• python爬虫之requests的基本使用


     简介

      Requests是用python语言基于urllib编写的,采用的是Apache2 Licensed开源协议的HTTP库,Requests它会比urllib更加方便,可以节约我们大量的工作。

    一、安装

     pip快速安装

    pip install requests
    

    二、使用

       1、先上一串代码

    import requests
    
    response  = requests.get("https://www.baidu.com")
    print(type(response))
    print(response.status_code)
    print(type(response.text))
    
    response.enconding = "utf-8'
    print(response.text)
    
    print(response.cookies)
    
    print(response.content)
    print(response.content.decode("utf-8"))
    

      response.text返回的是Unicode格式,通常需要转换为utf-8格式,否则就是乱码。response.content是二进制模式,可以下载视频之类的,如果想看的话需要decode成utf-8格式。
      不管是通过response.content.decode("utf-8)的方式还是通过response.encoding="utf-8"的方式都可以避免乱码的问题发生

      2、一大推请求方式

    import requests
    requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post")
    requests.put("http://httpbin.org/put")
    requests.delete("http://httpbin.org/delete")
    requests.head("http://httpbin.org/get")
    requests.options("http://httpbin.org/get")
    

      

      基本GET:

    import requests
    
    url = 'https://www.baidu.com/'
    response = requests.get(url)
    print(response.text)
    

      

      带参数的GET请求:

      如果想查询http://httpbin.org/get页面的具体参数,需要在url里面加上,例如我想看有没有Host=httpbin.org这条数据,url形式应该是http://httpbin.org/get?Host=httpbin.org

      下面提交的数据是往这个地址传送data里面的数据。

    import requests
    
    url = 'http://httpbin.org/get'
    data = {
        'name':'zhangsan',
        'age':'25'
    }
    response = requests.get(url,params=data)
    print(response.url)
    print(response.text)
    

      

      Json数据:

      从下面的数据中我们可以得出,如果结果:

      1、requests中response.json()方法等同于json.loads(response.text)方法

    import requests
    import json
    
    response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get")
    print(type(response.text))
    print(response.json())
    print(json.loads(response.text))
    print(type(response.json())
    

      

      获取二进制数据

      在上面提到了response.content,这样获取的数据是二进制数据,同样的这个方法也可以用于下载图片以及
      视频资源

      添加header

      首先说,为什么要加header(头部信息)呢?例如下面,我们试图访问知乎的登录页面(当然大家都你要是不登录知乎,就看不到里面的内容),我们试试不加header信息会报什么错。

    import requests
    
    url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/'
    response = requests.get(url)
    response.encoding = "utf-8"
    print(response.text)
    

      结果:

      提示发生内部服务器错误(也就说你连知乎登录页面的html都下载不下来)。

    <html><body><h1>500 Server Error</h1>
    An internal server error occured.
    </body></html>
    

      

      如果想访问就必须得加headers信息。

      

    import requests
    
    url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/'
    headers = {
        'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/57.0.2987.133 Safari/537.36'
    }
    response = requests.get(url,headers=headers)
    print(response.text)
    

      

       基本post请求:

      通过post把数据提交到url地址,等同于一字典的形式提交form表单里面的数据

    import requests
    
    url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
    data = {
        'name':'jack',
        'age':'23'
        }
    response = requests.post(url,data=data)
    print(response.text)
    

      结果:

    {
      "args": {}, 
      "data": "", 
      "files": {}, 
      "form": {
        "age": "23", 
        "name": "jack"
      }, 
      "headers": {
        "Accept": "*/*", 
        "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
        "Connection": "close", 
        "Content-Length": "16", 
        "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", 
        "Host": "httpbin.org", 
        "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.13.0"
      }, 
      "json": null, 
      "origin": "118.144.137.95", 
      "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
    }
    

      

      响应:

    import requests
    
    response = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")
    #打印请求页面的状态(状态码)
    print(type(response.status_code),response.status_code)
    #打印请求网址的headers所有信息
    print(type(response.headers),response.headers)
    #打印请求网址的cookies信息
    print(type(response.cookies),response.cookies)
    #打印请求网址的地址
    print(type(response.url),response.url)
    #打印请求的历史记录(以列表的形式显示)
    print(type(response.history),response.history)
    

      内置的状态码:

    100: ('continue',),
    101: ('switching_protocols',),
    102: ('processing',),
    103: ('checkpoint',),
    122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'),
    200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', '\o/', ''),
    201: ('created',),
    202: ('accepted',),
    203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'),
    204: ('no_content',),
    205: ('reset_content', 'reset'),
    206: ('partial_content', 'partial'),
    207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'),
    208: ('already_reported',),
    226: ('im_used',),
    
    # Redirection.
    300: ('multiple_choices',),
    301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', '\o-'),
    302: ('found',),
    303: ('see_other', 'other'),
    304: ('not_modified',),
    305: ('use_proxy',),
    306: ('switch_proxy',),
    307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'),
    308: ('permanent_redirect',
          'resume_incomplete', 'resume',), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0
    
