最近在学习Python,记录一下学习笔记
Python3 一般常用数据类型实例:
int
1 """ 2 int内部功能 3 """ 4 5 #返回该数字占用的最少位 6 num = 888 7 result = num.bit_length() 8 print(result) 9 10 #返回该复数的共轭复数 11 num = 888 12 result = num.conjugate() 13 print(result) 14 15 #返回绝对值 16 num = -888 17 result = num.__abs__() 18 print(result) 19 20 #相加 21 num = 10 22 result = num.__add__(10) 23 print(result) 24 25 #相除,得到商和余数,返回的是一个元组类型 26 num = 10 27 result = num.__divmod__(3) 28 print(result) 29 30 #相除,得到商,返回整数 31 num = 10 32 result = num.__floordiv__(3) 33 print(result) 34 35 #转换为浮点类型 36 num = 10 37 result = num.__float__() 38 print(result) 39 40 #格式化 41 result = '{0} is {1}'.format("eric","sb") 42 print(result) 43 44 #返回当前数字的十六进制值 45 result = hex(10) 46 print(result) 47 48 #转换为整数 49 num = 10.9 50 result = num.__int__() 51 print(result) 52 53 按位求反 54 #num = 10 55 result = num.__invert__() 56 print(result) 57 58 #或 59 num = 10 60 result = num.__or__(10) 61 print(result) 62 63 #幂次方 64 num = 10 65 result = num.__pow__(2) 66 print(result) 67 68 #转换成解析器可阅读的格式 69 num = 10 70 result = num.__repr__() 71 print(result) 72 73 #转换成人可阅读的格式 74 num = 10 75 result = num.__str__() 76 print(result)
str
""" 字符串内部功能 """ #字符串居中,两边空出20个空格,空格用"*"代替 name = "Eric" result = name.center(20,"*") print(result) #右边空出20个空格 name = "eric" result = name.rjust(20) print(result) #左右空出20个空格 name = "eric" result = name.ljust(20) print(result) #统计字符串里某个字符出现个数,可定义索引开始和结束位置 name = "sdfsrhshdkfk" result = name.count("sh",5,10) print(result) #转换编码 name = "李连" result = name.encode("gbk") print(result) #查找字符串里包含某个字符,可定义索引开始和结束为止 name = 'alex' result = name.endswith('e',0,3) print(result) #table转空格 name = 'a lex' result = name.expandtabs() print(result) #查找字符串内容,返回个数,如果没有返回负数 name = "alex" #result = name.find("x") print(result) #查找字符串内容,返回个数,如果没有报错 name = "alex" result = name.index("x") print(result) #格式化字符串,和%s类似 name = "{0} as {1}" resutl = name.format('alaex','sb') print(resutl) name = "alex {name} as {id}" result = name.format(name="sb",id="eric") print(result) #拼接字符串 li = ["s","b","a","l","e","x"] result = "_".join(li) print(result) #大写转小写 name = "SLDKFSLDF" result = name.lower() print(result) #小写转大写 name = "SLDKFSLDF" result = name.upper() print(result) #所有大小写转换 name = " SLDKFSLDF " result = name.swapcase() print(result) #所有单词的首字母大写 name = "luo alex" result = name.title() print(result) #去掉空格 name = " SLDKFSLDF " result = name.strip() print(result) #去掉左边空格 name = " SLDKFSLDF " result = name.lstrip() print(result) #去掉右边空格 name = " SLDKFSLDF " result = name.rstrip() print(result) #按字符串分割(不丢弃分隔符) name = "alexissb" result = name.partition("is") print(result) #按字符串分割(丢弃分隔符) name = "alexissb" result = name.split("is") print(result) 在每行前面添加换行符 name = """ alex is sb""" result = name.splitlines() print(result) #替换,转换前2个 name = "aalexisasb" result = name.replace("a","o",2) print(result)
