在写脚本时,放到后台运行,想知道执行情况,会通过邮件、SMS(短信)、飞信、微信等方式通知管理员,用的最多的是邮件。在linux下,Shell脚本发送邮件告警是件很简单的事,有现成的邮件服务软件或者调用运营商邮箱服务器。
对于Python来说,需要编写脚本调用邮件服务器来发送邮件,使用的协议是SMTP。接收邮件,使用的协议是POP3和IMAP。我想有必要说明下 ,POP3和IMAP的区别:POP3在客户端邮箱中所做的操作不会反馈到邮箱服务器,比如删除一封邮件,邮箱服务器并不会删除。IMAP则会反馈到邮箱服务器,会做相应的操作。
Python分别提供了收发邮件的库,smtplib、poplib和imaplib。
本章主要讲解如果使用smtplib库实现发送各种形式的邮件内容。在smtplib库中,主要主要用smtplib.SMTP()类,用于连接SMTP服务器,发送邮件。
这个类有几个常用的方法:
方法 |
描述 |
SMTP.set_debuglevel(level) | 设置输出debug调试信息,默认不输出 |
SMTP.docmd(cmd[, argstring]) | 发送一个命令到SMTP服务器 |
SMTP.connect([host[, port]]) | 连接到指定的SMTP服务器 |
SMTP.helo([hostname]) | 使用helo指令向SMTP服务器确认你的身份 |
SMTP.ehlo(hostname) | 使用ehlo指令像ESMTP(SMTP扩展)确认你的身份 |
SMTP.ehlo_or_helo_if_needed() | 如果在以前的会话连接中没有提供ehlo或者helo指令,这个方法会调用ehlo()或helo() |
SMTP.has_extn(name) | 判断指定名称是否在SMTP服务器上 |
SMTP.verify(address) | 判断邮件地址是否在SMTP服务器上 |
SMTP.starttls([keyfile[, certfile]]) | 使SMTP连接运行在TLS模式,所有的SMTP指令都会被加密 |
SMTP.login(user, password) | 登录SMTP服务器 |
SMTP.sendmail(from_addr, to_addrs, msg, mail_options=[], rcpt_options=[]) |
发送邮件 from_addr:邮件发件人 to_addrs:邮件收件人 msg:发送消息 |
SMTP.quit() | 关闭SMTP会话 |
SMTP.close() | 关闭SMTP服务器连接 |
看下官方给的示例:
>>> import smtplib >>> s=smtplib.SMTP("localhost") >>> tolist=["one@one.org","two@two.org","three@three.org","four@four.org"] >>> msg = ''' ... From: Me@my.org ... Subject: testin'... ... ... This is a test ''' >>> s.sendmail("me@my.org",tolist,msg) { "three@three.org" : ( 550 ,"User unknown" ) } >>> s.quit()
我们根据示例给自己发一个邮件测试下:
我这里测试使用本地的SMTP服务器,也就是要装一个支持SMTP协议的服务,比如sendmail、postfix等。
CentOS安装sendmail:yum install sendmail
>>> import smtplib >>> s = smtplib.SMTP("localhost") >>> tolist = ["xxx@qq.com", "xxx@163.com"] >>> msg = ''' ... From: Me@my.org ... Subject: test ... This is a test ''' >>> s.sendmail("me@my.org", tolist, msg) {}
进入腾讯和网易收件人邮箱,就能看到刚发的测试邮件,一般都被邮箱服务器过滤成垃圾邮件,所以收件箱没有,你要去垃圾箱看看。
可以看到,多个收件人可以放到一个列表中进行群发。msg对象里From表示发件人,Subject是邮件标题,换行后输入的是邮件内容。
上面是使用本地SMTP服务器发送的邮件,测试下用163服务器发送邮件看看效果:
>>> import smtplib >>> s = smtplib.SMTP("smtp.163.com") >>> s.login("baojingtongzhi@163.com", "xxx") (235, 'Authentication successful') >>> tolist = ["xxx@qq.com", "xxx@163.com"] >>> msg = ''' ... From: baojingtongzhi@163.com ... Subject: test ... This is a test ''' >>> s.sendmail("baojingtongzhi@163.com", tolist, msg) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "/usr/lib64/python2.6/smtplib.py", line 725, in sendmail raise SMTPDataError(code, resp) smtplib.SMTPDataError: (554, 'DT:SPM 163 smtp10,DsCowAAXIdDIJAtYkZiTAA--.65425S2 1477125592,please see http://mail.163.com/help/help_spam_16.htm?ip=119.57.73.67&hostid=smtp10&time=1477125592')
访问给出的163网址,SMTP554错误是: "554 DT:SUM 信封发件人和信头发件人不匹配;"
大概已经明白啥意思,看上面再使用本地SMTP服务器时候,收件人位置是“undisclosed-recipients”,看这样163的SMTP服务器不给我们服务的原因就是这里收件人没指定。
重新修改下msg对象,添加上收件人:
>>> msg = ''' ... From: baojingtongzhi@163.com ... To: 962510244@qq.com ,xxx@163.com ... Subject: test ... ... This is a test ''' >>> s.sendmail("baojingtongzhi@163.com", tolist, msg) {}
好了,可以正常发送邮件了。msg这个格式是SMTP规定的,一定要遵守。
1.1 Python发送邮件并抄送
