转：非常有用的方法，调式神器
SMP IRQ Affinity
Background:
Whenever a piece of hardware, such as disk controller or ethernet
card,
needs attention from the CPU, it throws an
interrupt. The interrupt tells
the CPU that something has happened and that the CPU should drop
what
it's doing to handle the event. In order to
prevent mutliple devices from
sending the same interrupts, the IRQ system was established where
each device
in a computer system is assigned its own special IRQ so that its
interrupts
are unique.
Starting with the 2.4 kernel, Linux has gained the ability to
assign certain
IRQs to specific processors (or groups of
processors). This is known
as SMP IRQ affinity, and it allows you control how your system will
respond
to various hardware events. It allows you to
restrict or repartition
the work load that you server must do so that it can more
efficiently do
it's job.
Obviously, in order for this to work, you will need a system that
has more
than one processor (SMP). You will also need to
be running a 2.4 or higher
kernel.
Some brief and very bare information on SMP IRQ affinity is
provided in
the kernel source tree of the 2.4 kernel in the file:
/usr/src/linux-2.4/Documentation/IRQ-affinity.txt
How to use it:
SMP affinity is controlled by manipulating files in the /proc/irq/
directory.
In /proc/irq/ are directories that correspond to the IRQs present
on your
system (not all IRQs may be available). In each of these
directories is
the "smp_affinity" file, and this is where we will work our
magic.
The first order of business is to figure out what IRQ a device is
using.
This information is available in the /proc/interrupts
file. Here's a sample:
[root@archimedes /proc]# cat /proc/interrupts
CPU0
CPU1
CPU2
CPU3
0:
4865302
5084964
4917705
5017077
IO-APIC-edge timer
1:
132
108
159
113
IO-APIC-edge keyboard
2:
0
0
0
0
XT-PIC cascade
8:
0
1
0
0
IO-APIC-edge rtc
10:
0
0
0
0
IO-APIC-level usb-ohci
14:
0
0
1
1
IO-APIC-edge ide0
24:
87298
86066
86012
86626
IO-APIC-level aic7xxx
31:
93707
106211
107988
93329
IO-APIC-level eth0
NMI:
0
0
0
0
LOC:
19883500
19883555
19883441 19883424
ERR:
0
MIS:
0
As you can see, this is a 4 processor machine.
The first column (unlabelled)
lists the IRQs used on the system. The rows with
letters (ie, "NMI", "LOC")
are parts of other drivers used on the system and aren't really
accessible
to us, so we'll just ignore them.
The second through fifth columns (labelled CPU0-CPU3) show the
number of times
the corresponding process has handled an interrupt from that
particular IRQ.
For example, all of the CPUs have handled roughly the same number
of interrupts
for IRQ 24 (around 86,000 with CPU0 handling a little over
87,000).
The sixth column lists whether or not the device driver associated
with the
interrupt supports IO-APIC (see
/usr/src/linux/Documentation/i386/IO-APIC.txt
for more information). The only reason to look at
this value is that
SMP affinity will only work for IO-APIC enabled device
drivers. For
example, we will not be able to change the affinity for the
"cascade"
driver (IRQ 2) because it doesn't support IO-APIC.
Finally, the seventh and last column lists the driver or device
that is
associated with the interrupt. In the above
example, our ethernet card
(eth0) is using IRQ 31, and our SCSI controller (aic7xxx) is using
IRQ 24.
The first and last columns are really the only ones we're
interested in here.
For the rest of this example, I'm going to assume that we want to
adjust
the SMP affinity for th SCSI controller (IRQ 24).
Now that we've got the IRQ, we can change the processor
affinity. To
do this, we'll go into the /proc/irq/24/ directory, and see what
the
affinity is currently set to:
[root@archimedes Documentation]# cat
/proc/irq/24/smp_affinity
ffffffff
This is a bitmask that represents which processors any interrupts
on IRQ
24 should be routed to. Each field in the bit
mask corresponds to a processor.
The number held in the "smp_affinity" file is presented in
hexadecimal format,
so in order to manipulate it properly we will need to convert our
bit patterns
from binary to hex before setting them in the proc file.
