参考链接：https://www.cnblogs.com/yangmingxianshen/p/7999428.html
Django中，数据库的字符集最好为utf-8.
一、查看字符集
1.查看MYSQL数据库服务器和数据库字符集
方法一：show variables like '%character%'; 方法二：show variables like 'collation%';
运行结果：
mysql> show variables like '%character%'; +--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+ | Variable_name | Value | +--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+ | character_set_client | utf8 | | character_set_connection | utf8 | | character_set_database | utf8 | | character_set_filesystem | utf8 | | character_set_results | utf8 | | character_set_server | utf8 | | character_set_system | utf8 | | character_sets_dir | C:Program FilesMySQLMySQL Server 5.7sharecharsets | +--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+ 8 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> show variables like 'collation%'; +----------------------+-----------------+ | Variable_name | Value | +----------------------+-----------------+ | collation_connection | utf8_general_ci | | collation_database | utf8_general_ci | | collation_server | utf8_general_ci | +----------------------+-----------------+ 3 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
2.查看MYSQL所支持的字符集
show charset;
运行结果：
mysql> show charset; +----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+ | Charset | Description | Default collation | Maxlen | +----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+ | big5 | Big5 Traditional Chinese | big5_chinese_ci | 2 | | dec8 | DEC West European | dec8_swedish_ci | 1 | | cp850 | DOS West European | cp850_general_ci | 1 | | hp8 | HP West European | hp8_english_ci | 1 | | koi8r | KOI8-R Relcom Russian | koi8r_general_ci | 1 | | latin1 | cp1252 West European | latin1_swedish_ci | 1 | | latin2 | ISO 8859-2 Central European | latin2_general_ci | 1 | | swe7 | 7bit Swedish | swe7_swedish_ci | 1 | | ascii | US ASCII | ascii_general_ci | 1 | | ujis | EUC-JP Japanese | ujis_japanese_ci | 3 | | sjis | Shift-JIS Japanese | sjis_japanese_ci | 2 | | hebrew | ISO 8859-8 Hebrew | hebrew_general_ci | 1 | | tis620 | TIS620 Thai | tis620_thai_ci | 1 | | euckr | EUC-KR Korean | euckr_korean_ci | 2 | | koi8u | KOI8-U Ukrainian | koi8u_general_ci | 1 | | gb2312 | GB2312 Simplified Chinese | gb2312_chinese_ci | 2 | | greek | ISO 8859-7 Greek | greek_general_ci | 1 | | cp1250 | Windows Central European | cp1250_general_ci | 1 | | gbk | GBK Simplified Chinese | gbk_chinese_ci | 2 | | latin5 | ISO 8859-9 Turkish | latin5_turkish_ci | 1 | | armscii8 | ARMSCII-8 Armenian | armscii8_general_ci | 1 | | utf8 | UTF-8 Unicode | utf8_general_ci | 3 | | ucs2 | UCS-2 Unicode | ucs2_general_ci | 2 | | cp866 | DOS Russian | cp866_general_ci | 1 | | keybcs2 | DOS Kamenicky Czech-Slovak | keybcs2_general_ci | 1 | | macce | Mac Central European | macce_general_ci | 1 | | macroman | Mac West European | macroman_general_ci | 1 | | cp852 | DOS Central European | cp852_general_ci | 1 | | latin7 | ISO 8859-13 Baltic | latin7_general_ci | 1 | | utf8mb4 | UTF-8 Unicode | utf8mb4_general_ci | 4 | | cp1251 | Windows Cyrillic | cp1251_general_ci | 1 | | utf16 | UTF-16 Unicode | utf16_general_ci | 4 | | utf16le | UTF-16LE Unicode | utf16le_general_ci | 4 | | cp1256 | Windows Arabic | cp1256_general_ci | 1 | | cp1257 | Windows Baltic | cp1257_general_ci | 1 | | utf32 | UTF-32 Unicode | utf32_general_ci | 4 | | binary | Binary pseudo charset | binary | 1 | | geostd8 | GEOSTD8 Georgian | geostd8_general_ci | 1 | | cp932 | SJIS for Windows Japanese | cp932_japanese_ci | 2 | | eucjpms | UJIS for Windows Japanese | eucjpms_japanese_ci | 3 | | gb18030 | China National Standard GB18030 | gb18030_chinese_ci | 4 | +----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+ 41 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3.查看表的字符集
语法：show database status from 库名 like 表名;
运行结果：
mysql> show table status from blogdb like 'blog_category'; +---------------+--------+---------+------------+------+----------------+-------------+-----------------+--------------+-----------+----------------+---------------------+---------------------+------------+-----------------+----------+----------------+---------+ | Name | Engine | Version | Row_format | Rows | Avg_row_length | Data_length | Max_data_length | Index_length | Data_free | Auto_increment | Create_time | Update_time | Check_time | Collation | Checksum | Create_options | Comment | +---------------+--------+---------+------------+------+----------------+-------------+-----------------+--------------+-----------+----------------+---------------------+---------------------+------------+-----------------+----------+----------------+---------+ | blog_category | InnoDB | 10 | Dynamic | 1 | 16384 | 16384 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2020-12-12 19:18:08 | 2020-12-12 20:33:52 | NULL | utf8_general_ci | NULL | | | +---------------+--------+---------+------------+------+----------------+-------------+-----------------+--------------+-----------+----------------+---------------------+---------------------+------------+-----------------+----------+----------------+---------+ 1 row in set (0.01 sec)