    # Client Error.
    400: ('bad_request', 'bad'),
    401: ('unauthorized',),
    402: ('payment_required', 'payment'),
    403: ('forbidden',),
    404: ('not_found', '-o-'),
    405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'),
    406: ('not_acceptable',),
    407: ('proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'),
    408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'),
    409: ('conflict',),
    410: ('gone',),
    411: ('length_required',),
    412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'),
    413: ('request_entity_too_large',),
    414: ('request_uri_too_large',),
    415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'),
    416: ('requested_range_not_satisfiable', 'requested_range', 'range_not_satisfiable'),
    417: ('expectation_failed',),
    418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'),
    421: ('misdirected_request',),
    422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'),
    423: ('locked',),
    424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'),
    425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'),
    426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'),
    428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'),
    429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'),
    431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'),
    444: ('no_response', 'none'),
    449: ('retry_with', 'retry'),
    450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'),
    451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'),
    499: ('client_closed_request',),
    
    # Server Error.
    500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o\', ''),
    501: ('not_implemented',),
    502: ('bad_gateway',),
    503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'),
    504: ('gateway_timeout',),
    505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'),
    506: ('variant_also_negotiates',),
    507: ('insufficient_storage',),
    509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'),
    510: ('not_extended',),
    511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication'),
    内置的状态码
    import requests
    response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com/404.html')
    # 使用request内置的字母判断状态码
    
    #如果response返回的状态码是非正常的就返回404错误
    if response.status_code != requests.codes.ok:
        print('404')
    
    #如果页面返回的状态码是200,就打印下面的状态
    response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com')
    if response.status_code == 200:
        print('200')
    

      

     request的高级操作

      文件上传

    import requests
    url = "http://httpbin.org/post"
    files= {"files":open("test.jpg","rb")}
    response = requests.post(url,files=files)
    print(response.text)
    

      结果:

       获取cookie

    import requests
    response = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com')
    print(response.cookies)
    for key,value in response.cookies.items():
        print(key,'==',value)
    

      

       会话维持

      cookie的一个作用就是可以用于模拟登陆,做会话维持

    import requests
    session = requests.session()
    session.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/12456')
    response = session.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')
    print(response.text)
    

      

      

      证书验证

        1、无证书访问

    import requests
    response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn')
    # 在请求https时,request会进行证书的验证,如果验证失败则会抛出异常
    print(response.status_code)
    

      报错:

      

      关闭证书验证

    import requests
    # 关闭验证,但是仍然会报出证书警告
    response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',verify=False)
    print(response.status_code)
    

      为了避免这种情况的发生可以通过verify=False,但是这样是可以访问到页面结果

       消除验证证书的警报

    from requests.packages import urllib3
    import requests
    
    urllib3.disable_warnings()
    response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',verify=False)
    print(response.status_code)
    

      

      手动设置证书

    import requests
    
    response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn', cert=('/path/server.crt', '/path/key'))
    print(response.status_code)
    

      

      代理设置

       1、设置普通代理

    import requests
    
    proxies = {
      "http": "http://127.0.0.1:9743",
      "https": "https://127.0.0.1:9743",
    }
    response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)
    print(response.status_code)
    

      2、设置用户名和密码代理

    import requests
    
    proxies = {
        "http": "http://user:password@127.0.0.1:9743/",
    }
    response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)
    print(response.status_code)
    

       

      设置socks代理

    安装socks模块 pip3 install 'requests[socks]'
    
    import requests
    
    proxies = {
        'http': 'socks5://127.0.0.1:9742',
        'https': 'socks5://127.0.0.1:9742'
    }
    response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)
    print(response.status_code)
    

      

        超时设置

          通过timeout参数可以设置超时的时间

    import requests
    from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout
    
    try:
        # 设置必须在500ms内收到响应,不然或抛出ReadTimeout异常
        response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout=0.5)
        print(response.status_code)
    except ReadTimeout:
        print('Timeout')
    

      

      认证设置

      如果碰到需要认证的网站可以通过requests.auth模块实现  

    import requests
    from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth
    
    #方法一 r = requests.get('http://120.27.34.24:9001', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user', '123'))
    #方法二
    r = requests.get('http://120.27.34.24:9001', auth=('user', '123')) print(r.status_code)

      

      异常处理

      关于reqeusts的异常在这里可以看到详细内容:
          http://www.python-requests.org/en/master/api/#exceptions
      所有的异常都是在requests.excepitons中

      

      从源码我们可以看出RequestException继承IOError,
      HTTPError,ConnectionError,Timeout继承RequestionException
      ProxyError,SSLError继承ConnectionError
      ReadTimeout继承Timeout异常
      这里列举了一些常用的异常继承关系,详细的可以看:
          http://cn.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/_modules/requests/exceptions.html#RequestException

      

      通过下面的例子进行简单的演示

    import requests
    from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout, ConnectionError, RequestException
    try:
        response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout = 0.5)
        print(response.status_code)
    except ReadTimeout:
        print('Timeout')
    except ConnectionError:
        print('Connection error')
    except RequestException:
        print('Error')
    

      首先被捕捉的异常是timeout,当把网络断掉的haul就会捕捉到ConnectionError,如果前面异常都没有捕捉到,最后也可以通过RequestExctption捕捉到

  • 相关阅读:
    ORM轻量级框架---ActiveAndroid
    面向对象系列一(继承)
    【Android自己定义View实战】之自己定义超简单SearchView搜索框
    POJ 2367:Genealogical tree(拓扑排序)
    计算客 商品推荐走马灯(简单)(求区间全部连续的回文串价值)
    供电电路切换与锂电池充电电路设计
    锂电池充电电路及电源自动切换电路的设计
    电池和Adapter切换电路改进实验(转)
    串口通信中ReadFile和WriteFile的超时详解!
    CRC算法与实现
  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/lei0213/p/6957508.html
Copyright © 2020-2023  润新知