• redis事务


    本文记录一些redis事务相关的原理。

    1、基本概念

    1)什么是redis的事务?

    简单理解,可以认为redis事务是一些列redis命令的集合,并且有如下两个特点:

    a)事务是一个单独的隔离操作:事务中的所有命令都会序列化、按顺序地执行。事务在执行的过程中,不会被其他客户端发送来的命令请求所打断。

    b)事务是一个原子操作:事务中的命令要么全部被执行,要么全部都不执行。

    2)事务的性质ACID

    一般来说,事务有四个性质称为ACID,分别是原子性,一致性,隔离性和持久性。

    a)原子性atomicity:redis事务保证事务中的命令要么全部执行要不全部不执行。有些文章认为redis事务对于执行错误不回滚违背了原子性,是偏颇的。

    b)一致性consistency:redis事务可以保证命令失败的情况下得以回滚,数据能恢复到没有执行之前的样子,是保证一致性的,除非redis进程意外终结。

    c)隔离性Isolation:redis事务是严格遵守隔离性的,原因是redis是单进程单线程模式,可以保证命令执行过程中不会被其他客户端命令打断。

    d)持久性Durability:redis事务是不保证持久性的,这是因为redis持久化策略中不管是RDB还是AOF都是异步执行的,不保证持久性是出于对性能的考虑。

    3)redis事务的错误

    使用事务时可能会遇上以下两种错误:

    a)入队错误:事务在执行 EXEC 之前,入队的命令可能会出错。比如说,命令可能会产生语法错误(参数数量错误,参数名错误,等等),或者其他更严重的错误,比如内存不足(如果服务器使用 maxmemory 设置了最大内存限制的话)。

    b)执行错误:命令可能在 EXEC 调用之后失败。举个例子,事务中的命令可能处理了错误类型的键,比如将列表命令用在了字符串键上面,诸如此类。

    注:第三种错误,redis进程终结,本文并没有讨论这种错误。

    2、redis事务的用法

    redis事务是通过MULTIEXECDISCARD和WATCH四个原语实现的。

    MULTI命令用于开启一个事务,它总是返回OK

    MULTI执行之后,客户端可以继续向服务器发送任意多条命令,这些命令不会立即被执行,而是被放到一个队列中,当EXEC命令被调用时,所有队列中的命令才会被执行。

    另一方面,通过调用DISCARD,客户端可以清空事务队列,并放弃执行事务。

    下面给出几种事务场景。

    1)正常执行

    127.0.0.1:6379> MULTI
    OK
    127.0.0.1:6379> SET key1 1
    QUEUED
    127.0.0.1:6379> HSET key2 field1 1
    QUEUED
    127.0.0.1:6379> SADD key3 1
    QUEUED
    127.0.0.1:6379> EXEC
    1) OK
    2) (integer) 1
    3) (integer) 1

    EXEC 命令的回复是一个数组,数组中的每个元素都是执行事务中的命令所产生的回复。 其中,回复元素的先后顺序和命令发送的先后顺序一致。

    当客户端处于事务状态时,所有传入的命令都会返回一个内容为 QUEUED 的状态回复(status reply),这些被入队的命令将在 EXEC命令被调用时执行。

    2)放弃事务

    当执行 DISCARD 命令时,事务会被放弃,事务队列会被清空,并且客户端会从事务状态中退出:

    127.0.0.1:6379> MULTI
    OK
    127.0.0.1:6379> SET key1 1
    QUEUED
    127.0.0.1:6379> DISCARD
    OK
    127.0.0.1:6379> EXEC
    (error) ERR EXEC without MULTI

    3)入队错误回滚

    127.0.0.1:6379> MULTI
    OK
    127.0.0.1:6379> set key1 1
    QUEUED
    127.0.0.1:6379> HSET key2 1
    (error) ERR wrong number of arguments for 'hset' command
    127.0.0.1:6379> SADD key3 1
    QUEUED
    127.0.0.1:6379> EXEC
    (error) EXECABORT Transaction discarded because of previous errors.

    对于入队错误,redis 2.6.5版本后,会记录这种错误,并且在执行EXEC的时候,报错并回滚事务中所有的命令,并且终止事务。

    3)执行错误放过

    127.0.0.1:6379> MULTI
    OK
    127.0.0.1:6379> HSET key1 field1 1
    QUEUED
    127.0.0.1:6379> HSET key2 field1 1
    QUEUED
    127.0.0.1:6379> EXEC
    1) (error) WRONGTYPE Operation against a key holding the wrong kind of value
    2) (integer) 1

    当遇到执行错误时,redis放过这种错误,保证事务执行完成。

    这里要注意此问题,与mysql中事务不同,在redis事务遇到执行错误的时候,不会进行回滚,而是简单的放过了,并保证其他的命令正常执行。这个区别在实现业务的时候,需要自己保证逻辑符合预期。

    3、使用WATCH

    WATCH 命令可以为 Redis 事务提供 check-and-set (CAS)行为。

    被 WATCH 的键会被监视,并会发觉这些键是否被改动过了。 如果有至少一个被监视的键在 EXEC 执行之前被修改了, 那么整个事务都会被取消, EXEC 返回空多条批量回复(null multi-bulk reply)来表示事务已经失败。

    127.0.0.1:6379> WATCH key1
    OK
    127.0.0.1:6379> set key1 2
    OK
    127.0.0.1:6379> MULTI
    OK
    127.0.0.1:6379> set key1 3
    QUEUED
    127.0.0.1:6379> set key2 3
    QUEUED
    127.0.0.1:6379> EXEC
    (nil)

    使用上面的代码, 如果在 WATCH 执行之后, EXEC 执行之前, 有其他客户端修改了 key1 的值, 那么当前客户端的事务就会失败。 程序需要做的, 就是不断重试这个操作, 直到没有发生碰撞为止。

    这种形式的锁被称作乐观锁, 它是一种非常强大的锁机制。 并且因为大多数情况下, 不同的客户端会访问不同的键, 碰撞的情况一般都很少, 所以通常并不需要进行重试。

    4、python实现redis事务的demo

     这里展示一个用python实现对key计数减一的原子操作。

    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    
    import redis
    from redis import WatchError
    from concurrent.futures import ProcessPoolExecutor
    
    r = redis.Redis(host='127.0.0.1', port=6379)
    
    
    # 减库存函数, 循环直到减库存完成
    # 库存充足, 减库存成功, 返回True
    # 库存不足, 减库存失败, 返回False
    def decr_stock():
    
        # python中redis事务是通过pipeline的封装实现的
        with r.pipeline() as pipe:
            while True:
                try:
                    # watch库存键, multi后如果该key被其他客户端改变, 事务操作会抛出WatchError异常
                    pipe.watch('stock:count')
                    count = int(pipe.get('stock:count'))
                    if count > 0:  # 有库存
                        # 事务开始
                        pipe.multi()
                        pipe.decr('stock:count')
                        # 把命令推送过去
                        # execute返回命令执行结果列表, 这里只有一个decr返回当前值
                        print pipe.execute()[0]
                        return True
                    else:
                        return False
                except WatchError, ex:
                    # 打印WatchError异常, 观察被watch锁住的情况
                    print ex
                    pipe.unwatch()
    
    
    def worker():
        while True:
            # 没有库存就退出
            if not decr_stock():
                break
    
    
    # 实验开始
    # 设置库存为100
    r.set("stock:count", 100)
    
    # 多进程模拟多个客户端提交
    with ProcessPoolExecutor(max_workers=2) as pool:
        for _ in range(10):
            pool.submit(worker)

    观察打印

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/kangoroo/p/7535405.html
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