SQL SERVER 作业浅析

SQL SERVER 作业浅析
作业介绍

    SQL SERVER的作业是一系列由SQL SERVER代理按顺序执行的指定操作。作业可以执行一系列活动，包括运行Transact-SQL脚本、命令行应用程序、Microsoft ActiveX脚本、Integration Services 包、Analysis Services 命令和查询或复制任务。作业可以运行重复任务或那些可计划的任务，它们可以通过生成警报来自动通知用户作业状态，从而极大地简化了 SQL Server 管理[参见MSDN]。

    创建作业、删除作业、查看作业历史记录....等所有操作都可以通过SSMS管理工具GUI界面操作，有时候也确实挺方便的。但是当一个实例有多个作业或多个数据库实例时，通过图形化的界面去管理、维护作业也是个头痛的问题，对于SQL脚本与GUI界面管理维护作业熟优熟劣这个问题，只能说要看场合。下面主要介绍通过SQL脚本来管理、维护作业。

作业分类

    创建作业时，往往需要指定作业类别，如果不指定新建作业类别，就会默认为“[未分类(本地)]”，如下截图所示：

    当然，你可以查看、添加、删除、修改作业分类。请看下面操作。

1：查看作业分类
Code Snippet

--method 1:

EXEC msdb.dbo.sp_help_category;

GO

--method 2:

  SELECT  category_id            ,--作业类别ID

  category_class ,--类别中项目类型：1=作业2=警报 3=操作员

  category_type ,--类别中类型：=本地、=多服务器、=无

  name                  --分类名称

    FROMmsdb.dbo.syscategories
有兴趣的可以研究一下存储过程msdb.dbo.sp_help_category
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER OFF SET ANSI_NULLS ON GO CREATE PROCEDURE sp_help_category @class VARCHAR(8) = 'JOB', @type VARCHAR(12) = NULL, @name sysname = NULL, @suffix BIT = 0 AS BEGIN DECLARE @retval INT DECLARE @type_in VARCHAR(12) DECLARE @category_type INT DECLARE @category_class INT DECLARE @where_clause NVARCHAR(255) DECLARE @cmd NVARCHAR(255) SET NOCOUNT ON SELECT @class = LTRIM(RTRIM(@class)) SELECT @type = LTRIM(RTRIM(@type)) SELECT @name = LTRIM(RTRIM(@name)) IF (@type = '') SELECT @type = NULL IF (@name = N'') SELECT @name = NULL IF (@class = 'JOB') AND (@type IS NULL) SELECT @type_in = 'LOCAL' ELSE IF (@class <> 'JOB') AND (@type IS NULL) SELECT @type_in = 'NONE' ELSE SELECT @type_in = @type EXECUTE @retval = sp_verify_category @class, @type_in, NULL, @category_class OUTPUT, @category_type OUTPUT IF (@retval <> 0) RETURN(1) IF (@suffix <> 0) SELECT @suffix = 1 IF @name IS NOT NULL AND NOT EXISTS(SELECT * FROM msdb.dbo.syscategories WHERE name = @name AND category_class = @category_class) BEGIN DECLARE @category_class_string NVARCHAR(25) SET @category_class_string = CAST(@category_class AS nvarchar(25)) RAISERROR(14526, -1, -1, @name, @category_class_string) RETURN(1) END SELECT @where_clause = N'WHERE (category_class = ' + CONVERT(NVARCHAR, @category_class) + N') ' IF (@name IS NOT NULL) SELECT @where_clause = @where_clause + N'AND (name = N' + QUOTENAME(@name, '''') + N') ' IF (@type IS NOT NULL) SELECT @where_clause = @where_clause + N'AND (category_type = ' + CONVERT(NVARCHAR, @category_type) + N') ' SELECT @cmd = N'SELECT category_id, ' IF (@suffix = 1) BEGIN SELECT @cmd = @cmd + N'''category_type'' = ' SELECT @cmd = @cmd + N'CASE category_type ' SELECT @cmd = @cmd + N'WHEN 0 THEN ''NONE'' ' SELECT @cmd = @cmd + N'WHEN 1 THEN ''LOCAL'' ' SELECT @cmd = @cmd + N'WHEN 2 THEN ''MULTI-SERVER'' ' SELECT @cmd = @cmd + N'WHEN 3 THEN ''NONE'' ' SELECT @cmd = @cmd + N'ELSE FORMATMESSAGE(14205) ' SELECT @cmd = @cmd + N'END, ' END ELSE BEGIN SELECT @cmd = @cmd + N'category_type, ' END SELECT @cmd = @cmd + N'name ' SELECT @cmd = @cmd + N'FROM msdb.dbo.syscategories ' EXECUTE (@cmd + @where_clause + N'ORDER BY category_type, name') RETURN(@@error) END GO
sp_help_category
2：添加作业分类

