iOS5中加入了新知识,就是ARC,其实我并不是很喜欢它,因为习惯了自己管理内存。但是学习还是很有必要的。
在iOS开发过程中,属性的定义往往与retain, assign, copy有关,我想大家都很熟悉了,在此我也不介绍,网上有很多相关文章。
现在我们看看iOS5中新的关键字strong, weak, unsafe_unretained. 可以与以前的关键字对应学习strong与retain类似,weak与unsafe_unretained功能差不多(有点区别,等下会介绍,这两个新 关键字与assign类似)。在iOS5中用这些新的关键字,就可以不用手动管理内存了,从java等其它语言转过来的程序员非常受用。
strong关键字与retain关似,用了它,引用计数自动+1,用实例更能说明一切
- @property (nonatomic, strong) NSString *string1;
- @property (nonatomic, strong) NSString *string2;
有这样两个属性,
- @synthesize string1;
- @synthesize string2;
- self.string1 = @"String 1";
- self.string2 = self.string1;
- self.string1 = nil;
- NSLog(@"String 2 = %@", self.string2);
由于string2是strong定义的属性,所以引用计数+1,使得它们所指向的值都是@"String 1", 如果你对retain熟悉的话,这理解并不难。
接着我们来看weak关键字:
如果这样声明两个属性:
- @property (nonatomic, strong) NSString *string1;
- @property (nonatomic, weak) NSString *string2;
并定义
- @synthesize string1;
- @synthesize string2;
再来猜一下,下面输出是什么?
- self.string1 = @"String 1";
- self.string2 = self.string1;
- self.string1 = nil;
- NSLog(@"String 2 = %@", self.string2);
结果是:String 2 = null
分析一下,由于self.string1与self.string2指向同一地址,且string2没有retain内存地址,而 self.string1=nil释放了内存,所以string1为nil。声明为weak的指针,指针指向的地址一旦被释放,这些指针都将被赋值为 nil。这样的好处能有效的防止野指针。在c/c++开发过程中,为何大牛都说指针的空间释放了后,都要将指针赋为NULL. 在这儿用weak关键字帮我们做了这一步。
接着我们来看unsafe_unretained
从名字可以看出,unretained且unsafe,由于是unretained所以与weak有点类似,但是它是unsafe的,什么是unsafe的呢,下面看实例。
如果这样声明两个属性:
并定义
- @property (nonatomic, strong) NSString *string1;
- @property (nonatomic, unsafe_unretained) NSString *string2;
再来猜一下,下面的代码会有什么结果?
- self.string1 = @"String 1";
- self.string2 = self.string1;
- self.string1 = nil;
- NSLog(@"String 2 = %@", self.string2);
请注意,在此我并没有叫你猜会有什么输出,因为根本不会有输出,你的程序会crash掉。
原因是什么,其实就是野指针造成的,所以野指针是可怕的。为何会造成野指针呢?同于用unsafe_unretained声明的指针,由于 self.string1=nil已将内存释放掉了,但是string2并不知道已被释放了,所以是野指针。然后访问野指针的内存就造成crash. 所以尽量少用unsafe_unretained关键字。
strong,weak, unsafe_unretained往往都是用来声明属性的,如果想声明临时变量就得用__strong, __weak, __unsafe_unretained, __autoreleasing, 其用法与上面介绍的类似。
还是看看实例吧。
- __strong NSString *yourString = @"Your String";
- __weak NSString *myString = yourString;
- yourString = nil;
- __unsafe_unretained NSString *theirString = myString;
- //现在所有的指针都为nil
再看一个:
- __strong NSString *yourString = @"Your String";
- __weak NSString *myString = yourString;
- __unsafe_unretained NSString *theirString = myString;
- yourString = nil;
- //现在yourString与myString的指针都为nil,而theirString不为nil,但是是野指针。
__autoreleasing的用法介绍:
在c/c++,objective-c内存管理中有一条是:谁分配谁释放。 __autoreleasing则可以使对像延迟释放。比如你想传一个未初始 化地对像引用到一个方法当中,在此方法中实始化此对像,那么这种情况将是__autoreleasing表演的时候。看个示例:
- - (void) generateErrorInVariable:(__autoreleasing NSError **)paramError{
- NSArray *objects = [[NSArray alloc] initWithObjects:@"A simple error", nil];
- NSArray *keys = [[NSArray alloc] initWithObjects:NSLocalizedDescriptionKey, nil];
- NSDictionary *errorDictionary = [[NSDictionary alloc] initWithObjects:objects forKeys:keys];
- *paramError = [[NSError alloc] initWithDomain:@"MyApp" code:1 userInfo:errorDictionary];
- }
- -(void)test
- {
- NSError *error = nil;
- [self generateErrorInVariable:&error];
- NSLog(@"Error = %@", error);
- }
这样即便在函数内部申请的空间,在函数外部也可以使用,同样也适合谁分配谁释放的原则。
同样下面的代码也是类似原因, 只不过在没有开启ARC的情况下适用:
- -(NSString *)stringTest
- {
- NSString *retStr = [NSString stringWithString:@"test"];
- return [[retStr retain] autorelease];
- }
开启ARC后,应改为:
- -(NSString *)stringTest
- {
- __autoreleasing NSString *retStr = [NSString alloc] initWithString:@"test"];
- return retStr;
- }
Setter Semantics
These attributes specify the semantics of a set accessor. They are mutually exclusive.
strong
-
Specifies that there is a strong (owning) relationship to the destination object.
weak
-
Specifies that there is a weak (non-owning) relationship to the destination object.
If the destination object is deallocated, the property value is automatically set to
nil
.(Weak properties are not supported on OS X v10.6 and iOS 4; use
assign
instead.) copy
-
Specifies that a copy of the object should be used for assignment.
The previous value is sent a
release
message.The copy is made by invoking the
copy
method. This attribute is valid only for object types, which must implement theNSCopying
protocol. assign
-
Specifies that the setter uses simple assignment. This attribute is the default.
You use this attribute for scalar types such as
NSInteger
andCGRect
. retain
-
Specifies that
retain
should be invoked on the object upon assignment.The previous value is sent a
release
message.In OS X v10.6 and later, you can use the
__attribute__
keyword to specify that a Core Foundation property should be treated like an Objective-C object for memory management:@property(retain) __attribute__((NSObject)) CFDictionaryRef myDictionary;
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