语法
简单句
1.什么是英语句子
- 必须具备是主谓结构,并且主语一定是谓语的发出者,如果有宾语的话,宾语一定是谓语的承受者
【例】:首都机场就要到了。
- 这句话在汉语中没有主语,但是在英语中必须有主语,主语是 airplane。
The airplane is arriving at the capital airport.
【例】:我要去剪头。
- 错误:I will cut my hair. 主语找错了
- 正确:a barber will cut my hair.
【例】:猪喂了吗你?
- 错误:pig feed you?
- 正确:have you fed the pig?
2.英语句子的基本结构
- 主谓 He died
- 主谓宾 谓语:实义动词
- 主谓表(主系表)
- 谓语:系动词
- be动词
- 感官动词:
- look = seem = appear(看起来)
- smell(气味)
- taste(have taste for sth 对...喜爱)
- sound(听起来,甜美,声音) 你的声音听起来甜美的:your sound sounds sound
- feel (感觉,摸起来)
- 变化:become , get , turn , grow , fall
- 保持:keep , stay , remain , stand
- 谓语:系动词
- 主谓双宾
- 主谓宾宾补
- 如何判断:只需要在两个宾语之间加个be动词,如果读起来意思是对的,就是主谓宾宾补,不对就是主谓双宾
- I bought him a dog.
- 加个 be 动词,明显是错的:I bought him (is) a dog.
- You should keep the room clean and tidy.
- 加个 be 动词,意思依旧是对的:You should keep the room (is) clean and tidy.
3.***句子的成分 (词性的问题)
①谓语
- 谓语的成分:有时态的实义动词或系动词充当谓语
- 一句话当中动词能不能多
- 绝对不能,一句话当中只能有一个动词的存在,并且充当谓语,多余的动词,全部都要变成非 - 谓语动词
- 一句话当中动词能不能少
- 绝对不能,当一句话,需要动词,而又没有动词的时候,永远都加be动词,并且be动词没有意思。
- 谓语只能是动词,动词只能做谓语
- 一句话当中不作谓语的动词,变成不是动词(-ing(主动),-ed(被动),to do(表目的))(非 - 谓语动词)
练习
错误:Laugh at others is my hobby.(动词不能做主语)
正确:Laughing at others is my hobby,Laughing 是动名词。
错误:I enjoy see movies.(动词不能做宾语)
正确:I enjoy seeing movies,seeing 是动名词(分词)。
错误:My dream is become a rich lady.(动词不能做表语)
正确:My dream is to become a rich lady. to become 是动词不定式。
或 My dream is becoming a rich lady. becoming 是动名词(分词)。
一句话当中只能有一个动词的存在,并且充当谓语,多余的动词,全部都要变成非 - 谓语动词
他穿上外衣,锁上门,离开了家。
- 将 “离开“ 这个动词作为谓语,“穿” 和 “锁” 都要变成 非 - 谓语动词。
- He putting on his jacket,locking the door,left home .
大熊猫是熊科中最罕见的成员,主要生活在中国的西南部
- “是” 和 “生活” 选一个动词留下当谓语,另一个变成 非 - 谓语动词。
- Pandas are the rarest members in bear family,mainly living in forest of Chinese Southwest
长江流经不同的生态体系,是诸多濒危物种的栖息地,灌溉了中国五分之一的土地
- 将 “是” 留作动词谓语,“流经” 和 “灌溉” 变为 非 谓语动词。
- YangZi River flowing through diverse ecological systems,keeps the home of a sea of endangered species,irrigating Chinese 1/5 land.
我爱你,你爱我
- I loving you ,you love me.
- (独立主格,属于非谓语动词的一种形式)
冬天来了,春天就不远了。
- Winter approaching,spring will be around the corner
我是一个老师,我喜欢唱歌。
- I being a teacher, I have passion for singing.
谓语的总结:
一句话当中,有且只能有一个有时态的实义动词或系动词的存在,并且充当谓语。
②主语
-
主语的成分
-
名词,代词,非 - 谓语动词,引导词加句子(从句)
-
错误:Handsome and strong are his nature.
名词作主语:Handsomeness and strength are his nature.
非谓语动词做主语:Being handsome and strong is his nature. (非 - 谓语动词充当主语,谓语动词用单数)
-
-
一句话当中主语能不能少:绝对不能
-
一句话没有主语怎么办呢?:
- 加it来做主语:必须与天气,温度,时间有关系。
- 机场里很闷:It feels exceedingly hot in the cabin.
