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ConcurrentSkipListSet介绍
ConcurrentSkipListSet是线程安全的有序的集合，适用于高并发的场景。
ConcurrentSkipListSet和TreeSet，它们虽然都是有序的集合。但是，第一，它们的线程安全机制不同，TreeSet是非线程安全的，而ConcurrentSkipListSet是线程安全的。第二，ConcurrentSkipListSet是通过ConcurrentSkipListMap实现的，而TreeSet是通过TreeMap实现的。
ConcurrentSkipListSet原理和数据结构
ConcurrentSkipListSet的数据结构，如下图所示：
说明：
(01) ConcurrentSkipListSet继承于AbstractSet。因此，它本质上是一个集合。
(02) ConcurrentSkipListSet实现了NavigableSet接口。因此，ConcurrentSkipListSet是一个有序的集合。
(03) ConcurrentSkipListSet是通过ConcurrentSkipListMap实现的。它包含一个ConcurrentNavigableMap对象m，而m对象实际上是ConcurrentNavigableMap的实现类ConcurrentSkipListMap的实例。ConcurrentSkipListMap中的元素是key-value键值对；而ConcurrentSkipListSet是集合，它只用到了ConcurrentSkipListMap中的key！
ConcurrentSkipListSet函数列表
// 构造一个新的空 set，该 set 按照元素的自然顺序对其进行排序。 ConcurrentSkipListSet() // 构造一个包含指定 collection 中元素的新 set，这个新 set 按照元素的自然顺序对其进行排序。 ConcurrentSkipListSet(Collection<? extends E> c) // 构造一个新的空 set，该 set 按照指定的比较器对其元素进行排序。 ConcurrentSkipListSet(Comparator<? super E> comparator) // 构造一个新 set，该 set 所包含的元素与指定的有序 set 包含的元素相同，使用的顺序也相同。 ConcurrentSkipListSet(SortedSet<E> s) // 如果此 set 中不包含指定元素，则添加指定元素。 boolean add(E e) // 返回此 set 中大于等于给定元素的最小元素；如果不存在这样的元素，则返回 null。 E ceiling(E e) // 从此 set 中移除所有元素。 void clear() // 返回此 ConcurrentSkipListSet 实例的浅表副本。 ConcurrentSkipListSet<E> clone() // 返回对此 set 中的元素进行排序的比较器；如果此 set 使用其元素的自然顺序，则返回 null。 Comparator<? super E> comparator() // 如果此 set 包含指定的元素，则返回 true。 boolean contains(Object o) // 返回在此 set 的元素上以降序进行迭代的迭代器。 Iterator<E> descendingIterator() // 返回此 set 中所包含元素的逆序视图。 NavigableSet<E> descendingSet() // 比较指定对象与此 set 的相等性。 boolean equals(Object o) // 返回此 set 中当前第一个（最低）元素。 E first() // 返回此 set 中小于等于给定元素的最大元素；如果不存在这样的元素，则返回 null。 E floor(E e) // 返回此 set 的部分视图，其元素严格小于 toElement。 NavigableSet<E> headSet(E toElement) // 返回此 set 的部分视图，其元素小于（或等于，如果 inclusive 为 true）toElement。 NavigableSet<E> headSet(E toElement, boolean inclusive) // 返回此 set 中严格大于给定元素的最小元素；如果不存在这样的元素，则返回 null。 E higher(E e) // 如果此 set 不包含任何元素，则返回 true。 boolean isEmpty() // 返回在此 set 的元素上以升序进行迭代的迭代器。 Iterator<E> iterator() // 返回此 set 中当前最后一个（最高）元素。 E last() // 返回此 set 中严格小于给定元素的最大元素；如果不存在这样的元素，则返回 null。 E lower(E e) // 获取并移除第一个（最低）元素；如果此 set 为空，则返回 null。 E pollFirst() // 获取并移除最后一个（最高）元素；如果此 set 为空，则返回 null。 E pollLast() // 如果此 set 中存在指定的元素，则将其移除。 boolean remove(Object o) // 从此 set 中移除包含在指定 collection 中的所有元素。 boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) // 返回此 set 中的元素数目。 int size() // 返回此 set 的部分视图，其元素范围从 fromElement 到 toElement。 NavigableSet<E> subSet(E fromElement, boolean fromInclusive, E toElement, boolean toInclusive) // 返回此 set 的部分视图，其元素从 fromElement（包括）到 toElement（不包括）。 NavigableSet<E> subSet(E fromElement, E toElement) // 返回此 set 的部分视图，其元素大于等于 fromElement。 NavigableSet<E> tailSet(E fromElement) // 返回此 set 的部分视图，其元素大于（或等于，如果 inclusive 为 true）fromElement。 NavigableSet<E> tailSet(E fromElement, boolean inclusive)
