起因：知道BioNTech是搞mRNA的，但却不知道其是搞癌症mRNA疫苗起家的，有点惊讶。
问题：
- 除了传染病，还有哪些疾病能被疫苗预防？
- 疫苗起预防作用的机制是什么？传统和新型
- 有哪些已上市或临床后期的明星疫苗？
疫苗主要是利用了自身的免疫系统，伪造已知抗原，提前训练自身免疫系统，在真正面对抗原时，快速响应。
有的疫苗是用于预防，有的疫苗可用于治疗。
有的病毒可以引发癌症，如，所以对应的疫苗可用于预防癌症。
目前FDA已批准的两类用于预防癌症的疫苗：
- HPV vaccine
- Hepatitis B vaccine
治疗的疫苗，treatment vaccines or therapeutic vaccines【免疫疗法】
治疗机制：
Cancer treatment vaccines boost the immune system's ability to find and destroy antigens. Often, cancer cells have certain molecules called cancer-specific antigens on their surface that healthy cells do not have. When a vaccine gives these molecules to a person, the molecules act as antigens. They tell the immune system to find and destroy cancer cells that have these molecules on their surface.
Some cancer vaccines are personalized. This means they are made for just 1 person. This type of vaccine is produced from samples of the person's tumor that are removed during surgery. Other cancer vaccines are not personalized and target certain cancer antigens that are not specific to an individual person. Doctors give these vaccines to people whose tumors have those antigens on the surface of the tumor cells.
治疗难点：
- 癌症抑制免疫系统功能
- 癌症细胞起源于正常细胞
- 大型或晚期癌症难以使用疫苗治疗
- 病人或老人的免疫系统虚弱，难以利用其自身免疫系统
应用：
- Bladder cancer. Researchers are testing how well a vaccine made from a virus altered with the HER2 antigen works. These antigens or molecules live on the surface of some bladder cancer tumors. The virus may help teach the immune system to find and destroy these tumor cells. Researchers also want to know which works better: standard bladder cancer treatment or standard treatment with a vaccine.
- Brain tumors. There are many studies testing treatment vaccines aimed at certain molecules on the surface of brain tumor cells. Some focus on newly found brain cancer. Others focus on cancer that has come back, or recurred. Many of the studies include children and teens.
- Breast cancer. Many studies are testing treatment vaccines for breast cancer, given alone or with other treatments. Other researchers are working to get vaccines that prevent breast cancer into clinical trials.
- Cervical cancer. As explained above, the FDA approved HPV vaccines that prevent cervical cancer. Research continues on vaccines that help treat each stage of cervical cancer.
- Colorectal cancer. Researchers are making treatment vaccines that tell the body to attack cells with antigens thought to cause colorectal cancer. These antigens include carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), MUC1, guanylyl cyclase C, and NY-ESO-1.
- Kidney cancer. Researchers are testing many cancer vaccines to treat kidney cancer. They are also testing vaccines to prevent kidney cancer in its later stages from coming back.
- Leukemia. Studies are looking at treatment vaccines for various types of leukemia, such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Some are meant to help other treatments, such as a bone marrow/stem cell transplant, work better. Other vaccines made from a person's cancer cells and other cells may help the immune system destroy the cancer.
- Lung cancer. Lung cancer treatment vaccines in clinical trials target antigens.
- Melanoma. Researchers are testing many melanoma vaccines, given alone or with other treatments. Destroyed melanoma cells and antigens in the vaccines tell the immune system to destroy other melanoma cells in the body.
- Myeloma. There are many clinical trials looking at vaccines for people with multiple myeloma who are near remission. This means doctors can no longer find the cancer in the body and there are no symptoms. Researchers are also testing vaccines in people with smoldering myeloma or who need to have an autologous bone marrow/stem cell transplant.
- Pancreatic cancer. Researchers are working on many treatment vaccines designed to boost the immune system's response to pancreatic cancer cells. The vaccine may be given as the only treatment or along with another treatment.
- Prostate cancer. As noted above, sipuleucel-T is a vaccine that doctors can use to treat people with prostate cancer that has spread. Now studies are looking to see if the vaccine can help people with prostate cancer at earlier stages.
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