times
            if trytimes >= statistics.max_try_times :
                raise ErrorTryTooManyTimes
        except ErrorTryTooManyTimes :
            return statistics.RESULTTRYTOOMANY,hostname+filename
        try:
            s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM)
            #DNS cache
            if statistics.DNSCache.has_key(hostname):
                addr = statistics.DNSCache[hostname]
            else:
                addr = socket.gethostbyname(hostname)
                statistics.DNSCache[hostname] = addr
            #connect to http server ,default port 80
            s.connect((addr,80))
            msg  = 'GET '+filename+' HTTP/1.0\r\n'
            msg += 'Host: '+hostname+'\r\n'
            msg += 'User-Agent:xiaojay\r\n\r\n'
            code = ''
            f = None
            s.sendall(msg)
            first = True
            while True:
                msg = s.recv(40960)
                if not len(msg):
                    if f!=None:
                        f.flush()
                        f.close()
                    break
                # Head information must be in the first recv buffer
                if first:
                    first = False               
                    headpos = msg.index("\r\n\r\n")
                    code,other = dealwithHead(msg[:headpos])
                    if code=='200':
                        #statistics.fetched_url += 1
                        f = open('pages/'+str(abs(hash(hostname+filename))),'w')
                        f.writelines(msg[headpos+4:])
                    elif code=='301' or code=='302':
                        #if code is 301 or 302 , try down again using redirect location
                        if other.startswith("http") :               
                            hname, fname = parse(other)
                            downPage(hname,fname,trytimes+1)#try again
                        else :
                            downPage(hostname,other,trytimes+1)
                    elif code=='404':
                        raise Error404
                    else :
                        raise ErrorOther(code)
                else:
                    if f!=None :f.writelines(msg)
            s.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)
            s.close()
            return statistics.RESULTFETCHED,hostname+filename
        except Error404 :
            return statistics.RESULTCANNOTFIND,hostname+filename
        except ErrorOther:
            return statistics.RESULTOTHER,hostname+filename
        except socket.timeout:
            return statistics.RESULTTIMEOUT,hostname+filename
        except Exception, e:
            return statistics.RESULTOTHER,hostname+filename
    def dealwithHead(head):
        '''deal with HTTP HEAD'''
        lines = head.splitlines()
        fstline = lines[0]
        code =fstline.split()[1]
        if code == '404' : return (code,None)
        if code == '200' : return (code,None)
        if code == '301' or code == '302' :
            for line in lines[1:]:
                p = line.index(':')
                key = line[:p]
                if key=='Location' :
                    return (code,line[p+2:])
        return (code,None)
         
    def parse(url):
        '''Parse a url to hostname+filename'''
        try:
            u = url.strip().strip('\n').strip('\r').strip('\t')
            if u.startswith('http://') :
                u = u[7:]
            elif u.startswith('https://'):
                u = u[8:]
            if u.find(':80')>0 :
                p = u.index(':80')
                p2 = p + 3
            else:
                if u.find('/')>0:
                    p = u.index('/')
                    p2 = p
                else:
                    p = len(u)
                    p2 = -1
            hostname = u[:p]
            if p2>0 :
                filename = u[p2:]
            else : filename = '/'
            return hostname, filename
        except Exception ,e:
            print "Parse wrong : " , url
            print e
     
    def PrintDNSCache():
        '''print DNS dict'''
        n = 1
        for hostname in statistics.DNSCache.keys():
            print n,'\t',hostname, '\t',statistics.DNSCache[hostname]
            n+=1
     
    def dealwithResult(res,url):
        '''Deal with the result of downPage'''
        statistics.total_url+=1
        if res==statistics.RESULTFETCHED :
            statistics.fetched_url+=1
            print statistics.total_url , '\t fetched :', url
        if res==statistics.RESULTCANNOTFIND :
            statistics.failed_url+=1
            print "Error 404 at : ", url
        if res==statistics.RESULTOTHER :
            statistics.other_url +=1
            print "Error Undefined at : ", url
        if res==statistics.RESULTTIMEOUT :
            statistics.timeout_url +=1
            print "Timeout ",url
        if res==statistics.RESULTTRYTOOMANY:
            statistics.trytoomany_url+=1
            print e ,"Try too many times at", url
     
    if __name__=='__main__':   
        print  'Get Page using GET method'

    下面,我将利用上一篇的线程池作为辅助,实现多线程下的并行爬取,并用上面自己写的下载页面的方法和urllib2进行一下性能对比。

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    '''
    Created on 2012-3-16
    @author: xiaojay
    '''
    import fetchPage
    import threadpool
    import datetime
    import statistics
    import urllib2
     
     
    '''one thread'''
    def usingOneThread(limit):
        urlset = open("input.txt","r")
        start = datetime.datetime.now()
        for u in urlset:
            if limit <= 0 : break
            limit-=1
            hostname , filename = parse(u)
            res= fetchPage.downPage(hostname,filename,0)
            fetchPage.dealwithResult(res)
        end = datetime.datetime.now()
        print "Start at :\t" , start
        print "End at :\t" , end
        print "Total Cost :\t" , end - start
        print 'Total fetched :', statistics.fetched_url
         