ConcurrentSkipListSet源码(JDK1.7.0_40版本)
ConcurrentSkipListSet.java的完整源码如下：
1 /*
2 * ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
3 *
4 *
5 *
6 *
7 *
8 *
9 *
10 *
11 *
12 *
13 *
14 *
15 *
16 *
17 *
18 *
19 *
20 *
21 *
22 *
23 */
24
25 /*
26 *
27 *
28 *
29 *
30 *
31 * Written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166
32 * Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained at
33 * http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
34 */
35
36 package java.util.concurrent;
37 import java.util.*;
38 import sun.misc.Unsafe;
39
40 /**
41 * A scalable concurrent {@link NavigableSet} implementation based on
42 * a {@link ConcurrentSkipListMap}. The elements of the set are kept
43 * sorted according to their {@linkplain Comparable natural ordering},
44 * or by a {@link Comparator} provided at set creation time, depending
45 * on which constructor is used.
46 *
47 * <p>This implementation provides expected average <i>log(n)</i> time
48 * cost for the <tt>contains</tt>, <tt>add</tt>, and <tt>remove</tt>
49 * operations and their variants. Insertion, removal, and access
50 * operations safely execute concurrently by multiple threads.
51 * Iterators are <i>weakly consistent</i>, returning elements
52 * reflecting the state of the set at some point at or since the
53 * creation of the iterator. They do <em>not</em> throw {@link
54 * ConcurrentModificationException}, and may proceed concurrently with
55 * other operations. Ascending ordered views and their iterators are
56 * faster than descending ones.
57 *
58 * <p>Beware that, unlike in most collections, the <tt>size</tt>
59 * method is <em>not</em> a constant-time operation. Because of the
60 * asynchronous nature of these sets, determining the current number
61 * of elements requires a traversal of the elements, and so may report
62 * inaccurate results if this collection is modified during traversal.
63 * Additionally, the bulk operations <tt>addAll</tt>,
64 * <tt>removeAll</tt>, <tt>retainAll</tt>, <tt>containsAll</tt>,
65 * <tt>equals</tt>, and <tt>toArray</tt> are <em>not</em> guaranteed
66 * to be performed atomically. For example, an iterator operating
67 * concurrently with an <tt>addAll</tt> operation might view only some
68 * of the added elements.
69 *
70 * <p>This class and its iterators implement all of the
71 * <em>optional</em> methods of the {@link Set} and {@link Iterator}
72 * interfaces. Like most other concurrent collection implementations,
73 * this class does not permit the use of <tt>null</tt> elements,
74 * because <tt>null</tt> arguments and return values cannot be reliably
75 * distinguished from the absence of elements.
76 *
77 * <p>This class is a member of the
78 * <a href="{@docRoot}/../technotes/guides/collections/index.html">
79 * Java Collections Framework</a>.
