Django - 表与ORM操作
一. 模板语言
模板中也有自己的语言, 该语言可以实现数据展示
- {{ 变量 }} - 循环 {% for i in all_publisher %} {{ forloop.counter }} # 当前循环的测试 {% endfor %}
•{{ item }} •{% for item in item_list %} <a>{{ item }}</a> {% endfor %} forloop.counter forloop.first forloop.last •{% if ordered_warranty %} {% else %} {% endif %} •母板:{% block title %}{% endblock %} 子板:{% extends "base.html" %} {% block title %}{% endblock %} •帮助方法: {{ item.event_start|date:"Y-m-d H:i:s"}} {{ bio|truncatewords:"30" }} {{ my_list|first|upper }} {{ name|lower }}
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/plugins/bootstrap-3.3.7/css/bootstrap.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/dsb.css"> </head> <body> <nav class="navbar navbar-inverse navbar-fixed-top"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="navbar-header"> <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="navbar"> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> </button> <a class="navbar-brand" href="#">图书管理系统</a> </div> <div id="navbar" class="navbar-collapse collapse"> <ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right"> <li><a href="#">Dashboard</a></li> <li><a href="#">Settings</a></li> <li><a href="#">Profile</a></li> <li><a href="#">Help</a></li> </ul> <form class="navbar-form navbar-right"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="Search..."> </form> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-3 col-md-2 sidebar"> <ul class="nav nav-sidebar"> <li ><a href="/index/">作家列表 <span class="sr-only">(current)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/book_list/">书籍列表</a></li> <li class="active"><a href="/auth_list/">作家列表</a></li> <li><a href="#">Export</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-sm-9 col-sm-offset-3 col-md-10 col-md-offset-2 main"> <div class="panel panel-primary"> <div class="panel-heading"> <h3 class="panel-title">作家展示</h3> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <a class="btn btn-primary " href="/add_auth/">添加</a> <div class="table-responsive"> <table class="table table-striped table-hover"> <thead> <tr> <th>序号</th> <th>ID</th> <th>姓名</th> <th>代表作</th> <th>操作</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> {% for i in all_auth %} <tr> <td>{{ forloop.counter }}</td> <td>{{ i.pk }}</td> <td>{{ i.name }}</td> <td> {% for book in i.books.all %} {{ book.title }} {% endfor %} </td> <td> <a class="btn btn-success btn-sm" href="/edit_auth/?pk={{ i.pk }}">编辑</a> <a class="btn btn-danger btn-sm" href="/del_auth/?pk={{ i.pk }}">删除</a> </td> </tr> {% endfor %} </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>
二. 表结构
1. 基本表结构
from django.db import models
class userinfo(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
email = models.EmailField()
memo = models.TextField()
AutoField(Field)
- int自增列,必须填入参数 primary_key=True
BigAutoField(AutoField)
- bigint自增列,必须填入参数 primary_key=True
注:当model中如果没有自增列,则自动会创建一个列名为id的列
from django.db import models
class UserInfo(models.Model):
# 自动创建一个列名为id的且为自增的整数列
username = models.CharField(max_length=32)
class Group(models.Model):
# 自定义自增列
nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
SmallIntegerField(IntegerField):
- 小整数 -32768 ~ 32767
PositiveSmallIntegerField(PositiveIntegerRelDbTypeMixin, IntegerField)
- 正小整数 0 ~ 32767
IntegerField(Field)
- 整数列(有符号的) -2147483648 ~ 2147483647
PositiveIntegerField(PositiveIntegerRelDbTypeMixin, IntegerField)
