• python之路——表操作


    阅读目录

    引擎介绍

    mysql中的存储引擎(https://www.cnblogs.com/l-hf/p/11533999.html)

    表介绍

    表就相当于文件,表中的一条记录就相当于文件的一行内容,不同的是,表中的一条记录有对应的标题,称为表的字段

    还记得我们之前写过的‘员工信息表作业’么?存储这员工信息的文件是这样的:

    id,name,age,sex,phone,job
    1,Alex,83,female,13651054608,IT
    2,Egon,26,male,13304320533,Tearcher
    3,nezha,25,male,13332353222,IT
    4,boss_jin,40,male,13332353333,IT

    如果把上面这个文件改成一张表,应该是下面这个样子

    id   name   age   sex   phone   job  
    1 Alex 83 female 13651054608 IT
    2 Egon 26 male 13304320533 Teacher
    3 nezha 25 male 13332353222 IT
    4 boss_jin 40 male 13332353333 IT
    id,name,age,sex,phone,job称为字段,其余的,一行内容称为一条记录 

    创建表

    复制代码
    #语法:
    create table 表名(
    字段名1 类型[(宽度) 约束条件],
    字段名2 类型[(宽度) 约束条件],
    字段名3 类型[(宽度) 约束条件]
    );
    

    注意:

    1. 在同一张表中,字段名是不能相同
    2. 宽度和约束条件可选
    3. 字段名和类型是必须的

    复制代码
    mysql> create database staff;
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    

    mysql> use staff;
    Database changed
    mysql
    > create table staff_info (id int,name varchar(50),age int(3),sex enum('male','female'),phone bigint(11),job varchar(11));
    Query OK,
    0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

    mysql> show tables;
    +-----------------+
    | Tables_in_staff |
    +-----------------+
    | staff_info |
    +-----------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    mysql> desc staff_info;
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
    | name | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | |
    | age | int(3) | YES | | NULL | |
    | sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | NULL | |
    | phone | bigint(11) | YES | | NULL | |
    | job | varchar(11) | YES | | NULL | |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    mysql> select id,name,sex from staff_info;
    Empty
    set (0.00 sec)

    mysql> select * from staff_info;
    Empty
    set (0.00 sec)

    建表
    mysql> insert into staff_info (id,name,age,sex,phone,job) values (1,'Alex',83,'female',13651054608,'IT');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    

    mysql> insert into staff_info values (2,'Egon',26,'male',13304320533,'Teacher');
    Query OK,
    1 row affected (0.00 sec)

    mysql> insert into staff_info values (3,'nezha',25,'male',13332353222,'IT'),(4,'boss_jin',40,'male',13332353333,'IT');
    Query OK,
    2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
    Records:
    2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

    mysql> select * from staff_info;
    +------+----------+------+--------+-------------+---------+
    | id | name | age | sex | phone | job |
    +------+----------+------+--------+-------------+---------+
    | 1 | Alex | 83 | female | 13651054608 | IT |
    | 2 | Egon | 26 | male | 13304320533 | Teacher |
    | 3 | nezha | 25 | male | 13332353222 | IT |
    | 4 | boss_jin | 40 | male | 13332353333 | IT |
    +------+----------+------+--------+-------------+---------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    插入数据

    查看表结构

    查看表结构有两种方式:

    describe [tablename];这种方法和desc [tablename];效果相同;可以查看当前的表结构

    虽然desc命令可以查看表的定义,但是其输出的信息还不够全面,为了得到更全面的表定义信息,有时候就需要查看创建表的SQL语句,使用show create table语法。除了可以看到表定义之外,还可以看到engine(存储引擎)和charset(字符集)等信息。(G选项的含义是是的记录能够竖向排列,以便更好的显示内容较长的记录。)

    mysql> describe staff_info;
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | name  | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

    mysql> desc staff_info;
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
    | name | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | |
    | age | int(3) | YES | | NULL | |
    | sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | NULL | |
    | phone | bigint(11) | YES | | NULL | |
    | job | varchar(11) | YES | | NULL | |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    mysql> show create table staff_infoG;
    1. row
    Table: staff_info
    Create Table: CREATE TABLE staff_info (
    id
    int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
    name
    varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
    age
    int(3) DEFAULT NULL,
    sex enum(
    'male','female') DEFAULT NULL,
    phone
    bigint(11) DEFAULT NULL,
    job
    varchar(11) DEFAULT NULL
    ) ENGINE
    =InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
    1 row in set (0.01 sec)

    ERROR:
    No query specified

    desc和show create table 

    mysql中的数据类型

     mysql支持的数据类型(https://www.cnblogs.com/l-hf/p/11532788.html)