80 *
81 * @author Doug Lea
82 * @param <E> the type of elements maintained by this set
83 * @since 1.6
84 */
85 public class ConcurrentSkipListSet<E>
86 extends AbstractSet<E>
87 implements NavigableSet<E>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable {
88
89 private static final long serialVersionUID = -2479143111061671589L;
90
91 /**
92 * The underlying map. Uses Boolean.TRUE as value for each
93 * element. This field is declared final for the sake of thread
94 * safety, which entails some ugliness in clone()
95 */
96 private final ConcurrentNavigableMap<E,Object> m;
97
98 /**
99 * Constructs a new, empty set that orders its elements according to
100 * their {@linkplain Comparable natural ordering}.
101 */
102 public ConcurrentSkipListSet() {
103 m = new ConcurrentSkipListMap<E,Object>();
104 }
105
106 /**
107 * Constructs a new, empty set that orders its elements according to
108 * the specified comparator.
109 *
110 * @param comparator the comparator that will be used to order this set.
111 * If <tt>null</tt>, the {@linkplain Comparable natural
112 * ordering} of the elements will be used.
113 */
114 public ConcurrentSkipListSet(Comparator<? super E> comparator) {
115 m = new ConcurrentSkipListMap<E,Object>(comparator);
116 }
117
118 /**
119 * Constructs a new set containing the elements in the specified
120 * collection, that orders its elements according to their
121 * {@linkplain Comparable natural ordering}.
122 *
123 * @param c The elements that will comprise the new set
124 * @throws ClassCastException if the elements in <tt>c</tt> are
125 * not {@link Comparable}, or are not mutually comparable
126 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection or any
127 * of its elements are null
128 */
129 public ConcurrentSkipListSet(Collection<? extends E> c) {
130 m = new ConcurrentSkipListMap<E,Object>();
131 addAll(c);
132 }
133
134 /**
135 * Constructs a new set containing the same elements and using the
136 * same ordering as the specified sorted set.
137 *
138 * @param s sorted set whose elements will comprise the new set
139 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified sorted set or any
140 * of its elements are null
141 */
142 public ConcurrentSkipListSet(SortedSet<E> s) {
143 m = new ConcurrentSkipListMap<E,Object>(s.comparator());
144 addAll(s);
145 }
146
147 /**
148 * For use by submaps
149 */
150 ConcurrentSkipListSet(ConcurrentNavigableMap<E,Object> m) {
151 this.m = m;
152 }
153
154 /**
155 * Returns a shallow copy of this <tt>ConcurrentSkipListSet</tt>
156 * instance. (The elements themselves are not cloned.)
157 *
158 * @return a shallow copy of this set
159 */
160 public ConcurrentSkipListSet<E> clone() {
161 ConcurrentSkipListSet<E> clone = null;
162 try {
163 clone = (ConcurrentSkipListSet<E>) super.clone();
164 clone.setMap(new ConcurrentSkipListMap(m));
165 } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
166 throw new InternalError();
167 }
168
169 return clone;
170 }
171
172 /* ---------------- Set operations -------------- */
173
174 /**
175 * Returns the number of elements in this set. If this set
176 * contains more than <tt>Integer.MAX_VALUE</tt> elements, it
177 * returns <tt>Integer.MAX_VALUE</tt>.
178 *
179 * <p>Beware that, unlike in most collections, this method is
180 * <em>NOT</em> a constant-time operation. Because of the
181 * asynchronous nature of these sets, determining the current
182 * number of elements requires traversing them all to count them.
183 * Additionally, it is possible for the size to change during
184 * execution of this method, in which case the returned result
185 * will be inaccurate. Thus, this method is typically not very
186 * useful in concurrent applications.
187 *
188 * @return the number of elements in this set
189 */
190 public int size() {
191 return m.size();
192 }
193
194 /**
195 * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this set contains no elements.
196 * @return <tt>true</tt> if this set contains no elements
197 */
198 public boolean isEmpty() {
199 return m.isEmpty();
200 }
201
202 /**
203 * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this set contains the specified element.