dict
1 """ 2 dict内部功能 3 """ 4 5 #清空字典 6 dict = {'k1','k2'} 7 print(dict.clear()) 8 9 #浅拷贝 10 dict = {'k1','k2'} 11 dict2 = dict.copy() 12 print(dict2) 13 14 #深拷贝 15 import copy 16 dict = {'k1','k2'} 17 dict2 = copy.deepcopy(dict) 18 print(dict2) 19 20 #指定字典key,并设置一个默认值,重新生成一个新的字典 21 dict = {'k1':'v1','k2':'v2'} 22 dict2 = dict.fromkeys(['k1','k2','k3'],'www') 23 print(dict2) 24 25 #获取字典key值value,key不存在返回"None",(可指定默认参数,当key不存在返回默认值) 26 dict = {'k1':'v1','k2':'v2'} 27 dict2 = dict.get("k4",'eric') 28 print(dict2) 29 30 ##获取字典的键值对,返回一个可迭代对象 31 dict = {'k1':'v1','k2':'v2'} 32 #获取key 33 for n in dict.keys(): 34 print(n) 35 #获取valus 36 for i in dict.values(): 37 print(i) 38 #items可以同时获取key和valus 39 for k,v in dict.items(): 40 print(k,v) 41 42 #移除一个指定的键值(因dict和list不一样,dict是有序的,必须要指定一个key) 43 dict = {'k1':'v1','k2':'v2'} 44 result = dict.pop('k1') 45 print(result) 46 47 #随机移除一对键值 48 dict = {'k1':'v1','k2':'v2','k3':"v3"} 49 result = dict.popitem() 50 print(result) 51 52 #给dict的key设置一个默认值 53 dict = {} 54 dict.setdefault("k2") 55 #相等于 56 dict["k2"] = "None" 57 print(dict) 58 59 #更新字典 60 dict = {'k1':'v1','k2':'v2'} 61 dict.update({'k3':'eric','k4':'alex'}) 62 print(dict)
list
1 """ 2 list内部功能 3 """ 4 5 #列表尾部添加内容 6 li = [] 7 li.append("aaaaaa") 8 print(li) 9 10 #列表清空 11 li = ["a","b"] 12 li.clear() 13 print(li) 14 15 #浅拷贝(只拷贝第一层) 16 li = ["a","b"] 17 a_li = li.copy() 18 print(a_li) 19 20 #深拷贝(完整拷贝) 21 import copy 22 li = ["a","b"] 23 a_li = copy.deepcopy(li) 24 print(a_li) 25 26 #统计字符 27 li = ["a","b","a","b","c"] 28 result = li.count("a") 29 print(result) 30 31 #合并列表 32 aList = [123, 'xyz', 'zara', 'abc', 123] 33 bList = [2009, 'manni'] 34 aList.extend(bList) 35 print(aList) 36 37 #按索引位置插入字符 38 li = ["a","b","a","b","c"] 39 li.insert(0,"eric") 40 print(li) 41 42 #默认移除最后一个元素(pop(1)可删除指定索引下标位置的内容) 43 li = ["a","b","a","b","c"] 44 li.pop() 45 print(li) 46 47 #移除第一个指定元素 48 li = ["a","b","a","b","c"] 49 li.remove("a") 50 print(li) 51 52 #反转 53 li = ["a","b","a","b","c"] 54 li.reverse() 55 print(li)
tuple
1 #coding:utf-8 2 """ 3 tuple内部功能 4 """ 5 6 #统计元组中的元素 7 tup = (1,2,3,4,1,1,2,4) 8 result = tup.count(1) 9 print(result) 10 11 #获取元组中指定元素的索引下标位置 12 tup = (1,2,3,4,1,1,2,4) 13 result = tup.index(4) 14 print(result)
set
1 #coding:utf-8 2 ''' 3 集合内部功能 4 ''' 5 6 #添加元素 7 s1 = set() 8 s1.add('alex') 9 s1.add('eric') 10 print(s1) 11 12 #清除数据 13 s1 = set() 14 s1.add('alex') 15 s1.add('eric') 16 s1.clear() 17 print(s1) 18 19 #set会自动去重 20 s1 = set(['alex','eric','lisa','tim','alex']) 21 print(s1) #{'alex','eric','lisa','tim'} 22 23 #浅copy 24 s1 = set() 25 s1.add('alex') 26 s2 = s1.copy() 27 print(s2) 28 29 #深copy 30 import copy 31 s1 = set() 32 s1.add('alex') 33 s2 = copy.copy(s1) 