如下所示，添加一个叫"DBA_MONITORING"的作业分类
Code Snippet

EXEC msdb.dbo.sp_add_category

    @class=N'JOB',

    @type=N'LOCAL',

    @name=N'DBA_MONITORING' ;

GO



SELECT * FROM msdb.dbo.syscategories WHERE NAME='DBA_MONITORING'

category_id category_class category_type name

----------- -------------- ------------- -------------

102         1              1             DBA_MONITORING
有兴趣的可以研究一下存储过程msdb.dbo.sp_add_category
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER OFF SET ANSI_NULLS ON GO CREATE PROCEDURE sp_add_category @class VARCHAR(8) = 'JOB', @type VARCHAR(12) = 'LOCAL', @name sysname AS BEGIN DECLARE @retval INT DECLARE @category_type INT DECLARE @category_class INT SET NOCOUNT ON SELECT @class = LTRIM(RTRIM(@class)) SELECT @type = LTRIM(RTRIM(@type)) SELECT @name = LTRIM(RTRIM(@name)) EXECUTE @retval = sp_verify_category @class, @type, @name, @category_class OUTPUT, @category_type OUTPUT IF (@retval <> 0) RETURN(1) IF (EXISTS (SELECT * FROM msdb.dbo.syscategories WHERE (category_class = @category_class) AND (name = @name))) BEGIN RAISERROR(14261, -1, -1, '@name', @name) RETURN(1) END INSERT INTO msdb.dbo.syscategories (category_class, category_type, name) VALUES (@category_class, @category_type, @name) RETURN(@@error) END GO
sp_add_category
3：删除作业分类

如下所示，删除一个叫"DBA_MONITORING" 的作业分类
Code Snippet

EXEC msdb.dbo.sp_delete_category

@name = N'DBA_MONITORING',

@class = N'JOB' ;