- 正整数 0 ~ 2147483647
BigIntegerField(IntegerField):
- 长整型(有符号的) -9223372036854775808 ~ 9223372036854775807
自定义无符号整数字段
class UnsignedIntegerField(models.IntegerField):
def db_type(self, connection):
return 'integer UNSIGNED'
PS: 返回值为字段在数据库中的属性,Django字段默认的值为:
'AutoField': 'integer AUTO_INCREMENT',
'BigAutoField': 'bigint AUTO_INCREMENT',
'BinaryField': 'longblob',
'BooleanField': 'bool',
'CharField': 'varchar(%(max_length)s)',
'CommaSeparatedIntegerField': 'varchar(%(max_length)s)',
'DateField': 'date',
'DateTimeField': 'datetime',
'DecimalField': 'numeric(%(max_digits)s, %(decimal_places)s)',
'DurationField': 'bigint',
'FileField': 'varchar(%(max_length)s)',
'FilePathField': 'varchar(%(max_length)s)',
'FloatField': 'double precision',
'IntegerField': 'integer',
'BigIntegerField': 'bigint',
'IPAddressField': 'char(15)',
'GenericIPAddressField': 'char(39)',
'NullBooleanField': 'bool',
'OneToOneField': 'integer',
'PositiveIntegerField': 'integer UNSIGNED',
'PositiveSmallIntegerField': 'smallint UNSIGNED',
'SlugField': 'varchar(%(max_length)s)',
'SmallIntegerField': 'smallint',
'TextField': 'longtext',
'TimeField': 'time',
'UUIDField': 'char(32)',
BooleanField(Field)
- 布尔值类型
NullBooleanField(Field):
- 可以为空的布尔值
CharField(Field)
- 字符类型
- 必须提供max_length参数, max_length表示字符长度
TextField(Field)
- 文本类型
EmailField(CharField):
- 字符串类型,Django Admin以及ModelForm中提供验证机制
IPAddressField(Field)
- 字符串类型,Django Admin以及ModelForm中提供验证 IPV4 机制
GenericIPAddressField(Field)
- 字符串类型,Django Admin以及ModelForm中提供验证 Ipv4和Ipv6
- 参数:
protocol,用于指定Ipv4或Ipv6, 'both',"ipv4","ipv6"
unpack_ipv4, 如果指定为True,则输入::ffff:192.0.2.1时候,可解析为192.0.2.1,开启刺功能,需要protocol="both"
URLField(CharField)
- 字符串类型,Django Admin以及ModelForm中提供验证 URL
SlugField(CharField)
- 字符串类型,Django Admin以及ModelForm中提供验证支持 字母、数字、下划线、连接符(减号)
CommaSeparatedIntegerField(CharField)
- 字符串类型,格式必须为逗号分割的数字
UUIDField(Field)
- 字符串类型,Django Admin以及ModelForm中提供对UUID格式的验证
FilePathField(Field)
- 字符串,Django Admin以及ModelForm中提供读取文件夹下文件的功能
- 参数:
path, 文件夹路径
match=None, 正则匹配
recursive=False, 递归下面的文件夹
allow_files=True, 允许文件
allow_folders=False, 允许文件夹
FileField(Field)
- 字符串,路径保存在数据库,文件上传到指定目录
- 参数:
upload_to = "" 上传文件的保存路径
storage = None 存储组件,默认django.core.files.storage.FileSystemStorage
ImageField(FileField)
- 字符串,路径保存在数据库,文件上传到指定目录
- 参数:
upload_to = "" 上传文件的保存路径
storage = None 存储组件,默认django.core.files.storage.FileSystemStorage
width_field=None, 上传图片的高度保存的数据库字段名(字符串)
height_field=None 上传图片的宽度保存的数据库字段名(字符串)
DateTimeField(DateField)
- 日期+时间格式 YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM[:ss[.uuuuuu]][TZ]
DateField(DateTimeCheckMixin, Field)
- 日期格式 YYYY-MM-DD
TimeField(DateTimeCheckMixin, Field)
- 时间格式 HH:MM[:ss[.uuuuuu]]
DurationField(Field)
- 长整数,时间间隔,数据库中按照bigint存储,ORM中获取的值为datetime.timedelta类型
FloatField(Field)
- 浮点型
DecimalField(Field)
- 10进制小数
- 参数:
max_digits,小数总长度
decimal_places,小数位长度
BinaryField(Field)
- 二进制类型
