静态工厂和够构造器有一个共同的局限性:遇到大量的参数时无法很好的扩展。
先说说构造器。
其实field不多时重叠构造器(telescoping constructor)是个不错的方法,易于编写也易于调用,这种方式在参数数量较少时也很常见。
但问题是参数很多(可能越来越多)时,比如(现在已经很难找到对多个参数进行重叠构造的代码了,于是在这里直接引用一下书中的代码):
public class NutritionFacts {
private final int servingSize; // (mL) required
private final int servings; // (per container) required
private final int calories; // optional
private final int fat; // (g) optional
private final int sodium; // (mg) optional
private final int carbohydrate; // (g) optional
public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings) {
this(servingSize, servings, 0);
}
public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings, int calories) {
this(servingSize, servings, calories, 0);
}
public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings, int calories, int fat) {
this(servingSize, servings, calories, fat, 0);
}
public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings, int calories, int fat,
int sodium) {
this(servingSize, servings, calories, fat, sodium, 0);
}
public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings, int calories, int fat,
int sodium, int carbohydrate) {
this.servingSize = servingSize;
this.servings = servings;
this.calories = calories;
this.fat = fat;
this.sodium = sodium;
this.carbohydrate = carbohydrate;
}
}
我想创建实例的时候,代码会变成这个样子:
public static void main(String[] args) {
NutritionFacts cocaCola = new NutritionFacts(240, 8, 100, 0, 35, 27);
}
为了让创建实例的过程变得更加清晰,于是我们有另一中选择——JavaBean模式。
这个再熟悉不过了,如下:
public class NutritionFacts {
// Parameters initialized to default values (if any)
private int servingSize = -1;
private int servings = -1;
private int calories = 0;
private int fat = 0;
private int sodium = 0;
private int carbohydrate = 0;
public NutritionFacts() {
}
// Setters
public void setServingSize(int val) {
servingSize = val;
}
public void setServings(int val) {
servings = val;
}
public void setCalories(int val) {
calories = val;
}
public void setFat(int val) {
fat = val;
}
public void setSodium(int val) {
sodium = val;
}
public void setCarbohydrate(int val) {
carbohydrate = val;
}
}
用起来虽然比只有一行的构造器多几个步骤,但非常清晰:
public static void main(String[] args) {
NutritionFacts cocaCola = new NutritionFacts();
cocaCola.setServingSize(240);
cocaCola.setServings(8);
cocaCola.setCalories(100);
cocaCola.setSodium(35);
cocaCola.setCarbohydrate(27);
}
相比只通过一个构造器创建实例,JavaBean模式的实例的构造过程被分成了好几个过程。
我们完全有可能在属性不完整的情况下使用这个实例。
按书中原文就是:
A JavaBean may be in a inconsistent state partway through its construction.
当然,我们也可以做一些操作使其在未完成的情况下无法使用,但我不想因此让一个类变得越来越复杂。
另外,我根本无法用JavaBean模式完全排除了将类设计成不可变(Immutable)的可能性。
此时,我们选择使用Builder来解决这一问题。
示例如下:
public class NutritionFacts {
private final int servingSize;
private final int servings;
private final int calories;
private final int fat;
private final int sodium;
private final int carbohydrate;
public static class Builder {
// Required parameters
private final int servingSize;
private final int servings;
// Optional parameters - initialized to default values
private int calories = 0;
private int fat = 0;
private int carbohydrate = 0;
private int sodium = 0;
public Builder(int servingSize, int servings) {
this.servingSize = servingSize;
this.servings = servings;
}
public Builder calories(int val) {
calories = val;
return this;
}
public Builder fat(int val) {
fat = val;
return this;
}
public Builder carbohydrate(int val) {
carbohydrate = val;
return this;
}
public Builder sodium(int val) {
sodium = val;
return this;
}
public NutritionFacts build() {
return new NutritionFacts(this);
}
}
private NutritionFacts(Builder builder) {
servingSize = builder.servingSize;
servings = builder.servings;
calories = builder.calories;
fat = builder.fat;
sodium = builder.sodium;
carbohydrate = builder.carbohydrate;
}
}
调用起来非常清晰(模拟了具名参数),而且非常简单:
public static void main(String[] args) {
NutritionFacts cocaCola = new NutritionFacts.Builder(240, 8)
.calories(100).sodium(35).carbohydrate(27).build();
}
当然,Builder也有缺点。
- 创建实例前都要创建一个Builder实例。
- Builder模式编写起来较为冗长。
但是,当构建一个实例需要很多步骤(或者很多让人混淆的参数)的时候,Builder模式是个不错的选择。