GO
有兴趣的可以研究一下存储过程msdb.dbo.sp_delete_category
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER OFF SET ANSI_NULLS ON GO CREATE PROCEDURE sp_delete_category @class VARCHAR(8), @name sysname AS BEGIN DECLARE @retval INT DECLARE @category_id INT DECLARE @category_class INT DECLARE @category_type INT SET NOCOUNT ON SELECT @class = LTRIM(RTRIM(@class)) SELECT @name = LTRIM(RTRIM(@name)) EXECUTE @retval = sp_verify_category @class, NULL, NULL, @category_class OUTPUT, NULL IF (@retval <> 0) RETURN(1) SELECT @category_id = category_id, @category_type = category_type FROM msdb.dbo.syscategories WHERE (category_class = @category_class) AND (name = @name) IF (@category_id IS NULL) BEGIN RAISERROR(14262, -1, -1, '@name', @name) RETURN(1) END IF (@category_id < 100) BEGIN RAISERROR(14276, -1, -1, @name, @class) RETURN(1) END BEGIN TRANSACTION UPDATE msdb.dbo.sysjobs SET category_id = CASE @category_type WHEN 1 THEN 0 WHEN 2 THEN 2 END WHERE (category_id = @category_id) UPDATE msdb.dbo.sysalerts SET category_id = 98 WHERE (category_id = @category_id) UPDATE msdb.dbo.sysoperators SET category_id = 99 WHERE (category_id = @category_id) DELETE FROM msdb.dbo.syscategories WHERE (category_id = @category_id) COMMIT TRANSACTION RETURN(0) END GO
sp_delete_category
4：修改作业类别
msdb.dbo.sp_update_category [@class =] 'class' , [@name =] 'old_name' , [@new_name =] 'new_name'
有兴趣的可以研究一下存储过程msdb.dbo.sp_update_category
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER OFF SET ANSI_NULLS ON GO CREATE PROCEDURE sp_update_category @class VARCHAR(8), @name sysname, @new_name sysname AS BEGIN DECLARE @retval INT DECLARE @category_id INT DECLARE @category_class INT SET NOCOUNT ON SELECT @class = LTRIM(RTRIM(@class)) SELECT @name = LTRIM(RTRIM(@name)) SELECT @new_name = LTRIM(RTRIM(@new_name)) IF @name = '' SELECT @name = NULL EXECUTE @retval = sp_verify_category @class, NULL, @new_name, @category_class OUTPUT, NULL IF (@retval <> 0) RETURN(1) IF @name IS NOT NULL AND NOT EXISTS(SELECT * FROM msdb.dbo.syscategories WHERE name = @name AND category_class = @category_class) BEGIN RAISERROR(14526, -1, -1, @name, @category_class) RETURN(1) END SELECT @category_id = category_id FROM msdb.dbo.syscategories WHERE (category_class = @category_class) AND (name = @new_name) IF (@category_id IS NOT NULL) BEGIN RAISERROR(14261, -1, -1, '@new_name', @new_name) RETURN(1) END IF (@category_id < 100) BEGIN RAISERROR(14276, -1, -1, @name, @class) RETURN(1) END UPDATE msdb.dbo.syscategories SET name = @new_name WHERE (category_class = @category_class) AND (name = @name) RETURN(@@error) END GO
sp_update_category
分析上面四个存储过程可以看出，实质上新增、修改、删除、查看作业类别无非就是对表 msdb.dbo.syscategories进行操作，只是通过存储过程封装了而已，增加了验证等操作，确保数据完整性。

新建作业

创建作业的步骤一般如下所示：
1. 执行 sp_add_job 来创建作业。
2. 执行 sp_add_jobstep 来创建一个或多个作业步骤。
3. 执行 sp_add_schedule 来创建计划。
4. 执行 sp_attach_schedule 将计划附加到作业。
5. 执行 sp_add_jobserver 来设置作业的服务器。
本地作业是由本地 SQL Server 代理进行缓存的。因此，任何修改都会隐式强制 SQL Server 代理重新缓存该作业。由于直到调用 sp_add_jobserver 时，SQL Server 代理才缓存作业，因此最后调用 sp_add_jobserver 将更为有效。

下面看用脚本新建一个作业用来每天执行exec sp_cycle_errorlog ，实现错误日志循环，从下面的脚本量来看，用脚本新建一个作业确实工作量很大，而且容易出错，GUI图形界面创建作业要方便得多，但是如果迁移数据库时，用脚本来新建作业是相当方便的。比GUI图形界面新建一个作业快捷方便多了。
Code Snippet

USE [msdb]

GO

/****** Object:  Job [JOB_CYCLE_ERRORLOG]    Script Date: 08/23/2013 15:25:09 ******/

  IFEXISTS(SELECT job_id FROM msdb.dbo.sysjobs_view WHERE name = N'JOB_CYCLE_ERRORLOG')

EXEC msdb.dbo.sp_delete_job@job_id=N'a5dff08b-95f8-498e-a6c9-59241fe197b4', @delete_unused_schedule=1

GO

USE [msdb]

GO

/****** Object:  Job [JOB_CYCLE_ERRORLOG]    Script Date: 08/23/2013 15:25:09 ******/

BEGIN TRANSACTION

DECLARE @ReturnCode INT

SELECT @ReturnCode = 0

/****** Object:  JobCategory [DBA_MATIANCE]    Script Date: 08/23/2013 15:25:09 ******/

IF NOT EXISTS(SELECT name FROM msdb.dbo.syscategories WHERE name=N'DBA_MATIANCE' AND category_class=1)

BEGIN

EXEC @ReturnCode = msdb.dbo.sp_add_category@class=N'JOB', @type=N'LOCAL', @name=N'DBA_MATIANCE'