null 数据库中字段是否可以为空 db_column 数据库中字段的列名 db_tablespace default 数据库中字段的默认值 primary_key 数据库中字段是否为主键 db_index 数据库中字段是否可以建立索引 unique 数据库中字段是否可以建立唯一索引 unique_for_date 数据库中字段【日期】部分是否可以建立唯一索引 unique_for_month 数据库中字段【月】部分是否可以建立唯一索引 unique_for_year 数据库中字段【年】部分是否可以建立唯一索引 verbose_name Admin中显示的字段名称 blank Admin中是否允许用户输入为空 editable Admin中是否可以编辑 help_text Admin中该字段的提示信息 choices Admin中显示选择框的内容,用不变动的数据放在内存中从而避免跨表操作 如:gf = models.IntegerField(choices=[(0, '何穗'),(1, '大表姐'),],default=1) error_messages 自定义错误信息(字典类型),从而定制想要显示的错误信息; 字典健:null, blank, invalid, invalid_choice, unique, and unique_for_date 如:{'null': "不能为空.", 'invalid': '格式错误'} validators 自定义错误验证(列表类型),从而定制想要的验证规则 from django.core.validators import RegexValidator from django.core.validators import EmailValidator,URLValidator,DecimalValidator, MaxLengthValidator,MinLengthValidator,MaxValueValidator,MinValueValidator 如: test = models.CharField( max_length=32, error_messages={ 'c1': '优先错信息1', 'c2': '优先错信息2', 'c3': '优先错信息3', }, validators=[ RegexValidator(regex='root_d+', message='错误了', code='c1'), RegexValidator(regex='root_112233d+', message='又错误了', code='c2'), EmailValidator(message='又错误了', code='c3'), ] )
class UserInfo(models.Model): nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True) username = models.CharField(max_length=32) class Meta: # 数据库中生成的表名称 默认 app名称 + 下划线 + 类名 db_table = "table_name" # 联合索引 index_together = [ ("pub_date", "deadline"), ] # 联合唯一索引 unique_together = (("driver", "restaurant"),) # admin中显示的表名称 verbose_name # verbose_name加s verbose_name_plural 更多:https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.10/ref/models/options/
1.触发Model中的验证和错误提示有两种方式: a. Django Admin中的错误信息会优先根据Admiin内部的ModelForm错误信息提示,如果都成功,才来检查Model的字段并显示指定错误信息 b. 调用Model对象的 clean_fields 方法,如: # models.py class UserInfo(models.Model): nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True) username = models.CharField(max_length=32) email = models.EmailField(error_messages={'invalid': '格式错了.'}) # views.py def index(request): obj = models.UserInfo(username='11234', email='uu') try: print(obj.clean_fields()) except Exception as e: print(e) return HttpResponse('ok') # Model的clean方法是一个钩子,可用于定制操作,如:上述的异常处理。 2.Admin中修改错误提示 # admin.py from django.contrib import admin from model_club import models from django import forms class UserInfoForm(forms.ModelForm): username = forms.CharField(error_messages={'required': '用户名不能为空.'}) email = forms.EmailField(error_messages={'invalid': '邮箱格式错误.'}) age = forms.IntegerField(initial=1, error_messages={'required': '请输入数值.', 'invalid': '年龄必须为数值.'}) class Meta: model = models.UserInfo # fields = ('username',) fields = "__all__" class UserInfoAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): form = UserInfoForm admin.site.register(models.UserInfo, UserInfoAdmin)
2. 连表结构
一对多: models.ForeignKey(其他表)
多对多: models.ManyToManyField(其他表)
一对一:models.OneToOneFileld(其他表)
应用场景:
- 一对多:当一张表中创建一行数据时,有一个单选的下拉框(可以被重复选择) 例如:创建用户信息时候,需要选择一个用户类型【普通用户】【金牌用户】【铂金用户】等。
- 多对多:在某表中创建一行数据是,有一个可以多选的下拉框 例如:创建用户信息,需要为用户指定多个爱好
- 一对一:在某表中创建一行数据时,有一个单选的下拉框(下拉框中的内容被用过一次就消失了 例如:原有含10列数据的一张表保存相关信息,经过一段时间之后,10列无法满足需求,需要为原来的表再添加5列数据
ForeignKey(ForeignObject) # ForeignObject(RelatedField) to, # 要进行关联的表名 to_field=None, # 要关联的表中的字段名称 on_delete=None, # 当删除关联表中的数据时,当前表与其关联的行的行为 - models.CASCADE,删除关联数据,与之关联也删除 - models.DO_NOTHING,删除关联数据,引发错误IntegrityError - models.PROTECT,删除关联数据,引发错误ProtectedError - models.SET_NULL,删除关联数据,与之关联的值设置为null(前提FK字段需要设置为可空) - models.SET_DEFAULT,删除关联数据,与之关联的值设置为默认值(前提FK字段需要设置默认值) - models.SET,删除关联数据, a. 与之关联的值设置为指定值,设置:models.SET(值) b. 与之关联的值设置为可执行对象的返回值,设置:models.SET(可执行对象) def func(): return 10 class MyModel(models.Model): user = models.ForeignKey( to="User", to_field="id" on_delete=models.SET(func),) related_name=None, # 反向操作时,使用的字段名,用于代替 【表名_set】 如: obj.