204 * More formally, returns <tt>true</tt> if and only if this set
205 * contains an element <tt>e</tt> such that <tt>o.equals(e)</tt>.
206 *
207 * @param o object to be checked for containment in this set
208 * @return <tt>true</tt> if this set contains the specified element
209 * @throws ClassCastException if the specified element cannot be
210 * compared with the elements currently in this set
211 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
212 */
213 public boolean contains(Object o) {
214 return m.containsKey(o);
215 }
216
217 /**
218 * Adds the specified element to this set if it is not already present.
219 * More formally, adds the specified element <tt>e</tt> to this set if
220 * the set contains no element <tt>e2</tt> such that <tt>e.equals(e2)</tt>.
221 * If this set already contains the element, the call leaves the set
222 * unchanged and returns <tt>false</tt>.
223 *
224 * @param e element to be added to this set
225 * @return <tt>true</tt> if this set did not already contain the
226 * specified element
227 * @throws ClassCastException if <tt>e</tt> cannot be compared
228 * with the elements currently in this set
229 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
230 */
231 public boolean add(E e) {
232 return m.putIfAbsent(e, Boolean.TRUE) == null;
233 }
234
235 /**
236 * Removes the specified element from this set if it is present.
237 * More formally, removes an element <tt>e</tt> such that
238 * <tt>o.equals(e)</tt>, if this set contains such an element.
239 * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this set contained the element (or
240 * equivalently, if this set changed as a result of the call).
241 * (This set will not contain the element once the call returns.)
242 *
243 * @param o object to be removed from this set, if present
244 * @return <tt>true</tt> if this set contained the specified element
245 * @throws ClassCastException if <tt>o</tt> cannot be compared
246 * with the elements currently in this set
247 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
248 */
249 public boolean remove(Object o) {
250 return m.remove(o, Boolean.TRUE);
251 }
252
253 /**
254 * Removes all of the elements from this set.
255 */
256 public void clear() {
257 m.clear();
258 }
259
260 /**
261 * Returns an iterator over the elements in this set in ascending order.
262 *
263 * @return an iterator over the elements in this set in ascending order
264 */
265 public Iterator<E> iterator() {
266 return m.navigableKeySet().iterator();
267 }
268
269 /**
270 * Returns an iterator over the elements in this set in descending order.
271 *
272 * @return an iterator over the elements in this set in descending order
273 */
274 public Iterator<E> descendingIterator() {
275 return m.descendingKeySet().iterator();
276 }
277
278
279 /* ---------------- AbstractSet Overrides -------------- */
280
281 /**
282 * Compares the specified object with this set for equality. Returns
283 * <tt>true</tt> if the specified object is also a set, the two sets
284 * have the same size, and every member of the specified set is
285 * contained in this set (or equivalently, every member of this set is
286 * contained in the specified set). This definition ensures that the
287 * equals method works properly across different implementations of the
288 * set interface.
289 *
290 * @param o the object to be compared for equality with this set
291 * @return <tt>true</tt> if the specified object is equal to this set
292 */
293 public boolean equals(Object o) {
294 // Override AbstractSet version to avoid calling size()
295 if (o == this)
296 return true;
297 if (!(o instanceof Set))
298 return false;
299 Collection<?> c = (Collection<?>) o;
300 try {
301 return containsAll(c) && c.containsAll(this);
302 } catch (ClassCastException unused) {
303 return false;
304 } catch (NullPointerException unused) {
305 return false;
306 }
307 }
308
309 /**
310 * Removes from this set all of its elements that are contained in
311 * the specified collection. If the specified collection is also
312 * a set, this operation effectively modifies this set so that its
313 * value is the <i>asymmetric set difference</i> of the two sets.