Each of the "f"s above represents a group of 4 CPUs, with the
rightmost
group being the least significant. For the
purposes of our discussion,
we're going to limit ourselves to only the first 4 CPUs (although
we can
address up to 32).
In short, this means you only have to worry about the rightmost "f"
and you
can assume everything else is a "0" (ie, our bitmask is
"0000000f").
"f" is the hexadecimal represenatation for the decimal number 15
(fifteen)
and the binary pattern of "1111". Each of the
places in the binary pattern
corresponds to a CPU in the server, which means we can use the
following
chart to represent the CPU bit patterns:
Binary
Hex
CPU
0
0001
1
CPU
1
0010
2
CPU
2
0100
4
CPU
3
1000
8
By combining these bit patterns (basically, just adding the Hex
values), we
can address more than one processor at a
time. For example, if I
wanted
to talk to both CPU0 and CPU2 at the same time, the result
is:
Binary
Hex
CPU
0
0001
1
+ CPU
2
0100
4
-----------------------
both
0101
5
If I want to address all four of the processors at once, then the
result is:
Binary
Hex
CPU
0
0001
1
CPU
1
0010
2
CPU
2
0100
4
+ CPU
3
1000
8
-----------------------
both
1111
f
(Remember that we use the letters "a" through "f" to represent the
numbers
"10" to "15" in hex notation).
Given that, we now know that if we have a four processor system, we
can
assign any of 15 different CPU combinations to an IRQ (it would be
16, but
it isn't legal to assign an IRQ affinity of "0" to any IRQ... if
you try,
Linux will just ignore your attempt).
So. Now we get to the fun part.
Remember in our /proc/interrupts listing
above that all four of our CPUs had handled the close to the same
amount of
interrupts for our SCSI card? We now have the
tools needed to limit managing
the SCSI card to just one processor and leave the other three free
to
concentrate on doing other
tasks. Let's assume that we
want to dedicate
our first CPU (CPU0) to handling the SCSI controller
interrupts. To do this,
we would simply run the following command:
[root@archimedes /proc]# echo 1 >
/proc/irq/24/smp_affinity
[root@archimedes /proc]# cat /proc/irq/24/smp_affinity
00000001
Now, let's test it out and see what happens:
[root@archimedes /proc]# cd /tmp/
[root@archimedes /tmp]# tar -zcf test.tgz
/usr/src/linux-2.4.2
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
[root@archimedes /tmp]# tar -zxf test.tgz
&& rm -rf usr/
[root@archimedes /tmp]# tar -zxf test.tgz
&& rm -rf usr/
[root@archimedes /tmp]# tar -zxf test.tgz
&& rm -rf usr/
[root@archimedes /tmp]# tar -zxf test.tgz
&& rm -rf usr/
[root@archimedes /tmp]# tar -zxf test.tgz
&& rm -rf usr/
[root@archimedes /tmp]# cat /proc/interrupts | grep 24:
24:
99719
86067
86012
86627
IO-APIC-level aic7xxx
Compare that to the previous run without having the IRQ bound to
CPU0:
24:
87298
86066
86012
86626
IO-APIC-level aic7xxx
All of the interrupts from the disk controller are now handled
exclusively
by the first CPU (CPU0), which means that our other 3 proccessors
are free
to do other stuff now.
Finally, it should be pointed out that if you decide you no longer
want
SMP affinity and would rather have the system revert back to the
old set up,
then you can simply do:
[root@archimedes /tmp]# cat /proc/irq/prof_cpu_mask
>/proc/irq/24/smp_affinity
This will reset the "smp_affinity" file to use all "f"s, and will
return to
the load sharing arrangement that we saw earlier.
What can I use it for?
- "balance" out multiple NICs in a multi-processor
machine. By tying a single
NIC to a single CPU, you should be able to scale
the amount of traffic
your server can handle nicely.
- database servers (or servers with lots of disk storage) that also
have
heavy network loads can dedicate a CPU to their
disk controller and assign
another to deal with the NIC to help improve
response times.
Can I do this with processes?
At this time, no.