http://blog.csdn.net/cuirong1986/article/details/8455335
Median and standard deviation
中值和标准差的计算比前面的例子复杂一点。因为这种运算是非关联的,它们不是那么容易的能从combiner中获益。中值是将数据集一分为两等份的数值类型,一份比中值大,一部分比中值小。这需要数据集按顺序完成清洗。数据必须是排序的,但存在一定障碍,因为MapReduce不会根据values排序。
方差告诉我们数据跟平均值之间的差异程度。这就要求我们之前要先找到平均值。执行这种操作最容易的方法是复制值得列表到临时列表,以便找到中值,或者再一次迭代集合所有数据得到标准差。对大的数据量,这种实现可能导致java堆空间的问题,引文每个输入组的每个值都放进内存处理。下一个例子就是针对这种问题的。
问题:给出用户评论,计算一天中每个小时评论长度的中值和标准差。
Mapper code。Mapper会处理每条输入记录计算一天内每个小时评论长度的中值(貌似事实不是这样)。输出键是小时,输出值是评论长度。
public static class MedianStdDevMapper extends Mapper<Object, Text, IntWritable, IntWritable> { private IntWritable outHour = new IntWritable(); private IntWritable outCommentLength = new IntWritable(); private final static SimpleDateFormat frmt = new SimpleDateFormat( "yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss.SSS"); public void map(Object key, Text value, Context context) throws IOException, InterruptedException { Map<String, String> parsed = transformXmlToMap(value.toString()); String strDate = parsed.get("CreationDate"); String text = parsed.get("Text"); Date creationDate = frmt.parse(strDate); outHour.set(creationDate.getHours()); outCommentLength.set(text.length()); context.write(outHour, outCommentLength); } }
Reducer code。Reducer会迭代给定值得集合,并把每个值加到内存列表里。同时也会计算一个动态的sum和count。迭代之后,评论长度被排序,以便找出中值。如果数量是偶数,中值是中间两个数的平均值。下面,根据动态的sum和count计算出平均值,然后迭代排序的列表计算出标准差。每个数跟平均值的差的平方累加求和保存在一个动态sum中,这个sum的平方根就是标准差。最后输出key,中值和标准差。
public static class MedianStdDevReducer extends Reducer<IntWritable, IntWritable, IntWritable, MedianStdDevTuple> { private MedianStdDevTuple result = new MedianStdDevTuple(); private ArrayList<Float> commentLengths = new ArrayList<Float>(); public void reduce(IntWritable key, Iterable<IntWritable> values, Context context) throws IOException, InterruptedException { float sum = 0; float count = 0; commentLengths.clear(); result.setStdDev(0); // Iterate through all input values for this key for (IntWritable val : values) { commentLengths.add((float) val.get()); sum += val.get(); ++count; } // sort commentLengths to calculate median Collections.sort(commentLengths); // if commentLengths is an even value, average middle two elements if (count % 2 == 0) { result.setMedian((commentLengths.get((int) count / 2 - 1) + commentLengths.get((int) count / 2)) / 2.0f); } else { // else, set median to middle value result.setMedian(commentLengths.get((int) count / 2)); } // calculate standard deviation float mean = sum / count; float sumOfSquares = 0.0f; for (Float f : commentLengths) { sumOfSquares += (f - mean) * (f - mean); } result.setStdDev((float) Math.sqrt(sumOfSquares / (count - 1))); context.write(key, result); } }
Combiner optimization。这种情况下不能用combiner。reducer需要所有的值去计算中值和标准差。因为combiner仅仅在一个map本地处理中间键值对。计算完整的中值,和标准值是不可能的。下面的例子是一种复杂一点的使用自定义的combiner的实现。
Memory-conscious median and standard deviation
下面的例子跟前一个不同,并减少了内存的使用。把值放进列表会导致很多重复的元素。一种去重的方法是标记元素的个数。例如,对于列表< 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3,4, 5, 5, 5 >,可以用一个sorted map保存:(1→4, 2→2, 3→1, 4→1, 5→3)。核心的原理是一样的:reduce阶段会迭代所有值并放入内存数据结构中。数据结构和搜索的方式是改变的地方。Map很大程度上减少了内存的使用。前一个例子使用list,复杂度为O(n),n是评论条数,本例使用map,使用键值对,为O(max(m)),m是评论长度的最大值。作为额外的补充,combiner的使用能帮助聚合评论长度的数目,并通过writable对象输出reducer端将要使用的这个map。
问题:同前一个。
Mapper code。Mapper处理输入记录,输出键是小时,值是sortedmapwritable对象,包含一个元素:评论长度和计数1.这个map在reducer和combiner里多处用到。