#!/usr/bin/python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- import smtplib def sendMail(body): smtp_server = 'smtp.163.com' from_mail = 'baojingtongzhi@163.com' mail_pass = 'xxx' to_mail = ['xxx@qq.com', 'xxx@163.com'] cc_mail = ['lizhenliang@xxx.com'] from_name = 'monitor' subject = u'监控'.encode('gbk') # 以gbk编码发送,一般邮件客户端都能识别 # msg = ''' # From: %s <%s> # To: %s # Subject: %s # %s''' %(from_name, from_mail, to_mail_str, subject, body) # 这种方式必须将邮件头信息靠左,也就是每行开头不能用空格,否则报SMTP 554 mail = [ "From: %s <%s>" % (from_name, from_mail), "To: %s" % ','.join(to_mail), # 转成字符串,以逗号分隔元素 "Subject: %s" % subject, "Cc: %s" % ','.join(cc_mail), "", body ] msg = ' '.join(mail) # 这种方式先将头信息放到列表中,然后用join拼接,并以换行符分隔元素,结果就是和上面注释一样了 try: s = smtplib.SMTP() s.connect(smtp_server, '25') s.login(from_mail, mail_pass) s.sendmail(from_mail, to_mail+cc_mail, msg) s.quit() except smtplib.SMTPException as e: print "Error: %s" %e if __name__ == "__main__": sendMail("This is a test!")
s.sendmail(from_mail, to_mail+cc_mail, msg) 在这里注意下,收件人和抄送人为什么放一起发送呢?其实无论是收件人还是抄送人,它们收到的邮件都是一样的,SMTP都是认为收件人这样一封一封的发出。所以实际上并没有抄送这个概念,只是在邮件头加了抄送人的信息罢了!另外,如果不需要抄送人,直接把上面cc的信息去掉即可。
1.2 Python发送邮件带附件
由于SMTP.sendmail()方法不支持添加附件,所以可以使用email模块来满足需求。email模块是一个构造邮件和解析邮件的模块。
先看下如何用email库构造一个简单的邮件:
message = Message() message['Subject'] = '邮件主题' message['From'] = from_mail message['To'] = to_mail message['Cc'] = cc_mail message.set_payload('邮件内容')
基本的格式就是这样的!
继续回到主题,发送邮件带附件:
#!/usr/bin/python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- import smtplib from email.mime.text import MIMEText from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart from email.header import Header from email import encoders from email.mime.base import MIMEBase from email.utils import parseaddr, formataddr # 格式化邮件地址 def formatAddr(s): name, addr = parseaddr(s) return formataddr((Header(name, 'utf-8').encode(), addr)) def sendMail(body, attachment): smtp_server = 'smtp.163.com' from_mail = 'baojingtongzhi@163.com' mail_pass = 'xxx' to_mail = ['xxx@qq.com', 'xxx@163.com'] # 构造一个MIMEMultipart对象代表邮件本身 msg = MIMEMultipart() # Header对中文进行转码 msg['From'] = formatAddr('管理员 <%s>' % from_mail).encode() msg['To'] = ','.join(to_mail) msg['Subject'] = Header('监控', 'utf-8').encode() # plain代表纯文本 msg.attach(MIMEText(body, 'plain', 'utf-8')) # 二进制方式模式文件 with open(attachment, 'rb') as f: # MIMEBase表示附件的对象 mime = MIMEBase('text', 'txt', filename=attachment) # filename是显示附件名字 mime.add_header('Content-Disposition', 'attachment', filename=attachment) # 获取附件内容 mime.set_payload(f.read()) encoders.encode_base64(mime) # 作为附件添加到邮件 msg.attach(mime) try: s = smtplib.SMTP() s.connect(smtp_server, "25") s.login(from_mail, mail_pass) s.sendmail(from_mail, to_mail, msg.as_string()) # as_string()把MIMEText对象变成str s.quit() except smtplib.SMTPException as e: print "Error: %s" % e if __name__ == "__main__": sendMail('附件是测试数据, 请查收!', 'test.txt')
博客地址:http://lizhenliang.blog.51cto.com
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1.3 Python发送HTML邮件