    表的完整性约束

    mysql表的完整性约束(https://www.cnblogs.com/l-hf/p/11534027.html)

    修改表结构

    复制代码
    语法:
    1. 修改表名
          ALTER TABLE 表名 
                          RENAME 新表名;
    

    2. 增加字段
    ALTER TABLE 表名
    ADD 字段名 数据类型 [完整性约束条件…],
    ADD 字段名 数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];

    3. 删除字段
    ALTER TABLE 表名
    DROP 字段名;

    4. 修改字段
    ALTER TABLE 表名
    MODIFY 字段名 数据类型
    [完整性约束条件…];
    ALTER TABLE 表名
    CHANGE 旧字段名 新字段名 旧数据类型
    [完整性约束条件…];
    ALTER TABLE 表名
    CHANGE 旧字段名 新字段名 新数据类型
    [完整性约束条件…];

    5.修改字段排列顺序/在增加的时候指定字段位置
    ALTER TABLE 表名
    ADD 字段名 数据类型 [完整性约束条件…] FIRST;
    ALTER TABLE 表名
    ADD 字段名 数据类型 [完整性约束条件…] AFTER 字段名;
    ALTER TABLE 表名
    CHANGE 字段名 旧字段名 新字段名 新数据类型
    [完整性约束条件…] FIRST;
    ALTER TABLE 表名
    MODIFY 字段名 数据类型
    [完整性约束条件…] AFTER 字段名;

    复制代码
    create table t(id int unique,name char(10) not null);
    

    #去掉null约束
    alter table t modify name char(10) null;
    # 添加null约束
    alter table t modify name char(10) not null;

    # 去掉unique约束
    alter table t drop index id;
    # 添加unique约束
    alter table t modify id int unique;

    alter处理null和unique约束

    alter操作非空和唯一(了解)
    1、首先创建一个数据表table_test:
    create table table_test(
    `id` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
    `name` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
    PRIMARY KEY (`name`)
    ); 
    2、如果发现主键设置错了,应该是id是主键,但如今表里已经有好多数据了,不能删除表再重建了,仅仅能在这基础上改动表结构。
    先删除主键
    alter table table_test drop primary key;
    然后再增加主键
    alter table table_test add primary key(id);
    注:在增加主键之前,必须先把反复的id删除掉。
    alter操作主键(了解)
    创建press表
    CREATE TABLE `press` (
      `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
      `name` char(10) DEFAULT NULL,
      PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
    ) ;
    

    创建book表
    CREATE TABLE book (
    id int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
    bk_name char(
    12) DEFAULT NULL,
    press_id int(
    11) NOT NULL,
    KEY press_id (press_id)
    ) ;

    为book表添加外键
    alter table book add constraint fk_id foreign key(press_id) references press(id);

    删除外键
    alter table book drop foreign key fk_id;

    为表添加外键(了解)
    mysql> desc staff_info;
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | name  | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

    表重命名

    mysql> alter table staff_info rename staff;
    Query OK,
    0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

    mysql> desc staff;
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
    | name | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | |
    | age | int(3) | YES | | NULL | |
    | sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | NULL | |
    | phone | bigint(11) | YES | | NULL | |
    | job | varchar(11) | YES | | NULL | |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    删除sex列

    mysql> alter table staff drop sex;
    Query OK,
    0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
    Records:
    0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

    mysql> desc staff;
    +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
    | name | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | |
    | age | int(3) | YES | | NULL | |
    | phone | bigint(11) | YES | | NULL | |
    | job | varchar(11) | YES | | NULL | |
    +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    5 rows in set (0.01 sec)

    添加列

    mysql> alter table staff add sex enum('male','female');
    Query OK,
    0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
    Records:
    0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

    修改id的宽度

    mysql> alter table staff modify id int(4);
    Query OK,
    0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
    Records:
    0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

    mysql> desc staff;
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id | int(4) | YES | | NULL | |
    | name | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | |
    | age | int(3) | YES | | NULL | |
    | phone | bigint(11) | YES | | NULL | |
    | job | varchar(11) | YES | | NULL | |
    | sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | NULL | |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    6 rows in set (0.01 sec)