- There be(exist / seem / remain ) 句型,听到“有”的时候使用
- 有很多大学生欢迎我:There exist a hot of undergraduates being fascinated with me
- 被动:当听到一句话没有主语的时候,或者是人称代词作主语的时候,都可以考虑写成被动。
- (三种情况无被动:①动词后面有介词时,无被动。②系动词没有被动。③have,表达“有”的意思时,无被动。)
- 必须指出坚持很重要: Persistence must be pointed out outstandingly crucial
- 越来越多的人认为过度捕捞很严重: Overfishing is claimed more than fearful by an increasing amount of professors
- 人称代词作主语:I、you、we;不到万不得已,最好不要使用
- 加it来做主语:必须与天气,温度,时间有关系。
练习
- 如果有梦想,就应该会成功。
- If there exists a dream ,glories(荣誉,荣耀) are supposed to be achieved
③宾语
- 宾主的成分
- 名词,代词,非 - 谓语动词,从句
- 主语和宾语可以通过被动更换位置,因此主语和宾语的成分是一样的。
④表语
-
表语的成分
-
名词,代词,非 - 谓语动词,从句,形容词,介词短语
- I am a teacher.
teacher 是名词作表语。
- I am in Chongqing.
in Chongqing 是介词短语作表语。
- I am beautiful.
beautiful 是形容词作表语。
- My dream is to become a poet.
to become 是非谓语动词作表语。
- My dream is becoming a poet.
becoming 是非谓语动词作表语。
-
练习
我喜欢在重庆。
错误:I like in Chongqing.
这是主谓宾结构,in Chongqing 是介词短语,不能作宾语。
非谓语动词作宾语:I like being in Chongqing.
非谓语动词作宾语:I like to be in Chongqing.
名词作宾语:I like Chongqing.
女人都爱美。
名词作宾语:Ladies love beauty.
非谓语动词作宾语:Ladies love being beautiful.
I smile on the stage.(主谓)
错误句子:I exchange with my watch.
exchange 是及物动词,及物动词后面必须要加宾语。
I exchange your cloth with my watch.
4.简单句的考点分析
①写作
- 所有写不来的长难句,暂时都写成简单句,一定保证语法正确。
- 越来越多的大学生自杀,这个事实表明,我们应该关注这个话题了:More and more university students kill themself,so we should pay attention to the problem.
- 站在讲台上的女人,看起来很好看:There exist a lady on the stage.she looks very beautiful
- 所有写不来的单词,都可以写成自己会的单词,老师不知道你想写的意思
②长难句
-
分析长难句的第一步,先找动词,也就是谓语,从而找到这句话的主谓宾。 如果一句话找到多个动词的,就确定主句的谓语动词(前面没有引导词的动词就是主句的动词)
-
Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task .
is 是谓语动词,因此该句话是主系表结构。
-
The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.
have limited 是有时态的谓语动词,因此该句话是主谓宾结构。
-
To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.
seems 是系动词,因此该句话是主系表结构。
练习
这两天心里很不爽:(主语是我)
I feel upset these two days.
全球在变暖:(主语是天气)
It is becoming warm through out the world
重庆有很多人口:
There seem a sea of people in ChongQing.
妒忌本身就是一种仰望:
Jealousness is a kind of worship / Being jealous is a kind of worship
有意义就是好好活。好好活就是作有意义的事情:
Being meaningful proves to live well and Living well seems to do meaningful things.
建议政府采取措施来缓解这个问题。
Authority should be suggested to take measures (so as to) / (in order to) / to relieve the problems.
③并列句
-
什么是并列句
-
就是用一个连词来连接两个句子
- I love you , but you love that dog.
-
常见的并列连词
-
平行的连词:and , not only...but also..
-
平行的副词
- similarly (adv.相似地)
- equally (adv.平等地,同样)
- likewise(adv.相似地)
平行的介词短语
- at the same time(与此同时)
- in the mean while(在此期间)
-
转折的连词:but , yet , while , whereas
-
转折的副词
- however (adv.然而)
- nevertheless (adv.然而,不过)
- conversely (adv. 相反地)
- unexpectedly (adv.出人意料地)
- unfortunately (adv.不幸地是)
转折的介词短语
- on the contrary (正相反)
- by contrast (相比之下)
-
选择的连词:or , whether... or ...
-
选择的副词
- alternatively (adv.或者)
-
因果:for , so
-
因果的副词
- therefore (adv.所以,因此,因而)
- thus (adv.因此)
- consequently (adv.所以,结果)
因果的介词短语
- as a result (结果,由于)
-
递进:then
-
递进的副词
- besides (adv.而且,再说,)
- furthermore (adv. 而且,此外)
- moreover (adv.而且,此外)
- additionally (adv.除此之外)
- subsequently (adv.随后,后来)
递进的介词短语
- in addition (此外,除...以外)
-
-
并列句的考点分析
- 写作
- 只要写作之间上下句之间有逻辑关系,就一定要用逻辑关系词(关系词:连词、副词、介词和介词短语)
- 写作
练习
爱情早已不在了,他还在留恋过去
Romance has evaporated , but she still misses the past
Romance has evaporated , and on the contrary she still misses the past
- 连词和副词,介词短语的区别
- 连词的前面,有无逗号均可,而其他的逻辑关系词前面要么用句号,要么加连词and