其中，Collation 字段是字符集格式。
5.查看表中所有列的字符集
语法：show full columns from 表名;
运行结果：
mysql> show full columns from blog_category; +-------+-------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+---------------------------------+---------+ | Field | Type | Collation | Null | Key | Default | Extra | Privileges | Comment | +-------+-------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+---------------------------------+---------+ | id | int(11) | NULL | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | select,insert,update,references | | | name | varchar(30) | utf8_general_ci | NO | | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | | | index | int(11) | NULL | NO | | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | | +-------+-------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+---------------------------------+---------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
二、设置字符集
设置字符集一般有两种方法，一种是在创建表的时候设置字符集，另一种是表建成之后修改字符集。
1.创建时指定字符集
创建库的时候指定字符集：
语法：create database 库名 default character set=字符集；
create database db2 default character set=utf8
创建表的时候指定字符集：
语法：create table 表名（属性）default character set = 字符集；
mysql> create table test1(id int(6),name char(10)) default character set = 'gbk'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.39 sec)
2.修改字符集
修改全局字符集
/*建立连接使用的编码*/ set character_set_connection=utf8; /*数据库的编码*/ set character_set_database=utf8; /*结果集的编码*/ set character_set_results=utf8; /*数据库服务器的编码*/ set character_set_server=utf8; set character_set_system=utf8; set collation_connection=utf8; set collation_database=utf8; set collation_server=utf8;
修改库的字符集
语法：alter database 库名 default character set 字符集;
alter database shiyan default character set gbk;
修改表的字符集
alter table blog_category convert to character set utf8;
运行结果：
mysql> alter table blog_category convert to character set utf8;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.09 sec)
Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> alter table blog_category convert to character set utf8; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.09 sec) Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> show table status from blogdb like 'blog_category'; +---------------+--------+---------+------------+------+----------------+-------------+-----------------+--------------+-----------+----------------+---------------------+---------------------+------------+-----------------+----------+----------------+---------+ | Name | Engine | Version | Row_format | Rows | Avg_row_length | Data_length | Max_data_length | Index_length | Data_free | Auto_increment | Create_time | Update_time | Check_time | Collation | Checksum | Create_options | Comment | +---------------+--------+---------+------------+------+----------------+-------------+-----------------+--------------+-----------+----------------+---------------------+---------------------+------------+-----------------+----------+----------------+---------+ | blog_category | InnoDB | 10 | Dynamic | 0 | 0 | 16384 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2020-12-12 19:18:08 | 2020-12-12 20:32:15 | NULL | utf8_general_ci | NULL | | | +---------------+--------+---------+------------+------+----------------+-------------+-----------------+--------------+-----------+----------------+---------------------+---------------------+------------+-----------------+----------+----------------+---------+ 1 row in set (0.01 sec)
修改字段的字符集
语法：alter table 表名 modify 字段名 字段属性 character set gbk；
alter table test1 modify name char(10) character set gbk;
mysql> show full columns from test1; +-------+----------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+---------------------------------+---------+ | Field | Type | Collation | Null | Key | Default | Extra | Privileges | Comment | +-------+----------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+---------------------------------+---------+ | id | int(6) | NULL | YES | | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | | | name | char(10) | utf8_general_ci | YES | | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | | +-------+----------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+---------------------------------+---------+ 2 rows in set (0.01 sec) mysql> alter table test1 modify name char(10) character set gbk; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.58 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> show full columns from test1; +-------+----------+----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+---------------------------------+---------+ | Field | Type | Collation | Null | Key | Default | Extra | Privileges | Comment | +-------+----------+----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+---------------------------------+---------+ | id | int(6) | NULL | YES | | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | | | name | char(10) | gbk_chinese_ci | YES | | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | | +-------+----------+----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+---------------------------------+---------+ 2 rows in set (0.01 sec) 修改字段的字符集