    修改name列的字段名

    mysql> alter table staff change name sname varchar(20);
    Query OK,
    4 rows affected (0.03 sec)
    Records:
    4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

    mysql> desc staff;
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id | int(4) | YES | | NULL | |
    | sname | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
    | age | int(3) | YES | | NULL | |
    | phone | bigint(11) | YES | | NULL | |
    | job | varchar(11) | YES | | NULL | |
    | sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | NULL | |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    修改sex列的位置

    mysql> alter table staff modify sex enum('male','female') after sname;
    Query OK,
    0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
    Records:
    0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

    mysql> desc staff;
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id | int(4) | YES | | NULL | |
    | sname | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
    | sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | NULL | |
    | age | int(3) | YES | | NULL | |
    | phone | bigint(11) | YES | | NULL | |
    | job | varchar(11) | YES | | NULL | |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    创建自增id主键

    mysql> alter table staff modify id int(4) primary key auto_increment;
    Query OK,
    4 rows affected (0.02 sec)
    Records:
    4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

    mysql> desc staff;
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | id | int(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
    | sname | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
    | sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | NULL | |
    | age | int(3) | YES | | NULL | |
    | phone | bigint(11) | YES | | NULL | |
    | job | varchar(11) | YES | | NULL | |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    删除主键,可以看到删除一个自增主键会报错

    mysql> alter table staff drop primary key;
    ERROR
    1075 (42000): Incorrect table definition; there can be only one auto column and it must be defined as a key

    需要先去掉主键的自增约束,然后再删除主键约束

    mysql> alter table staff modify id int(11);
    Query OK,
    4 rows affected (0.02 sec)
    Records:
    4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

    mysql> desc staff;
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | 0 | |
    | sname | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
    | sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | NULL | |
    | age | int(3) | YES | | NULL | |
    | phone | bigint(11) | YES | | NULL | |
    | job | varchar(11) | YES | | NULL | |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    6 rows in set (0.01 sec)

    mysql> alter table staff drop primary key;
    Query OK,
    4 rows affected (0.06 sec)
    Records:
    4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

    添加联合主键

    mysql> alter table staff add primary key (sname,age);
    Query OK,
    0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
    Records:
    0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

    删除主键

    mysql> alter table staff drop primary key;
    Query OK,
    4 rows affected (0.02 sec)
    Records:
    4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

    创建主键id

    mysql> alter table staff add primary key (id);
    Query OK,
    0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
    Records:
    0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

    mysql> desc staff;
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | 0 | |
    | sname | varchar(20) | NO | | | |
    | sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | NULL | |
    | age | int(3) | NO | | 0 | |
    | phone | bigint(11) | YES | | NULL | |
    | job | varchar(11) | YES | | NULL | |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    为主键添加自增属性

    mysql> alter table staff modify id int(4) auto_increment;
    Query OK,
    4 rows affected (0.02 sec)
    Records:
    4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

    mysql> desc staff;
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | id | int(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
    | sname | varchar(20) | NO | | | |
    | sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | NULL | |
    | age | int(3) | NO | | 0 | |
    | phone | bigint(11) | YES | | NULL | |
    | job | varchar(11) | YES | | NULL | |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    示例

    删除表

    DROP TABLE 表名;

    多表结构的创建与分析

    如何找出两张表之间的关系 

    复制代码
    分析步骤:
    #1、先站在左表的角度去找
    是否左表的多条记录可以对应右表的一条记录,如果是,则证明左表的一个字段foreign key 右表一个字段(通常是id)
    

    2、再站在右表的角度去找

    是否右表的多条记录可以对应左表的一条记录,如果是,则证明右表的一个字段foreign key 左表一个字段(通常是id)

    3、总结:

    多对一:

    如果只有步骤1成立,则是左表多对一右表
    如果只有步骤2成立,则是右表多对一左表

    多对多

    如果步骤1和2同时成立,则证明这两张表时一个双向的多对一,即多对多,需要定义一个这两张表的关系表来专门存放二者的关系

    一对一:

    如果1和2都不成立,而是左表的一条记录唯一对应右表的一条记录,反之亦然。这种情况很简单,就是在左表foreign key右表的基础上,将左表的外键字段设置成unique即可

    复制代码

    建立表之间的关系

    #一对多或称为多对一
    三张表:出版社,作者信息,书
    

    一对多(或多对一):一个出版社可以出版多本书

    关联方式:foreign key

    =====================多对一=====================
    create table press(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20)
    );
    

    create table book(
    id
    int primary key auto_increment,
    name
    varchar(20),
    press_id
    int not null,
    foreign key(press_id) references press(id)
    on delete cascade
    on update cascade
    );

    insert into press(name) values
    (
    '北京工业地雷出版社'),
    (
    '人民音乐不好听出版社'),
    (
    '知识产权没有用出版社')
    ;

    insert into book(name,press_id) values
    (
    '九阳神功',1),
    (
    '九阴真经',2),
    (
    '九阴白骨爪',2),
    (
    '独孤九剑',3),
    (
    '降龙十巴掌',2),
    (
    '葵花宝典',3)
    ;

    sql示例
    班级和学生
    一个班级可以对应多个学生,但一个学生只能对应一个班级
    

    主机和机房
    一个机房可以有多台主机,但是一个主机只能属于一个机房

    其他示例
    #多对多
    三张表:出版社,作者信息,书
    

    多对多:一个作者可以写多本书,一本书也可以有多个作者,双向的一对多,即多对多
      
    关联方式:foreign key+一张新的表

    =====================多对多=====================
    create table author(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20)
    );
    