IF (@@ERROR <> 0 OR @ReturnCode <> 0) GOTO QuitWithRollback

END

DECLARE @jobId BINARY(16)

  EXEC @ReturnCode =msdb.dbo.sp_add_job@job_name=N'JOB_CYCLE_ERRORLOG',

        @enabled=1,

        @notify_level_eventlog=0,

        @notify_level_email=0,

        @notify_level_netsend=0,

        @notify_level_page=0,

        @delete_level=0,

        @description=N'每天执行exec sp_cycle_errorlog 实现错误日志循环。',

        @category_name=N'DBA_MATIANCE',

        @owner_login_name=N'sa', @job_id = @jobId OUTPUT

IF (@@ERROR <> 0 OR @ReturnCode <> 0) GOTO QuitWithRollback

/****** Object:  Step [Step 1: recycle the errorlog]    Script Date: 08/23/2013 15:25:09 ******/

EXEC @ReturnCode = msdb.dbo.sp_add_jobstep@job_id=@jobId, @step_name=N'Step 1: recycle the errorlog',

        @step_id=1,

        @cmdexec_success_code=0,

        @on_success_action=1,

        @on_success_step_id=0,

        @on_fail_action=2,

        @on_fail_step_id=0,

        @retry_attempts=0,

        @retry_interval=0,

        @os_run_priority=0, @subsystem=N'TSQL',

        @command=N'exec msdb.dbo.sp_cycle_errorlog',

        @database_name=N'msdb',

        @flags=0

IF (@@ERROR <> 0 OR @ReturnCode <> 0) GOTO QuitWithRollback

EXEC @ReturnCode = msdb.dbo.sp_update_job @job_id = @jobId, @start_step_id = 1

IF (@@ERROR <> 0 OR @ReturnCode <> 0) GOTO QuitWithRollback

EXEC @ReturnCode = msdb.dbo.sp_add_jobschedule @job_id=@jobId, @name=N'Job Schedule',

        @enabled=1,

        @freq_type=4,

        @freq_interval=1,

        @freq_subday_type=1,

        @freq_subday_interval=0,

        @freq_relative_interval=0,

        @freq_recurrence_factor=0,

        @active_start_date=20130823,

        @active_end_date=99991231,

        @active_start_time=0,

        @active_end_time=235959,

        @schedule_uid=N'2099c694-cd26-4edf-8803-179227bf8770'

IF (@@ERROR <> 0 OR @ReturnCode <> 0) GOTO QuitWithRollback

EXEC @ReturnCode = msdb.dbo.sp_add_jobserver @job_id = @jobId, @server_name = N'(local)'

IF (@@ERROR <> 0 OR @ReturnCode <> 0) GOTO QuitWithRollback

COMMIT TRANSACTION

GOTO EndSave

QuitWithRollback:

    IF (@@TRANCOUNT > 0) ROLLBACK TRANSACTION

EndSave:

GO
作业系统表

    与作业有关的系统表、视图大致有下面9个，下面就不费口舌详细解说每一个系统表的作用了，MSDN文档上有详细的解说，有兴趣的翻看一下即可。

SELECT * FROM msdb.dbo.sysjobs            --存储将由 SQL Server 代理执行的各个预定作业的信息

SELECT * FROM msdb.dbo.sysjobschedules    --包含将由 SQL Server 代理执行的作业的计划信息

SELECT * FROM msdb.dbo.sysjobactivity;    --记录当前 SQL Server 代理作业活动和状态

SELECT * FROM msdb.dbo.sysjobservers      --存储特定作业与一个或多个目标服务器的关联或关系

SELECT * FROM msdb.dbo.sysjobsteps;       --包含 SQL Server 代理要执行的作业中的各个步骤的信息

SELECT * FROM msdb.dbo.sysjobstepslogs;   --包含所有 SQL Server 代理作业步骤的作业步骤日志

SELECT * FROM msdb.dbo.sysjobs_view;      --

SELECT * FROM msdb.dbo.sysjobhistory      --包含有关 SQL Server 代理执行预定作业的信息

SELECT * FROM msdb.dbo.syscategories      --包含由 SQL Server Management Studio 用来组织作业、警报和操作员的类别

