• Python学习笔记2-flask-sqlalchemy 简单笔记


    flask-sqlalchemy 简单笔记

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    flask-sqlalchemy

    SQLAlchemy已经成为了python世界里面orm的标准,flask是一个轻巧的web框架,可以自由的使用orm,其中flask-sqlalchemy是专门为flask指定的插件。

    安装flask-sqlalchemy

    pip install flask-sqlalchemy

    初始化sqlalchemy

    from flask import Flask
    from flask.ext.sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
    
    app = Flask(__name__)
    
    #                  dialect+driver://username:password@host:port/database?charset=utf8
    # 配置 sqlalchemy  数据库驱动://数据库用户名:密码@主机地址:端口/数据库?编码
    app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = 'mysql://root:@localhost:3306/sqlalchemy?charset=utf8'
    # 初始化
    db = SQLAlchemy(app)

    定义model

    class User(db.Model):
        """ 定义了三个字段, 数据库表名为model名小写
        """
        id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
        username = db.Column(db.String(80), unique=True)
        email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True)
    
        def __init__(self, username, email):
            self.username = username
            self.email = email
    
        def __repr__(self):
            return '<User %r>' % self.username
    
        def save(self):
            db.session.add(self)
            db.session.commit()

    创建数据表

    数据包的创建使用sqlalchemy app,如果表已经存在,则忽略,如果不存在,则新建

    >>> from yourapp import db, User
    >>> u = User(username='admin', email='admin@example.com') # 创建实例
    >>> db.session.add(u)                                     # 添加session
    >>> db.session.commit()                                   # 提交查询
    >>> users = User.query.all()                              # 查询

    需要注意的是,如果要插入中文,必须插入 unicode字符串

    >>> u = User(username=u'人世间', email='rsj@example.com')
    >>> u.save()

    定义关系

    关系型数据库,最重要的就是关系。通常关系分为 一对一(例如无限级栏目),一对多(文章和栏目),多对多(文章和标签)

    one to many

    我们定义一个Category(栏目)和Post(文章),两者是一对多的关系,一个栏目有许多文章,一个文章属于一个栏目。

    class Category(db.Model):
        id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
        name = db.Column(db.String(50))
    
        def __init__(self, name):
            self.name = name
    
        def __repr__(self):
            return '<Category %r>' % self.name
    
    class Post(db.Model):
        """ 定义了五个字段,分别是 id,title,body,pub_date,category_id
        """
        id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
        title = db.Column(db.String(80))
        body = db.Column(db.Text)
        pub_date = db.Column(db.String(20))
        # 用于外键的字段
        category_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('category.id'))
        # 外键对象,不会生成数据库实际字段
        # backref指反向引用,也就是外键Category通过backref(post_set)查询Post
        category = db.relationship('Category', backref=db.backref('post_set', lazy='dynamic'))
    
    
        def __init__(self, title, body, category, pub_date=None):
            self.title = title
            self.body = body
            if pub_date is None:
                pub_date = time.time()
            self.pub_date = pub_date
            self.category = category
    
        def __repr__(self):
            return '<Post %r>' % self.title
    
        def save(self):
            db.session.add(self)
            db.session.commit()

    如何使用查询呢?

    >>> c = Category(name='Python')
    >>> c
    <Category 'Python'>
    >>> c.post_set
    <sqlalchemy.orm.dynamic.AppenderBaseQuery object at 0x0000000003B58F60>
    >>> c.post_set.all()
    []
    >>> p = Post(title='hello python', body='python is cool', category=c)
    >>> p.save()
    >>> c.post_set
    <sqlalchemy.orm.dynamic.AppenderBaseQuery object at 0x0000000003B73710>
    >>> c.post_set.all()   # 反向查询
    [<Post u'hello python'>]
    >>> p
    <Post u'hello python'>
    >>> p.category
    <Category u'Python'>
    # 也可以使用category_id 字段来添加
    >>> p = Post(title='hello flask', body='flask is cool', category_id=1)
    >>> p.save()