34 print(s2) 35 36 37 #随机移除一个数据(可用变量接收被移除的数据) 38 s1 = set(['alex','eric','lisa','tim']) 39 s2 = s1.pop() 40 print("s1:%s s2:%s"%(s1,s2)) 41 42 #指定一个移除的数据(返回修改原来set) 43 s1 = set(['alex','eric','lisa','tim']) 44 s1.remove("alex") 45 print(s1) 46 47 #取差集,第一个set对比第二个set是否有重复数据,返回一个新的set对象 48 s1 = set(['alex','eric','lisa','tim','alex']) 49 s2 = s1.difference(['alex','eric']) 50 print(s1) 51 print(s2) 52 53 #取差集修改操作,返回修改原来set 54 s1 = set(['alex','eric','lisa','tim','alex']) 55 s1.difference_update(['alex','eric']) 56 print(s1) 57 58 #差集,比较两个set中共同不相同的数据(返回一个新的set) 59 s1 = set(['alex','eric','lisa','tim','alex']) 60 s2 = set(['alex','eric']) 61 result = s1.symmetric_difference(s2) #{'lisa', 'tim'} 62 print(result) 63 64 #取交集(获取两个set中重复的数据),并创建一个新的set 65 s1 = set(['alex','eric','lisa','tim','alex']) 66 s2 = set(['alex','eric']) 67 result = s1.intersection(s2) 68 print(result) #{'alex', 'eric'} 69 70 #取交集修改操作(获取两个set中重复的数据),修改原来set 71 s1 = set(['alex','eric','lisa','tim','alex']) 72 s2 = set(['alex','eric']) 73 s1.intersection_update(s2) 74 print(s1) #{'alex', 'eric'} 75 76 #判断两个set是否有交集,有返回False,没有True 77 s1 = set(['alex','eric','lisa','tim','alex']) 78 s2 = set(['alex','eric']) 79 print(s1.isdisjoint(s2)) 80 print(s1)
counter
1 #coding:utf-8 2 ''' 3 计数器 4 ''' 5 6 7 #Counter是对字典类型的补充,用于追踪值的出现次数(具备dict所有功能和自己的功能) 8 import collections 9 10 #统计各字符出现的次数 11 obj = collections.Counter("sdflsjdlfksd") 12 print(obj) 13 print(obj) #Counter({'s': 3, 'd': 3, 'f': 2, 'l': 2, 'k': 1, 'j': 1}) 14 15 #获取计数器的前几(4)位内容 16 ret = obj.most_common(4) 17 print(ret) 18 19 #获取计数器的值(因为它是collections.Counter类型无法直接取值) 20 print(type(obj)) 21 #利用items获取key,valu 22 for k,v in obj.items(): 23 print(k,v) 24 #利用elements获取所有元素 25 for i in obj.elements(): 26 print(i) 27 28 #增加数据,然后统计 29 obj = collections.Counter([11,22,33]) 30 print(obj) 31 obj.update(['tim',11,22]) 32 print(obj) 33 34 #删除数据,然后统计 35 obj.subtract(['tim',11,22]) 36 print(obj)
orderedDict
1 #coding:utf-8 2 ''' 3 有序字典 4 5 说明: 6 有序字典类似于把dict的key放到list里面(因list是有序的) 7 循环list,有序把值取出来,在对应dict的key取vlaus 8 9 dict = {'k1':'v1','k2':'v2'...} 10 list = [k1,k2...] 11 for k in list: 12 print(dict[k]) 13 ''' 14 15 from collections import OrderedDict 16 17 #创建有序字典 18 dic = OrderedDict() 19 dic["k1"] = "v1" 20 dic["k2"] = "v2" 21 dic["k3"] = "v3" 22 print(dic) 23 24 25 #指定key删除(pop有返回值) 26 result = dic.pop("k1") 27 print(dic) 28 print(result) 29 30 #删除退后一项 31 dic.popitem() 32 print(dic) 33 34 35 #设置OrderedDict默认值("k4","valu可以不指定为None") 36 dic.setdefault("k4","v4") 37 print(dic) 38 39 #增加数据(传入一个新dict,增加到原来OrderedDict里面) 40 dic.update({"k5":"v5"}) 41 print(dic) 42 43 #把某一个key放到OrderedDict最后面 44 dic.move_to_end("k3") 45 print(dic)
defaultdict