314 *
315 * @param c collection containing elements to be removed from this set
316 * @return <tt>true</tt> if this set changed as a result of the call
317 * @throws ClassCastException if the types of one or more elements in this
318 * set are incompatible with the specified collection
319 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection or any
320 * of its elements are null
321 */
322 public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) {
323 // Override AbstractSet version to avoid unnecessary call to size()
324 boolean modified = false;
325 for (Iterator<?> i = c.iterator(); i.hasNext(); )
326 if (remove(i.next()))
327 modified = true;
328 return modified;
329 }
330
331 /* ---------------- Relational operations -------------- */
332
333 /**
334 * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
335 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
336 */
337 public E lower(E e) {
338 return m.lowerKey(e);
339 }
340
341 /**
342 * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
343 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
344 */
345 public E floor(E e) {
346 return m.floorKey(e);
347 }
348
349 /**
350 * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
351 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
352 */
353 public E ceiling(E e) {
354 return m.ceilingKey(e);
355 }
356
357 /**
358 * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
359 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
360 */
361 public E higher(E e) {
362 return m.higherKey(e);
363 }
364
365 public E pollFirst() {
366 Map.Entry<E,Object> e = m.pollFirstEntry();
367 return (e == null) ? null : e.getKey();
368 }
369
370 public E pollLast() {
371 Map.Entry<E,Object> e = m.pollLastEntry();
372 return (e == null) ? null : e.getKey();
373 }
374
375
376 /* ---------------- SortedSet operations -------------- */
377
378
379 public Comparator<? super E> comparator() {
380 return m.comparator();
381 }
382
383 /**
384 * @throws NoSuchElementException {@inheritDoc}
385 */
386 public E first() {
387 return m.firstKey();
388 }
389
390 /**
391 * @throws NoSuchElementException {@inheritDoc}
392 */
393 public E last() {
394 return m.lastKey();
395 }
396
397 /**
398 * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
399 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code fromElement} or
400 * {@code toElement} is null
401 * @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
402 */
403 public NavigableSet<E> subSet(E fromElement,
404 boolean fromInclusive,
405 E toElement,
406 boolean toInclusive) {
407 return new ConcurrentSkipListSet<E>
408 (m.subMap(fromElement, fromInclusive,
409 toElement, toInclusive));
410 }
411
412 /**
413 * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
414 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code toElement} is null
415 * @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
416 */
417 public NavigableSet<E> headSet(E toElement, boolean inclusive) {
418 return new ConcurrentSkipListSet<E>(m.headMap(toElement, inclusive));
419 }
420
421 /**
422 * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
423 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code fromElement} is null
424 * @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
425 */
426 public NavigableSet<E> tailSet(E fromElement, boolean inclusive) {
427 return new ConcurrentSkipListSet<E>(m.tailMap(fromElement, inclusive));
428 }
429
430 /**
431 * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
432 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code fromElement} or
433 * {@code toElement} is null
434 * @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
435 */
436 public NavigableSet<E> subSet(E fromElement, E toElement) {
437 return subSet(fromElement, true, toElement, false);
438 }
439
440 /**
441 * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
442 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code toElement} is null
443 * @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
444 */
445 public NavigableSet<E> headSet(E toElement) {
446 return headSet(toElement, false);
447 }
448
449 /**
450 * @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
451 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code fromElement} is null
452 * @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
453 */
454 public NavigableSet<E> tailSet(E fromElement) {
455 return tailSet(fromElement, true);
456 }
457
458 /**
459 * Returns a reverse order view of the elements contained in this set.
460 * The descending set is backed by this set, so changes to the set are
461 * reflected in the descending set, and vice-versa.
462 *
463 * <p>The returned set has an ordering equivalent to
464 * <tt>{@link Collections#reverseOrder(Comparator) Collections.reverseOrder}(comparator())</tt>.
465 * The expression {@code s.descendingSet().descendingSet()} returns a
466 * view of {@code s} essentially equivalent to {@code s}.