表名_set.all() related_query_name=None, # 反向操作时,使用的连接前缀,用于替换【表名】 如: models.UserGroup.objects.filter(表名__字段名=1).values('表名__字段名') limit_choices_to=None, # 在Admin或ModelForm中显示关联数据时,提供的条件: # 如: - limit_choices_to={'nid__gt': 5} - limit_choices_to=lambda : {'nid__gt': 5} from django.db.models import Q - limit_choices_to=Q(nid__gt=10) - limit_choices_to=Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10) - limit_choices_to=lambda : Q(Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10)) & Q(caption='root') db_constraint=True # 是否在数据库中创建外键约束 parent_link=False # 在Admin中是否显示关联数据 OneToOneField(ForeignKey) to, # 要进行关联的表名 to_field=None # 要关联的表中的字段名称 on_delete=None, # 当删除关联表中的数据时,当前表与其关联的行的行为 ###### 对于一对一 ###### # 1. 一对一其实就是 一对多 + 唯一索引 # 2.当两个类之间有继承关系时,默认会创建一个一对一字段 # 如下会在A表中额外增加一个c_ptr_id列且唯一: class C(models.Model): nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True) part = models.CharField(max_length=12) class A(C): id = models.AutoField(primary_key=True) code = models.CharField(max_length=1) ManyToManyField(RelatedField) to, # 要进行关联的表名 related_name=None, # 反向操作时,使用的字段名,用于代替 【表名_set】 如: obj.表名_set.all() related_query_name=None, # 反向操作时,使用的连接前缀,用于替换【表名】 如: models.UserGroup.objects.filter(表名__字段名=1).values('表名__字段名') limit_choices_to=None, # 在Admin或ModelForm中显示关联数据时,提供的条件: # 如: - limit_choices_to={'nid__gt': 5} - limit_choices_to=lambda : {'nid__gt': 5} from django.db.models import Q - limit_choices_to=Q(nid__gt=10) - limit_choices_to=Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10) - limit_choices_to=lambda : Q(Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10)) & Q(caption='root') symmetrical=None, # 仅用于多对多自关联时,symmetrical用于指定内部是否创建反向操作的字段 # 做如下操作时,不同的symmetrical会有不同的可选字段 models.BB.objects.filter(...) # 可选字段有:code, id, m1 class BB(models.Model): code = models.CharField(max_length=12) m1 = models.ManyToManyField('self',symmetrical=True) # 可选字段有: bb, code, id, m1 class BB(models.Model): code = models.CharField(max_length=12) m1 = models.ManyToManyField('self',symmetrical=False) through=None, # 自定义第三张表时,使用字段用于指定关系表 through_fields=None, # 自定义第三张表时,使用字段用于指定关系表中那些字段做多对多关系表 from django.db import models class Person(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=50) class Group(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=128) members = models.ManyToManyField( Person, through='Membership', through_fields=('group', 'person'), ) class Membership(models.Model): group = models.ForeignKey(Group, on_delete=models.CASCADE) person = models.ForeignKey(Person, on_delete=models.CASCADE) inviter = models.ForeignKey( Person, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name="membership_invites", ) invite_reason = models.CharField(max_length=64) db_constraint=True, # 是否在数据库中创建外键约束 db_table=None, # 默认创建第三张表时,数据库中表的名称
三. 表操作
1. 基本操作
# 增 # # models.Tb1.objects.create(c1='xx', c2='oo') 增加一条数据,可以接受字典类型数据 **kwargs # obj = models.Tb1(c1='xx', c2='oo') # obj.save() # 查 # # models.Tb1.objects.get(id=123) # 获取单条数据,不存在则报错(不建议) # models.Tb1.objects.all() # 获取全部 # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven') # 获取指定条件的数据 # 删 # # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven').delete() # 删除指定条件的数据 # 改 # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven').update(gender='0') # 将指定条件的数据更新,均支持 **kwargs # obj = models.Tb1.objects.get(id=1) # obj.c1 = '111' # obj.save() # 修改单条数据
2. 进阶操作(上下滑线滑线)
利用上下滑线将字段和对应的操作连接起来
