Python Module_openpyxl_处理Excel表格

目录

• 目录
• 前言
• 软件系统
• Install openpyxl module
• Sample code
• load_workbook加载Excel文件
  • wbObjectget_sheet_names 获取Excel表格名
  • WorkbooktableName 定位Excel表
    • WbObjectget_sheet_by_namesheetName 定位Excel表
  • Worksheetrows和Worksheetcolumns获取表格的行列值
    • 获取Worksheet的行列数目
    • 通过切片运算符划分表格区域
  • get_column_letter将一个列的索引转化为列的字母
  • Worksheetcellvalue 定位单元格的数据值
    • 直接给单元格赋值
    • Woeksheetget_cell_collection 获取全部的单元格数据值
  • enumerateiterators获取迭代器的索引和元素
  • Workbooksave保存所有操作并生成新的Excel文件
• Workbook创建一个新的Excel文件
  • wbObjectcreate_sheet 创建一个Excel表格
  • Worksheetappend 逐行追加数值到单元格
  • ExcelWriter 将Workbook对象写入Excel文件
• 最后

前言

Python处理Excel表格有多种方法，其中对于.xlsx后缀的Excel版本而言openpyxl绝对是一个非常棒的选择。在openpyxl中，一个Excel文件就是一个Workbook，一张Excel文件中的表就是一个Worksheet。当我们需要对一个Excel文件进行处理的时候，需要先获取到一个Workbook对象，再获取到一个Worksheet对象，对Worksheet对象中rows、columns进行数据处理，最后通过Workbook.save()方法将Workbook对象的内容写入到磁盘中。或者可以使用Openpyxl内置的ExcelWriter()方法来关联Workbook对象，最终实现写入。

软件系统

• 系统
  
  • Windows 8.1
• 软件
  
  • Python 3.4.3

Install openpyxl module

使用Python3.4.3自带的软件包管理工具easy_install.exe来安装openpyxl模块
Run(Ctrl+r) cmd

cd %pythonRoot%Scripts
easy_install.exe openpyxl

Check:安装后导入openpyxl模块不会触发ImportError

import openpyxl

Sample code

from openpyxl import Workbook
wb = Workbook()

# grab the active worksheet
ws = wb.active

# Data can be assigned directly to cells
ws['A1'] = 42

# Rows can also be appended
ws.append([1, 2, 3])

# Python types will automatically be converted
import datetime
ws['A2'] = datetime.datetime.now()

# Save the file
wb.save("sample.xlsx")

Documentation：http://openpyxl.readthedocs.org

load_workbook()加载Excel文件

我们将一个Excel文件称之为一个workbook，workbook中又包含了许多的worksheet(工作表)。我们可以通过workbook[‘sheetName’]来定位一个worksheet。
将文件导入到内存

load_workbook(filename, read_only=False, use_iterators=False, keep_vba=False, guess_types=False, data_only=False)

In [7]: help(load_workbook)
Help on function load_workbook in module openpyxl.reader.excel:

load_workbook(filename, read_only=False, use_iterators=False, keep_vba=False, guess_types=False, data_only=False)
    Open the given filename and return the workbook

    :param filename: the path to open or a file-like object
    :type filename: string or a file-like object open in binary mode c.f., :class:`zipfile.ZipFile`

    :param read_only: optimised for reading, content cannot be edited
    :type read_only: bool 

    :param use_iterators: use lazy load for cells
    :type use_iterators: bool

    :param keep_vba: preseve vba content (this does NOT mean you can use it)
    :type keep_vba: bool

    :param guess_types: guess cell content type and do not read it from the file
    :type guess_types: bool

    :param data_only: controls whether cells with formulae have either the formula (default) or the value stored the last time Excel read the sheet
    :type data_only: bool

    :rtype: :class:`openpyxl.workbook.Workbook`

filename(str or file-like object)：是一个Excel文件的路径或者是一个类文件对象。
read_only(bool)：只读模式，不可编辑文件。缺省为False
use_iterators(bool)：是否调用延迟加载。缺省为False
keep_vba(bool)：是否保持VBA的内容。缺省为False
guess_type(bool)：获取单元格内容的类型而且不能从文件中读取他。缺省为False
date_only(bool)：控制包含有公式的单元格是否有任何公式，或者存储着最后读取Excel表的读取时间
Note：
When using lazy load, all worksheets will be class: {openpyxl.worksheet.iter_worksheet.IterableWorksheet} and the returned workbook will be read-only.