#!/usr/bin/python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- import smtplib from email.mime.text import MIMEText from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart from email.header import Header from email.utils import parseaddr, formataddr # 格式化邮件地址 def formatAddr(s): name, addr = parseaddr(s) return formataddr((Header(name, 'utf-8').encode(), addr)) def sendMail(body): smtp_server = 'smtp.163.com' from_mail = 'baojingtongzhi@163.com' mail_pass = 'xxx' to_mail = ['xxx@qq.com', 'xxx@163.com'] # 构造一个MIMEMultipart对象代表邮件本身 msg = MIMEMultipart() # Header对中文进行转码 msg['From'] = formatAddr('管理员 <%s>' % from_mail).encode() msg['To'] = ','.join(to_mail) msg['Subject'] = Header('监控', 'utf-8').encode() msg.attach(MIMEText(body, 'html', 'utf-8')) try: s = smtplib.SMTP() s.connect(smtp_server, "25") s.login(from_mail, mail_pass) s.sendmail(from_mail, to_mail, msg.as_string()) # as_string()把MIMEText对象变成str s.quit() except smtplib.SMTPException as e: print "Error: %s" % e if __name__ == "__main__": body = """ <h1>测试邮件</h1> <h2 style="color:red">This is a test</h1> """ sendMail(body)
1.4 Python发送图片邮件
#!/usr/bin/python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- import smtplib from email.mime.text import MIMEText from email.mime.image import MIMEImage from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart from email.header import Header from email.utils import parseaddr, formataddr # 格式化邮件地址 def formatAddr(s): name, addr = parseaddr(s) return formataddr((Header(name, 'utf-8').encode(), addr)) def sendMail(body, image): smtp_server = 'smtp.163.com' from_mail = 'baojingtongzhi@163.com' mail_pass = 'xxx' to_mail = ['xxx@qq.com', 'xxx@163.com'] # 构造一个MIMEMultipart对象代表邮件本身 msg = MIMEMultipart() # Header对中文进行转码 msg['From'] = formatAddr('管理员 <%s>' % from_mail).encode() msg['To'] = ','.join(to_mail) msg['Subject'] = Header('监控', 'utf-8').encode() msg.attach(MIMEText(body, 'html', 'utf-8')) # 二进制模式读取图片 with open(image, 'rb') as f: msgImage = MIMEImage(f.read()) # 定义图片ID msgImage.add_header('Content-ID', '<image1>') msg.attach(msgImage) try: s = smtplib.SMTP() s.connect(smtp_server, "25") s.login(from_mail, mail_pass) s.sendmail(from_mail, to_mail, msg.as_string()) # as_string()把MIMEText对象变成str s.quit() except smtplib.SMTPException as e: print "Error: %s" % e if __name__ == "__main__": body = """ <h1>测试图片</h1> <img src="cid:image1"/> # 引用图片 """ sendMail(body, 'test.png')
上面发邮件的几种常见的发邮件方法基本满足日常需求了。
原文地址:http://lizhenliang.blog.51cto.com/7876557/1875330
PS.以上均转载未测试,以下是亲测无误的代码(Python3.6版本测)
包括发送邮件,抄送邮件多人功能
import smtplib from email.mime.text import MIMEText from email.header import Header mail = Mail(app) sender = 'kakarrot2009@163.com' subject = '我是测试的' smtpserver = 'smtp.163.com' username = 'kakarrot2009@163.com' password = '************' tolist = ["xxxxxxxx@qq.com", "yyyyyyy@qq.com"]#接收者 tocc=["mmmmmm@qq.com", "nnnnnn@qq.com"]#抄送者 msg = MIMEText('你好', 'plain', 'utf-8') # 中文需参数‘utf-8',单字节字符不需要 msg['Subject'] = Header(subject, 'utf-8')#邮件中显示内容 msg['From']='卡卡罗特<kakarrot2009@163.com>' #邮件中显示内容 msg['To']='zoro<xxxxxxxx@qq.com>;nami<yyyyyyy@qq.com>'#邮件中显示内容 msg['CC']='sanji<mmmmmm@qq.com>;luffy<nnnnnn@qq.com>'#邮件中显示内容 smtp = smtplib.SMTP() smtp.connect('smtp.163.com') smtp.login(username, password) smtp.sendmail(sender,tolist+tocc, msg.as_string().encode()) smtp.quit()