运行作业

启动作业

        1：通过SSMS工具启动作业[参见MSDN]

        2：通过SQL命令启动作业

启动作业一般通过sp_start_job来实现，具体语法与操作见下面。
```
语法:

sp_start_job 
     {   [@job_name =] 'job_name'
       | [@job_id =] job_id }
     [ , [@error_flag =] error_flag]
     [ , [@server_name =] 'server_name']
     [ , [@step_name =] 'step_name']
     [ , [@output_flag =] output_flag]
     
例子:

exec msdb.dbo.sp_start_job @job_name='JOB_CYCLE_ERRORLOG'
```
停止作业

1：通过SSMS工具停作业[参见MSDN]

2：通过SQL命令停止作业
```
语法:
sp_stop_job 
      [@job_name =] 'job_name'
    | [@job_id =] job_id 
    | [@originating_server =] 'master_server'
    | [@server_name =] 'target_server'

例子:
exec msdb.dbo.sp_stop_job    @job_name='JOB_CYCLE_ERRORLOG'
```
启用或禁用作业

1：通过SSMS工具启用作业[参见MSDN]

2：通过SQL命令禁用作业
```
语法:
```
```
sp_update_job [ @job_id =] job_id | [@job_name =] 'job_name'
     [, [@new_name =] 'new_name' ] 
     [, [@enabled =] enabled ]
     [, [@description =] 'description' ] 
     [, [@start_step_id =] step_id ]
     [, [@category_name =] 'category' ] 
     [, [@owner_login_name =] 'login' ]
     [, [@notify_level_eventlog =] eventlog_level ]
     [, [@notify_level_email =] email_level ]
     [, [@notify_level_netsend =] netsend_level ]
     [, [@notify_level_page =] page_level ]
     [, [@notify_email_operator_name =] 'email_name' ]
          [, [@notify_netsend_operator_name =] 'netsend_operator' ]
          [, [@notify_page_operator_name =] 'page_operator' ]
     [, [@delete_level =] delete_level ] 
     [, [@automatic_post =] automatic_post ]

列子：

EXEC msdb.dbo.sp_update_job
    @job_name = N'JOB_CYCLE_ERRORLOG',
    @enabled = 0 ;  --0 禁用作业、  1启用作业
GO
```
删除作业

1：通过SSMS工具删除作业[参见MSDN]

2：通过SQL命令删除作业
```
语法：

sp_delete_job { [ @job_id = ] job_id | [ @job_name = ] 'job_name' } , [ , [ @originating_server = ] 'server' ] [ , [ @delete_history = ] delete_history ] [ , [ @delete_unused_schedule = ] delete_unused_schedule ]

例子：
EXEC msdb.dbo.sp_delete_job  @job_name = 'JOB_CYCLE_ERRORLOG';
    
```
迁移作业

使用 Transact-SQL 编写作业脚本
1. 在对象资源管理器中，连接到 Microsoft SQL Server 数据库引擎实例，再展开该实例。
2. 展开“SQL Server 代理”，再展开“作业”，然后右键单击要编写脚本的作业。
3. 从快捷菜单中，选择“编写作业脚本为”，再选择“CREATE 到”或“DROP 到”，并单击下列内容之一：
  