# 获取个数 # # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven').count() # 大于,小于 # # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__gt=1) # 获取id大于1的值 # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__gte=1) # 获取id大于等于1的值 # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__lt=10) # 获取id小于10的值 # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__lte=10) # 获取id小于10的值 # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__lt=10, id__gt=1) # 获取id大于1 且 小于10的值 # in # # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__in=[11, 22, 33]) # 获取id等于11、22、33的数据 # models.Tb1.objects.exclude(id__in=[11, 22, 33]) # not in # isnull # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__isnull=True) # contains # # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name__contains="ven") # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name__icontains="ven") # icontains大小写不敏感 # models.Tb1.objects.exclude(name__icontains="ven") # range # # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__range=[1, 2]) # 范围bettwen and # 其他类似 # # startswith,istartswith, endswith, iendswith, # order by # # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven').order_by('id') # asc # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven').order_by('-id') # desc # group by # # from django.db.models import Count, Min, Max, Sum # models.Tb1.objects.filter(c1=1).values('id').annotate(c=Count('num')) # SELECT "app01_tb1"."id", COUNT("app01_tb1"."num") AS "c" FROM "app01_tb1" WHERE "app01_tb1"."c1" = 1 GROUP BY "app01_tb1"."id" # limit 、offset # # models.Tb1.objects.all()[10:20] # regex正则匹配,iregex 不区分大小写 # # Entry.objects.get(title__regex=r'^(An?|The) +') # Entry.objects.get(title__iregex=r'^(an?|the) +') # date # # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__date=datetime.date(2005, 1, 1)) # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__date__gt=datetime.date(2005, 1, 1)) # year # # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__year=2005) # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__year__gte=2005) # month # # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__month=12) # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__month__gte=6) # day # # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__day=3) # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__day__gte=3) # week_day # # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__week_day=2) # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__week_day__gte=2) # hour # # Event.objects.filter(timestamp__hour=23) # Event.objects.filter(time__hour=5) # Event.objects.filter(timestamp__hour__gte=12) # minute # # Event.objects.filter(timestamp__minute=29) # Event.objects.filter(time__minute=46) # Event.objects.filter(timestamp__minute__gte=29) # second # # Event.objects.filter(timestamp__second=31) # Event.objects.filter(time__second=2) # Event.objects.filter(timestamp__second__gte=31)
3. 其他操作