     
    '''threadpoll and GET method'''
    def callbackfunc(request,result):
        fetchPage.dealwithResult(result[0],result[1])
     
    def usingThreadpool(limit,num_thread):
        urlset = open("input.txt","r")
        start = datetime.datetime.now()
        main = threadpool.ThreadPool(num_thread)
        for url in urlset :
            try :
                hostname , filename = fetchPage.parse(url)
                req = threadpool.WorkRequest(fetchPage.downPage,args=[hostname,filename],kwds={},callback=callbackfunc)
                main.putRequest(req)
            except Exception:
                print Exception.message       
        while True:
            try:
                main.poll()
                if statistics.total_url >= limit : break
            except threadpool.NoResultsPending:
                print "no pending results"
                break
            except Exception ,e:
                print e
        end = datetime.datetime.now()
        print "Start at :\t" , start   
        print "End at :\t" , end
        print "Total Cost :\t" , end - start
        print 'Total url :',statistics.total_url
        print 'Total fetched :', statistics.fetched_url
        print 'Lost url :', statistics.total_url - statistics.fetched_url
        print 'Error 404 :' ,statistics.failed_url
        print 'Error timeout :',statistics.timeout_url
        print 'Error Try too many times ' ,statistics.trytoomany_url
        print 'Error Other faults ',statistics.other_url
        main.stop()
     
    '''threadpool and urllib2 '''
    def downPageUsingUrlib2(url):
        try:
            req = urllib2.Request(url)
            fd = urllib2.urlopen(req)
            f = open("pages3/"+str(abs(hash(url))),'w')
            f.write(fd.read())
            f.flush()
            f.close()
            return url ,'success'
        except Exception:
            return url , None
         
    def writeFile(request,result):
        statistics.total_url += 1
        if result[1]!=None :
            statistics.fetched_url += 1
            print statistics.total_url,'\tfetched :', result[0],
        else:
            statistics.failed_url += 1
            print statistics.total_url,'\tLost :',result[0],
     
    def usingThreadpoolUrllib2(limit,num_thread):
        urlset = open("input.txt","r")
        start = datetime.datetime.now()  
        main = threadpool.ThreadPool(num_thread)   
         
        for url in urlset :
            try :
                req = threadpool.WorkRequest(downPageUsingUrlib2,args=[url],kwds={},callback=writeFile)
                main.putRequest(req)
            except Exception ,e:
                print e
             
        while True:
            try:
                main.poll()
                if statistics.total_url  >= limit : break
            except threadpool.NoResultsPending:
                print "no pending results"
                break
            except Exception ,e:
                print e
        end = datetime.datetime.now()   
        print "Start at :\t" , start
        print "End at :\t" , end
        print "Total Cost :\t" , end - start
        print 'Total url :',statistics.total_url
        print 'Total fetched :', statistics.fetched_url
        print 'Lost url :', statistics.total_url - statistics.fetched_url
        main.stop()
     
    if __name__ =='__main__':
        '''too slow'''
        #usingOneThread(100)
        '''use Get method'''
        #usingThreadpool(3000,50)
        '''use urllib2'''
        usingThreadpoolUrllib2(3000,50)

    实验分析:

    实验数据:larbin抓取下来的3000条url,经过Mercator队列模型(我用c++实现的,以后有机会发个blog)处理后的url集合,具有随机和代表性。使用50个线程的线程池。
    实验环境:ubuntu10.04,网络较好,python2.6
    存储:小文件,每个页面,一个文件进行存储
    PS:由于学校上网是按流量收费的,做网络爬虫,灰常费流量啊!!!过几天,可能会做个大规模url下载的实验,用个几十万的url试试。

    实验结果:

    使用urllib2 ,usingThreadpoolUrllib2(3000,50)

    Start at :    2012-03-16 22:18:20.956054
    End at :    2012-03-16 22:22:15.203018
    Total Cost :    0:03:54.246964
    Total url : 3001
    Total fetched : 2442
    Lost url : 559
    下载页面的物理存储大小:84088kb

    使用自己的getPageUsingGet ,usingThreadpool(3000,50)

    Start at :    2012-03-16 22:23:40.206730
    End at :    2012-03-16 22:26:26.843563
    Total Cost :    0:02:46.636833
    Total url : 3002
    Total fetched : 2484
    Lost url : 518
    Error 404 : 94
    Error timeout : 312
    Error Try too many times  0
    Error Other faults  112
    下载页面的物理存储大小:87168kb

    小结: 自己写的下载页面程序,效率还是很不错的,而且丢失的页面也较少。但其实自己考虑一下,还是有很多地方可以优化的,比如文件过于分散,过多的小文件创建和释放定会产生不小的性能开销,而且程序里用的是hash命名,也会产生很多的计算,如果有好的策略,其实这些开销都是可以省略的。另外DNS,也可以不使用python自带的DNS解析,因为默认的DNS解析都是同步的操作,而DNS解析一般比较耗时,可以采取多线程的异步的方式进行,再加以适当的DNS缓存很大程度上可以提高效率。不仅如此,在实际的页面抓取过程中,会有大量的url ,不可能一次性把它们存入内存,而应该按照一定的策略或是算法进行合理的分配。 总之,采集页面要做的东西以及可以优化的东西,还有很多很多。

    附件下载:程序代码(水平有限,仅供参考)

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/lexus/p/2843517.html
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