  新查询编辑器窗口，将打开一个新的查询编辑器窗口，并为其编写 Transact-SQL 脚本。
  
  文件，将 Transact-SQL 脚本保存到文件。
剪贴板，将 Transact-SQL 脚本保存到剪贴板

常用管理作业SQL

1:查看属于某个数据库的所有作业。
Code Snippet

SELECT j.job_id        AS JOB_ID            ,

name            AS JOB_NAME          ,

enabled         AS JOB_ENABLED       ,

description AS JOB_DESCRIPTION   ,

date_created    AS DATE_CREATED      ,

date_modified   AS DATE_MODIFIED

FROM msdb.dbo.sysjobs j

WHERE   job_id IN( SELECTjob_id

                  FROM    msdb.dbo.sysjobsteps

                  WHERE   database_name = 'DataBaseName' )
2:查看某个作业类别的所有作业
Code Snippet

SELECT　　j.name   AS Job_Name ,

j.description AS Job_Description ,

j.date_created   AS Date_Created   ,

j.date_modified   AS Date_Modified ,

c.name   AS Job_Class

FROM msdb.dbo.sysjobs j

      LEFT JOIN msdb.dbo.syscategories c ON j.category_id = c.category_id

WHEREc.name = '[Uncategorized (Local)]'
3:查看禁用/启用的作业

SELECT * FROM msdb.dbo.sysjobs WHERE enabled=0 --0：禁用 1：为启用

4:查看出错的作业记录

4.1：查询那些作业在今天出错（如果要查询历史出错作业，去掉查询时间条件即可）
Code Snippet

SELECT name   AS JOB_NAME   ,

      description   AS JOB_Description ,

      date_created AS Date_Created   ,

      date_modified   AS Date_Modified

FROM msdb.dbo.sysjobs

WHERE enabled = 1

      AND job_id IN(

      SELECT  job_id

      FROM    Msdb.dbo.sysjobhistory

      WHERE   run_status = 0

              AND run_date = CAST(CONVERT(VARCHAR(8), GETDATE(), 112) AS INT) )
4.2：查看出错详细信息
Code Snippet

SELECT j.name                AS JOB_NAME ,

      h.step_id AS STEP_ID  ,

      h.step_name            AS STEP_NAME,

      h.message AS ERR_MSG  ,

      h.run_date AS RUN_DATE ,

      h.run_time   AS RUN_TIME ,

      msdb.dbo.agent_datetime(h.run_date, h.run_time) AS 'RunDateTime' ,

      CAST(run_duration / 10000 AS VARCHAR(2)) + N'小时'

    + CAST(( run_duration - run_duration / 10000 * 10000 ) / 100 AS VARCHAR(2))

    + N'分钟' + SUBSTRING(CAST(run_duration AS VARCHAR(10)),

                          LEN(CAST(run_duration AS VARCHAR(10))) - 1, 2)

    + N'秒' AS run_duration

FROM msdb.dbo.sysjobhistory h

      LEFT JOIN msdb.dbo.sysjobs j ON h.job_id = j.job_id

WHERE run_status = 0

      AND run_date = CAST(CONVERT(VARCHAR(8), GETDATE(), 112) AS INT)
5：查看作业的执行时间:

5.1:查看当天成功执行的作业的时间（查看的是作业Step信息）
Code Snippet

SELECT j.name AS job_name ,

      h.step_id 　　   AS step_id  ,

      h.step_name AS step_name,

      h.message AS Message  ,

      h.run_date   AS Run_date ,

      h.run_time   AS run_time ,

      msdb.dbo.agent_datetime(h.run_date, h.run_time) AS 'RunDateTime' ,

      CAST(run_duration / 10000 AS VARCHAR(2)) + N'小时'

      + CAST(( run_duration - run_duration / 10000 * 10000 ) / 100 AS VARCHAR(2))

      + N'分钟' + SUBSTRING(CAST(run_duration AS VARCHAR(10)),

                          LEN(CAST(run_duration AS VARCHAR(10))) - 1, 2)

      + N'秒' AS run_duration

FROM msdb.dbo.sysjobhistory h

      LEFT JOIN msdb.dbo.sysjobs j ON h.job_id = j.job_id

WHERE run_status = 1

      AND run_date = CAST(CONVERT(VARCHAR(8), GETDATE(), 112) AS INT)

      ORDER BY run_duration DESC
5.2：查询每个作业的执行时间、按执行时间降序
Code Snippet

SELECT j.name     AS JOB_NAME ,

        h.run_date    AS RUN_DATE ,

        SUM(run_duration) AS SUM_DURATION

FROM msdb.dbo.sysjobhistory h

        LEFT JOIN msdb.dbo.sysjobs j ON h.job_id = j.job_id

WHERE run_status = 1

        AND run_date = CAST(CONVERT(VARCHAR(8), GETDATE(), 112) AS INT)

GROUP BY name ,

        run_date

ORDER BY Sum_Duration DESC
参考资料：

http://blog.csdn.net/dba_huangzj/article/details/8300178
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原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/kerrycode/p/3279559.html

SQL SERVER 作业浅析

使用 Transact-SQL 编写作业脚本