# extra # # extra(self, select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None, order_by=None, select_params=None) # Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select col from sometable where othercol > %s"}, select_params=(1,)) # Entry.objects.extra(where=['headline=%s'], params=['Lennon']) # Entry.objects.extra(where=["foo='a' OR bar = 'a'", "baz = 'a'"]) # Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select id from tb where id > %s"}, select_params=(1,), order_by=['-nid']) # F # # from django.db.models import F # models.Tb1.objects.update(num=F('num')+1) # Q # # 方式一: # Q(nid__gt=10) # Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10) # Q(Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10)) & Q(caption='root') # 方式二: # con = Q() # q1 = Q() # q1.connector = 'OR' # q1.children.append(('id', 1)) # q1.children.append(('id', 10)) # q1.children.append(('id', 9)) # q2 = Q() # q2.connector = 'OR' # q2.children.append(('c1', 1)) # q2.children.append(('c1', 10)) # q2.children.append(('c1', 9)) # con.add(q1, 'AND') # con.add(q2, 'AND') # # models.Tb1.objects.filter(con) # 执行原生SQL # # from django.db import connection, connections # cursor = connection.cursor() # cursor = connections['default'].cursor() # cursor.execute("""SELECT * from auth_user where id = %s""", [1]) # row = cursor.fetchone()
4. 连表操作
利用下划线和_set将表之间的操作连接起来
class UserProfile(models.Model): user_info = models.OneToOneField('UserInfo') username = models.CharField(max_length=64) password = models.CharField(max_length=64) def __unicode__(self): return self.username class UserInfo(models.Model): user_type_choice = ( (0, u'普通用户'), (1, u'高级用户'), ) user_type = models.IntegerField(choices=user_type_choice) name = models.CharField(max_length=32) email = models.CharField(max_length=32) address = models.CharField(max_length=128) def __unicode__(self): return self.name class UserGroup(models.Model): caption = models.CharField(max_length=64) user_info = models.ManyToManyField('UserInfo') def __unicode__(self): return self.caption class Host(models.Model): hostname = models.CharField(max_length=64) ip = models.GenericIPAddressField() user_group = models.ForeignKey('UserGroup') def __unicode__(self): return self.hostname
user_info_obj = models.UserInfo.objects.filter(id=1).first() print user_info_obj.user_type print user_info_obj.get_user_type_display() print user_info_obj.userprofile.password user_info_obj = models.UserInfo.objects.filter(id=1).values('email', 'userprofile__username').first() print user_info_obj.keys() print user_info_obj.values()
类似一对一 1、搜索条件使用 __ 连接 2、获取值时使用 . 连接
user_info_obj = models.UserInfo.objects.get(name=u'武沛齐') user_info_objs = models.UserInfo.objects.all() group_obj = models.UserGroup.objects.get(caption='CEO') group_objs = models.UserGroup.objects.all() # 添加数据 #group_obj.user_info.add(user_info_obj) #group_obj.user_info.add(*user_info_objs) # 删除数据 #group_obj.user_info.remove(user_info_obj) #group_obj.user_info.remove(*user_info_objs) # 添加数据 #user_info_obj.usergroup_set.add(group_obj) #user_info_obj.usergroup_set.add(*group_objs) # 删除数据 #user_info_obj.usergroup_set.remove(group_obj) #user_info_obj.usergroup_set.remove(*group_objs) # 获取数据 #print group_obj.user_info.all() #print group_obj.user_info.all().filter(id=1) # 获取数据 #print user_info_obj.usergroup_set.all() #print user_info_obj.usergroup_set.all().filter(caption='CEO') #print user_info_obj.usergroup_set.all().filter(caption='DBA')
扩展:
a.自定义上传
def upload_file(request): if request.method == "POST": obj = request.FILES.get('fafafa') f = open(obj.name, 'wb') for chunk in obj.chunks(): f.write(chunk) f.close() return render(request, 'file.html')
b.Form上传文件实例
class FileForm(forms.Form): ExcelFile = forms.FileField()