467 *
468 * @return a reverse order view of this set
469 */
470 public NavigableSet<E> descendingSet() {
471 return new ConcurrentSkipListSet(m.descendingMap());
472 }
473
474 // Support for resetting map in clone
475 private void setMap(ConcurrentNavigableMap<E,Object> map) {
476 UNSAFE.putObjectVolatile(this, mapOffset, map);
477 }
478
479 private static final sun.misc.Unsafe UNSAFE;
480 private static final long mapOffset;
481 static {
482 try {
483 UNSAFE = sun.misc.Unsafe.getUnsafe();
484 Class k = ConcurrentSkipListSet.class;
485 mapOffset = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset
486 (k.getDeclaredField("m"));
487 } catch (Exception e) {
488 throw new Error(e);
489 }
490 }
491 }
ConcurrentSkipListSet是通过ConcurrentSkipListMap实现的，它的接口基本上都是通过调用ConcurrentSkipListMap接口来实现的。这里就不再对它的源码进行分析了。
ConcurrentSkipListSet示例
1 import java.util.*;
2 import java.util.concurrent.*;
3
4 /*
5 * ConcurrentSkipListSet是“线程安全”的集合，而TreeSet是非线程安全的。
6 *
7 * 下面是“多个线程同时操作并且遍历集合set”的示例
8 * (01) 当set是ConcurrentSkipListSet对象时，程序能正常运行。
9 * (02) 当set是TreeSet对象时，程序会产生ConcurrentModificationException异常。
10 *
11 * @author skywang
12 */
13 public class ConcurrentSkipListSetDemo1 {
14
15 // TODO: set是TreeSet对象时，程序会出错。
16 //private static Set<String> set = new TreeSet<String>();
17 private static Set<String> set = new ConcurrentSkipListSet<String>();
18 public static void main(String[] args) {
19
20 // 同时启动两个线程对set进行操作！
21 new MyThread("a").start();
22 new MyThread("b").start();
23 }
24
25 private static void printAll() {
26 String value = null;
27 Iterator iter = set.iterator();
28 while(iter.hasNext()) {
29 value = (String)iter.next();
30 System.out.print(value+", ");
31 }
32 System.out.println();
33 }
34
35 private static class MyThread extends Thread {
36 MyThread(String name) {
37 super(name);
38 }
39 @Override
40 public void run() {
41 int i = 0;
42 while (i++ < 10) {
43 // “线程名” + "序号"
44 String val = Thread.currentThread().getName() + (i%6);
45 set.add(val);
46 // 通过“Iterator”遍历set。
47 printAll();
48 }
49 }
50 }
51 }
(某一次)运行结果：
a1, b1, a1, a1, a2, b1, b1, a1, a2, a3, b1, a1, a2, a3, a1, a4, b1, b2, a2, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, b1, b2, a3, a0, a4, a5, a1, b1, a2, b2, a3, a0, a4, a1, a5, a2, b1, a3, b2, a4, b3, a5, a0, b1, a1, b2, a2, b3, a3, a0, a4, a1, a5, a2, b1, a3, b2, a4, b3, a5, b4, b1, a0, b2, a1, b3, a2, b4, a3, a0, a4, a1, a5, a2, b1, a3, b2, a4, b3, a5, b4, b1, b5, b2, a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, b3, b1, b4, b2, b5, b3, a0, b4, a1, b5, a2, a0, a3, a1, a4, a2, a5, a3, b0, a4, b1, a5, b2, b0, b3, b1, b4, b2, b5, b3, b4, a0, b5, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5,
结果说明：
示例程序中，启动两个线程(线程a和线程b)分别对ConcurrentSkipListSet进行操作。以线程a而言，它会先获取“线程名”+“序号”，然后将该字符串添加到ConcurrentSkipListSet集合中；接着，遍历并输出集合中的全部元素。 线程b的操作和线程a一样，只不过线程b的名字和线程a的名字不同。
当set是ConcurrentSkipListSet对象时，程序能正常运行。如果将set改为TreeSet时，程序会产生ConcurrentModificationException异常。