public static class MedianStdDevMapper extends Mapper<lObject, Text, IntWritable, SortedMapWritable> { private IntWritable commentLength = new IntWritable(); private static final LongWritable ONE = new LongWritable(1); private IntWritable outHour = new IntWritable(); private final static SimpleDateFormat frmt = new SimpleDateFormat( "yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss.SSS"); public void map(Object key, Text value, Context context) throws IOException, InterruptedException { Map<String, String> parsed = transformXmlToMap(value.toString()); // Grab the "CreationDate" field, // since it is what we are grouping by String strDate = parsed.get("CreationDate"); // Grab the comment to find the length String text = parsed.get("Text"); // Get the hour this comment was posted in Date creationDate = frmt.parse(strDate); outHour.set(creationDate.getHours()); commentLength.set(text.length()); SortedMapWritable outCommentLength = new SortedMapWritable(); outCommentLength.put(commentLength, ONE); // Write out the user ID with min max dates and count context.write(outHour, outCommentLength); } }
Reducer code。Reducer通过迭代上面的map生成一个大的treemap,key是评论长度,value是这个长度的评论的数目。
迭代以后,中值被计算出来。中值的索引由评论总数除以2得出。然后迭代treemap的entrySet找到key,需满足条件为:previousCommentCount≤ medianIndex < commentCount,把treeMap的值加到每一步迭代的评论里。一旦条件满足,如果有偶数条评论且中值索引等于前一条评论的,中值取前一个的长度和当前长度的平均值。否则,中值就是当前评论的长度。
接下来,再一次迭代treemap,计算出平方和,确保相关联的评论长度和数目相乘。标准差就根据平方和算出来了。中值和标准差就随着key一块输出。
public static class MedianStdDevReducer extends Reducer<IntWritable, SortedMapWritable, IntWritable, MedianStdDevTuple> { private MedianStdDevTuple result = new MedianStdDevTuple(); private TreeMap<Integer, Long> commentLengthCounts = new TreeMap<Integer, Long>(); public void reduce(IntWritable key, Iterable<SortedMapWritable> values, Context context) throws IOException, InterruptedException { float sum = 0; long totalComments = 0; commentLengthCounts.clear(); result.setMedian(0); result.setStdDev(0); for (SortedMapWritable v : values) { for (Map.Entry<WritableComparable, Writable> entry : v.entrySet()) { int length = ((IntWritable) entry.getKey()).get(); long count = ((LongWritable) entry.getValue()).get(); totalComments += count; sum += length * count; Long storedCount = commentLengthCounts.get(length); if (storedCount == null) { commentLengthCounts.put(length, count); } else { commentLengthCounts.put(length, storedCount + count); } } } long medianIndex = totalComments / 2L; long previousComments = 0; long comments = 0; int prevKey = 0; for (Map.Entry<Integer, Long> entry : commentLengthCounts.entrySet()) { comments = previousComments + entry.getValue(); if (previousComments <= medianIndex && medianIndex < comments) { if (totalComments % 2 == 0 && previousComments == medianIndex) { result.setMedian((float) (entry.getKey() + prevKey) / 2.0f); } else { result.setMedian(entry.getKey()); } break; } previousComments = comments; prevKey = entry.getKey(); } // calculate standard deviation float mean = sum / totalComments; float sumOfSquares = 0.0f; for (Map.Entry<Integer, Long> entry : commentLengthCounts.entrySet()) { sumOfSquares += (entry.getKey() - mean) * (entry.getKey() - mean) * entry.getValue(); } result.setStdDev((float) Math.sqrt(sumOfSquares / (totalComments - 1))); context.write(key, result); } }
Combiner optimization。跟前面的例子不同,这里combiner的逻辑跟reducer不同。Reducer计算中值和标准差,而combiner对每个本地map的中间键值对聚合sortedMapWritable条目。代码解析这些条目并在本地map聚合它们,这跟前面部分的reducer代码是相同的。这里用一个hashmap替换treemap,因为不需要排序,且hashmap更快。Reducer使用map计算中值和标准差,而combiner是用sortedMapWritable序列化为reduce阶段做准备。
public static class MedianStdDevCombiner extends Reducer<IntWritable, SortedMapWritable, IntWritable, SortedMapWritable> { protected void reduce(IntWritable key, Iterable<SortedMapWritable> values, Context context) throws IOException, InterruptedException { SortedMapWritable outValue = new SortedMapWritable(); for (SortedMapWritable v : values) { for (Map.Entry<WritableComparable, Writable> entry : v.entrySet()) { LongWritable count = (LongWritable) outValue.get(entry.getKey()); if (count != null) { count.set(count.get() + ((LongWritable) entry.getValue()).get()); } else { outValue.put(entry.getKey(), new LongWritable( ((LongWritable) entry.getValue()).get())); } } } context.write(key, outValue); } }
Data flow diagram。图2-4展示了例子的数据流程图
Figure 2-4. Data flow for the standard deviation example