1 #coding:utf-8 2 ''' 3 默认字典 4 5 如果没有默认字典,需要自己定义一个value的默认类型为list的字典: 6 dic = {"name":[]} 7 dic["name"].append("alex") 8 dic["name"].append("eric") 9 print(dic) 10 11 下面通过collections.defaultdict()快速创建默认字典类型 12 ''' 13 14 import collections 15 #类型为list 16 dic = collections.defaultdict(list) 17 dic["name"].append("alex") 18 dic["name"].append("eric") 19 print(dic) #defaultdict(<class 'list'>, {'name': ['alex', 'eric']}) 20 21 from collections import defaultdict 22 li = [11,22,33,44,55,66,77,88,99,90] 23 dic = defaultdict(list) 24 for n in li: 25 if n >66: 26 dic["k1"].append(n) 27 elif n <= 66: 28 dic['k2'].append(n) 29 print(dic)
namedtuple
1 #coding:utf-8 2 ''' 3 可命名元祖 4 5 根据nametuple可以创建一个包含tuple所有功能以及其他功能的类型 6 类似给元组value创建一个别名 7 ''' 8 9 import collections 10 11 #创建类 12 MytupleClass = collections.namedtuple("MytupleClass",{'x','y','z'}) 13 print(MytupleClass) 14 #创建类属性的别名 15 obj = MytupleClass(11,22,33) 16 print(obj.x) 17 print(obj.y) 18 print(obj.z) 19 20 #可查看这个类的方法属性 21 print(help(MytupleClass))
deque
1 #coding:utf-8 2 ''' 3 双向队列 4 5 说明: 6 类似于RabbitMQ的消息队列 7 ''' 8 9 import collections 10 11 #创建一个双向队列 12 d = collections.deque() 13 print(d) 14 15 #往队列最后面添加一个value 16 d.append('pp') 17 d.append('aa') 18 d.append({1:111}) 19 print(d) 20 21 #往队列最左边添加一个value 22 d.appendleft('aa') 23 print(d) 24 25 #清空这个队列 26 d.clear() 27 print(d) 28 29 #队列计数器(统计”aa“有多少个) 30 count = d.count('aa') 31 print(count) 32 33 #右扩展(在队列的右边添加多个元素) 34 d.extend(['bb','cc','dd']) 35 print(d) 36 #d.extend({2:222}) #拓展不要添加字典(只会把字典key加入拓展,而value不会加入) 37 38 #左拓展(在队列的左边添加多个元素) 39 d.extendleft([1,2,3]) 40 print(d) 41 42 #取一个值的索引位置(有多个值,按照从左到右显示第一个) 43 print(d.index("aa")) 44 45 #在某位置插入值 46 d.insert(2,"insert") 47 print(d) 48 49 #移除一个value(从右边开始) 50 result = d.pop() 51 print(d) 52 print(result) 53 54 #移除一个value(从左边开始) 55 result = d.popleft() 56 print(d) 57 print(result) 58 59 #移除某些指定的value(如果有重复的值,按照从左到右的顺序移除) 60 d.remove("insert") 61 d.remove("aa") 62 print(d) 63 64 #反转排列顺序 65 d.reverse() 66 print(d) 67 68 #转圈圈,把最后value放到最前(可指定需要把多少个value旋转到最前面) 69 d.rotate(2) 70 print(d)
queue.queue
1 #coding:utf-8 2 ''' 3 单向队列 4 5 说明: 6 类似于RabbitMQ的消息队列 7 ''' 8 9 import queue 10 11 #创建单向队列 12 q = queue.Queue() 13 14 15 #插入一条数据 16 q.put("123") 17 q.put("456") 18 19 #查看队列个数 20 print(q.qsize()) 21 22 #取一条数据 23 print(q.get())
copy
1 #coding:utf-8 2 3 import copy 4 5 #浅拷贝 6 #copy.copy() 7 #深拷贝 8 #copy.deepcopy() 9 10 11 12 # 浅拷贝:只复制最外面一层 13 dic = { 14 "cpu":[80], 15 "mcm":[80], 16 "disk":[80] 17 } 18 19 print("brefor %s"%dic) 20 new_dic = copy.copy(dic) 21 dic["cpu"][0] = 50 22 print(dic) 23 print(new_dic) 24 25 26 # 深拷贝:新开辟一个内存存储复制的内容,和原来的数据互不影响 27 dic = { 28 "cpu":[80], 29 "mcm":[80], 30 "disk":[80] 31 } 32 33 print("brefor %s"%dic) 34 new_dic = copy.copy(dic) 35 #new_dic["cpu"][0] = 50 36 dic["cpu"][0] = 50 37 print(dic) 38 print(new_dic)