    这张表就存放作者表与书表的关系,即查询二者的关系查这表就可以了

    create table author2book(
    id
    int not null unique auto_increment,
    author_id
    int not null,
    book_id
    int not null,
    constraint fk_author foreign key(author_id) references author(id)
    on delete cascade
    on update cascade,
    constraint fk_book foreign key(book_id) references book(id)
    on delete cascade
    on update cascade,
    primary key(author_id,book_id)
    );

    插入四个作者,id依次排开

    insert into author(name) values('egon'),('alex'),('yuanhao'),('wpq');

    每个作者与自己的代表作如下

    egon:
    九阳神功
    九阴真经
    九阴白骨爪
    独孤九剑
    降龙十巴掌
    葵花宝典
    alex:
    九阳神功
    葵花宝典
    yuanhao:
    独孤九剑
    降龙十巴掌
    葵花宝典
    wpq:
    九阳神功

    insert into author2book(author_id,book_id) values
    (
    1,1),
    (
    1,2),
    (
    1,3),
    (
    1,4),
    (
    1,5),
    (
    1,6),
    (
    2,1),
    (
    2,6),
    (
    3,4),
    (
    3,5),
    (
    3,6),
    (
    4,1)
    ;

    sql示例
    服务和机器
    一个服务可能被部署到多台机器上,一台机器上也可以部署多个服务
    

    学生和课程
    一个学生可以选择多门课程,一门课程也可以被多个学生选择

    其他示例
    #一对一
    两张表:学生表和客户表
    

    一对一:一个学生是一个客户

    关联方式:foreign key+unique

    create table customer(
        -> id int primary key auto_increment,
        -> name varchar(20) not null,
        -> qq varchar(10) not null,
        -> phone char(16) not null
        -> );
    

    create table student(
    -> id int primary key auto_increment,
    -> class_name varchar(20) not null,
    -> customer_id int unique, #该字段一定要是唯一的
    -> foreign key(customer_id) references customer(id) #外键的字段一定要保证unique
    -> on delete cascade
    -> on update cascade
    -> );

    增加客户

    mysql> insert into customer(name,qq,phone) values
    -> ('韩蕾','31811231',13811341220),
    -> ('杨澜','123123123',15213146809),
    -> ('翁惠天','283818181',1867141331),
    -> ('杨宗河','283818181',1851143312),
    -> ('袁承明','888818181',1861243314),
    -> ('袁清','112312312',18811431230)

    mysql> #增加学生
    mysql
    > insert into student(class_name,customer_id) values
    -> ('脱产1班',3),
    -> ('周末1期',4),
    -> ('周末1期',5)
    -> ;

    sql示例
    例一:一个用户只有一个博客
    
    用户表:
    id  name
    </span><span style="color: #800000; font-weight: bold;">1</span><span style="color: #000000;">    egon
    </span><span style="color: #800000; font-weight: bold;">2</span><span style="color: #000000;">    alex
    </span><span style="color: #800000; font-weight: bold;">3</span><span style="color: #000000;">    wupeiqi
    
    
    博客表   
           fk</span><span style="color: #808080;">+</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">unique</span><span style="color: #000000;">
    id url name_id
    </span><span style="color: #800000; font-weight: bold;">1</span>  xxxx   <span style="color: #800000; font-weight: bold;">1</span>
    <span style="color: #800000; font-weight: bold;">2</span>  yyyy   <span style="color: #800000; font-weight: bold;">3</span>
    <span style="color: #800000; font-weight: bold;">3</span>  zzz    <span style="color: #800000; font-weight: bold;">2</span><span style="color: #000000;">
    

    例二:一个管理员唯一对应一个用户
    用户表:
    id user password
    1 egon xxxx
    2 alex yyyy

    管理员表:
       fk</span><span style="color: #808080;">+</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">unique</span><span style="color: #000000;">
    id </span><span style="color: #ff00ff;">user_id</span><span style="color: #000000;"> password
    </span><span style="color: #800000; font-weight: bold;">1</span>   <span style="color: #800000; font-weight: bold;">1</span><span style="color: #000000;">      xxxxx
    </span><span style="color: #800000; font-weight: bold;">2</span>   <span style="color: #800000; font-weight: bold;">2</span>      yyyyy</pre>
    
    其他示例

    作业

    根据表结构合理设计表与表之间的主外键关系和约束,并完成表结构的创建。

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/l-hf/p/11534034.html
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