from django.db import models class UploadFile(models.Model): userid = models.CharField(max_length = 30) file = models.FileField(upload_to = './upload/') date = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
def UploadFile(request): uf = AssetForm.FileForm(request.POST,request.FILES) if uf.is_valid(): upload = models.UploadFile() upload.userid = 1 upload.file = uf.cleaned_data['ExcelFile'] upload.save() print upload.file
四. ORM
1. ORM的对应关系
类 -> 表
对象 -> 记录(数据行)
属性 -> 字段
2. ORM操作
a. 查询
1. models.Publisher(既类名).objects.all() #查询所有的数据 -> 对象列表 2. models.(类名).objects.get(条件) #获取满足条件的一个对象 -> 单独的对象 3. models.(类名).objects.filter() #获取满足条件的所有对象 -> 对象列表 4. models.(类名).objects.all().order_by('id') 排序 ->对象列表 5. pub_obj(既主键对象的类名).pk ->主键 6. pub_obj.name 7. 外键 book_obj(既设置了外键被的表的获取的对象).publisher -> 关联的对象 book_obj.publisher_id -> 从book表中获取关联对象的ID book_obj.publisher.name -> 关联的对象的属性 8. 多对多 author_obj.books -> 管理对象 author_obj.books.all() -> 关联的所有的对象 对象列表 book_obj.author_set -> 管理对象
b.增加
1. models.Publisher.objects.create(name='xx') -> 对象 2. 外键 models.Book.objects.create(name='xxx', publisher=pub_obj) models.Book.objexts.create)name='xxx', publisher_id=pub_obj.id) 3. 多对多 models.Author.object.create(name='xxxx') ->author_obj author_obj.book.set([多个要关联的对象]) author_obj.book.set([多个要关联的对象的id])
c.删除
1. models.Author.objects.get(id=1).delete()
2. models.Author.objects.filter(id=1).delect()
d.修改
1. pub_obj.name='new_xxx' 2. pub_obj.save() 3. 外键 book_obj.title = 'xxx' book_obj.publisher = pub_obj 或者book_obj.publisher_id=pub_obj.id book_obj.save() 4. 多对多 author_obj.name='new_name' author_obj.save() author_obj.book.set([多个要关联对象]) 或 author_obj.book.set([多个要关联对象的id])
from django.shortcuts import render,redirect,HttpResponse from cou_sele import models # Create your views here. def classes(request): all_class = models.Classes.objects.all().order_by('cid') return render(request, 'class_list.html', {'all_class':all_class}) def add_classes(request): err_msg, obj = '', '' if request.method == 'POST': new_name = request.POST.get('classes_name') if not new_name: err_msg = '兄弟,空的啊' obj = models.Classes.objects.filter(name='new_name') if obj: err_msg = '兄弟,重复了' if new_name and not obj: models.Classes.objects.create(name=new_name) return redirect('/class_list') return render(request, 'add_classes.html', {'err_msg':err_msg}) def del_classes(request): pk = request.GET.get('pk') if not models.Classes.objects.filter(pk=pk): return HttpResponse('数据不存在') models.Classes.objects.get(pk=pk).delete() return redirect('/class_list/') def edit_classes(request): err_msg = '' pk = request.GET.get('pk') obj_list = models.Classes.objects.filter(pk=pk) if not obj_list: return HttpResponse("数据不存在") obj = obj_list[0] if request.method == 'POST': new_name = request.POST.get('classes_name') if not new_name: err_msg = '不能为空' exist = models.Classes.objects.filter(name=new_name) if exist: err_msg = '已存在' if new_name and not exist: # 修改出版社的名称 obj.name = new_name obj.save() # 向数据库提交 return redirect('/class_list/') return render(request, 'edit_classes.html', {'obj': obj, 'err_msg': err_msg}) def studet_list(request): all_student = models.Student.objects.all() return render(request, 'studet_list.html', {'all_student': all_student}) def add_student(request): err_msg, obj = '', '' if request.method == 'POST': new_name = request.POST.get('student_name') if not new_name: err_msg = '兄弟,空的啊' obj = models.Classes.objects.filter(name='new_name') if obj: err_msg = '兄弟,重复了' if new_name and not obj: models.Classes.objects.create(name=new_name) return redirect('/class_list') all_class = models.Classes.objects.all() return render(request, 'add_student.html', {'all_class': all_class, 'err_msg': err_msg}) def del_student(request): pk = request.GET.get('pk') if not models.Classes.objects.filter(pk=pk): return HttpResponse('数据不存在') models.Classes.objects.get(pk=pk).delete() return redirect('/student_list/') def edit_student(request): err_msg = '' pk = request.GET.get('pk') student_obj = models.Student.objects.get(pk=pk) if not student_obj: return HttpResponse('数据不存在') if request.method == 'POST': new_name = request.POST.get('new_name') classes_id = request.POST.get('classes_id') if not new_name: err_msg = '不能为空' exist = models.Student.objects.filter(name=new_name) if exist: err_msg = '你瞎啊, 已经有了' if new_name and not exist: student_obj.name = new_name student_obj.classes_id = classes_id student_obj.save() return redirect('/studet_list/') all_classes = models.Classes.objects.all() return render(request, 'edit_student.html', {'err_msg': err_msg, 'student_obj': student_obj, 'all_classes':all_classes}) def teacher_list(request): all_teacher = models.Teacher.objects.all() all_student = models.Student.objects.all() return render(request, 'teacher_list.html', {'all_teacher': all_teacher,'all_student':all_student}) def add_teacher(request): err_msg = '' if request.method == 'POST': new_name = request.POST.get('new_name') student_ids = request.POST.getlist('stu') if not new_name: err_msg = '瞎啊,空的' obj_new_name = models.Teacher.objects.filter(name=new_name) if obj_new_name: err_msg = '瞎啊,重复了' if new_name and not obj_new_name: author_obj = models.Teacher.objects.create(name=new_name) author_obj.Student.set(student_ids) return redirect('/teacher_list/') all_student = models.Student.objects.all() return render(request, 'add_teacher.html', {'all_student': all_student, 'err_msg': err_msg}) def del_teacher(request): del_id = request.GET.get('pk') models.Teacher.objects.get(pk = del_id).delete() return redirect('/teacher_list/') def edit_teacher(request): err_msg = '' pk = request.GET.get('pk') teacher_obj = models.Teacher.objects.get(pk=pk) if request.method == 'POST': name = request.POST.get('new_name') student_ids = request.POST.getlist('student_id') if not name: err_msg = '空的' else: teacher_obj.name = name teacher_obj.save() teacher_obj.Student.set(student_ids) return redirect('/teacher_list/') all_student = models.Student.objects.all() return render(request, 'edit_teacher.html', {'err_msg':err_msg,'author_obj': teacher_obj, 'all_student': all_student})
五. request
1. request.method ->请求方式一共有8种 主要的有 GET/POST
2. request.GET -> url的参数 xxx/?id=1&name=konghui
request.GET.get('id')
</thead> <tbody> {% for i in all_teacher %} <tr> <td>{{ forloop.counter }}</td> <td>{{ i.pk }}</td> <td>{{ i.name }}</td> <td> {% for book in i.Student.all %} {{ book.name }} {% endfor %} </td> <td> <a class="btn btn-success btn-sm" href="/edit_teacher/?pk={{ i.pk }}">编辑</a> <a class="btn btn-danger btn-sm" href="/del_teacher/?pk={{ i.pk }}">删除</a> </td> </tr> {% endfor %}
3.request.POST -> form表单提交的POST的数据{}
六.函数的返回值
1. HttpRequest('字符串') -> 返回字符串
2. render(request, '模板的文件名', {k1:v1}) -> 返回一个完整的页面
3. request.POST(/'跳转的地址'/) -> 重定向 响应头 location: '跳转的地址'