    many to many

    对于多对多的关系,往往是定义一个两个modelid的另外一张表,例如 Post 和 Tag之间是多对多,需要定义一个 Post_Tag的表

    post_tag = db.Table('post_tag',
                        db.Column('post_id', db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('post.id')),
                        db.Column('tag_id', db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('tag.id'))
                    )
    
    class Post(db.Model):
    
        id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
        # ... 省略
        # 定义一个反向引用,tag可以通过 post_set查询到 post的集合
        tags = db.relationship('Tag', secondary=post_tag,
                               backref=db.backref('post_set', lazy='dynamic'))
    
    class Tag(db.Model):
        id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
        content = db.Column(db.String(10), unique=True)
        # 定义反向查询
        posts = db.relationship('Post', secondary=post_tag,
                                backref=db.backref('tag_set', lazy='dynamic'))
    
        def __init__(self, content):
            self.content = content
    
        def save(self):
            db.session.add(self)
            db.session.commit()

    查询

    >>> tag_list = []
    >>> tags = ['python', 'flask', 'ruby', 'rails']
    >>> for tag in tags:
            t = Tag(tag)
            tag_list.append(t)
    >>> tag_list
    [<f_sqlalchemy.Tag object at 0x0000000003B7CF28>, <f_sqlalchemy.Tag object at 0x0000000003B7CF98>, <f_sqlalchemy.Tag object at 0x0000000003B7CEB8>, <f_sqlalchemy.Tag object at 0x0000000003B7CE80>]
    >>> p
    <Post u'hello python'>
    >>> p.tags
    []
    >>> p.tags = tag_list   # 添加多对多的数据
    >>> p.save()
    >>> p.tags
    [<f_sqlalchemy.Tag object at 0x0000000003B7CF28>, <f_sqlalchemy.Tag object at 0x0000000003B7CF98>, <f_sqlalchemy.Tag object at 0x0000000003B7CEB8>, <f_sqlalchemy.Tag object at 0x0000000003B7CE80>]
    >>> p.tag_set           # 反向查询
    <sqlalchemy.orm.dynamic.AppenderBaseQuery object at 0x0000000003B7C080>
    >>> p.tag_set.all()
    [<f_sqlalchemy.Tag object at 0x0000000003B7CF28>, <f_sqlalchemy.Tag object at 0x0000000003B7CF98>, <f_sqlalchemy.Tag object at 0x0000000003B7CEB8>, <f_sqlalchemy.Tag object at 0x0000000003B7CE80>]
    >>> t = Tag.query.all()[1]
    >>> t
    <f_sqlalchemy.Tag object at 0x0000000003B7CF28>
    >>> t.content
    u'python'
    >>> t.posts
    [<Post u'hello python'>]
    >>> t.post_set
    <sqlalchemy.orm.dynamic.AppenderBaseQuery object at 0x0000000003B7C358>
    >>> t.post_set.all()
    [<Post u'hello python'>]

    self one to one

    自身一对一也是常用的需求,比如无限分级栏目

    class Category(db.Model):
        id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
        name = db.Column(db.String(50))
        # 父级 id
        pid = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('category.id'))
        # 父栏目对象
        pcategory = db.relationship('Category', uselist=False, remote_side=[id], backref=db.backref('scategory', uselist=False))
    
        def __init__(self, name, pcategory=None):
            self.name = name
            self.pcategory = pcategory
    
        def __repr__(self):
            return '<Category %r>' % self.name
    
        def save(self):
            db.session.add(self)
            db.session.commit()

    查询

    >>> p = Category('Python')
    >>> p
    <Category 'Python'>
    >>> p.pid
    >>> p.pcategory  # 查询父栏目
    >>> p.scategory  # 查询子栏目
    >>> f = Category('Flask', p)
    >>> f.save()
    >>> f
    <Category u'Flask'>
    >>> f.pid
    1L
    >>> f.pcategory  # 查询父栏目
    <Category u'Python'>
    >>> f.scategory  # 查询父栏目
    >>> p.scategory  # 查询子栏目
    <Category u'Flask'>

    关于 flask-sqlalchemy 定义models的简单应用就这么多,更多的技巧在于如何查询。

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/lazb/p/5401716.html
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