In [29]: from openpyxl import load_workbook

In [5]: getwb = load_workbook(filename=r"Handoff.xlsx")   #返回一个Workbook对象

In [6]: getwb
Out[6]: <openpyxl.workbook.workbook.Workbook at 0x4b7c030>

getwb是一个Workbook对象，Workbook()是最基本的一个类，能够在内存中创建文件最后将文件内容写进磁盘。

wbObject.get_sheet_names() 获取Excel表格名

In [70]: getwb.get_sheet_names()    #返回一个Excel表名组成的列表
Out[70]: ['NodeCount']

In [75]: getwb.get_sheet_names()[0]
Out[75]: 'NodeCount'

Workbook[tableName] 定位Excel表

Openpyxl模块支持类似字典键值对映射的方式，来获取表格的内容

In [80]: sheetContent = getwb[getwb.get_sheet_names()[0]]

In [84]: type(sheetContent)
Out[84]: openpyxl.worksheet.worksheet.Worksheet      #返回一个Worksheet对象，用于存储表格内容

WbObject.get_sheet_by_name(sheetName) 定位Excel表

In [57]: sheet1 = getwb.get_sheet_by_name('NodeCount')

Worksheet.rows和Worksheet.columns获取表格的行列值

In [89]: sheetContent.rows
Out[89]:
((<Cell NodeCount.A1>,
  <Cell NodeCount.B1>,
  <Cell NodeCount.C1>,
  <Cell NodeCount.D1>),
 (<Cell NodeCount.A2>,
  <Cell NodeCount.B2>,
  .
  .
  .
In [90]: len(sheetContent.rows)
Out[90]: 25

In [93]: len(sheetContent.columns)
Out[93]: 4

获取Worksheet的行列数目

In [115]: sheetContent.get_highest_row()

In [117]: sheetContent.get_highest_column()

通过切片运算符划分表格区域

因为Worksheet.rows和Worksheet.columns都是Tuple数据类型，支持使用切片运算符。

In [100]: type(sheetContent.rows),type(sheetContent.columns)
Out[100]: (tuple, tuple)

1.获取sheetContent的前两列内容

In [103]: colA,colB = sheetContent.columns[:2]

2.划分出一个二维区域

In [112]: cells = sheetContent['A1':'C3']    #返回一个生成器对象

In [113]: type(cells)
Out[113]: generator

get_column_letter将一个列的索引转化为列的字母

get_column_letter(idx)
Convert a column index into a column letter
(3 -> ‘C’)

In [122]: from openpyxl.cell import get_column_letter

In [124]: for x in list(range(1,11)):
   .....:     ch = get_column_letter(x)
   .....:     print(ch)
   .....:
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J

Worksheet.cell().value 定位单元格的数据值

基于给定的坐标(A1)返回一个单元格对象。
cell(coordinate=None, row=None, column=None, value=None) method of openpyxl.worksheet.worksheet.Worksh
Returns a cell object based on the given coordinates.

Usage: cell(coodinate='A15') **or** cell(row=15, column=1)

If `coordinates` are not given, then row *and* column must be given.

Cells are kept in a dictionary which is empty at the worksheet
creation.  Calling `cell` creates the cell in memory when they
are first accessed, to reduce memory usage.

:param coordinate: coordinates of the cell (e.g. 'B12')
:type coordinate: string

:param row: row index of the cell (e.g. 4)
:type row: int

:param column: column index of the cell (e.g. 3)
:type column: int

:raise: InsufficientCoordinatesException when coordinate or (row and column) are not given

:rtype: :class:openpyxl.cell.Cell

In [117]: sheetContent.cell("A1")
Out[117]: <Cell NodeCount.A1>

In [118]: sheetContent.cell("A1").value
Out[118]: 'Cluster'

In [120]: sheetContent.cell(row=1,column=2).value
Out[120]: 'HI'

注意：Excel表格的数据常常在其两边都伴有空格符，需要使用Str.strip()来去除多余的空格符。

直接给单元格赋值

将A列全部置为None

In [127]: colALen = len(sheetContent.columns[0])

In [128]: for i in list(range(1,colALen+1)):
   .....:     sheetContent.cell('A%s' % i).value = None
   .....:

注意：当你为单元格赋值时，Excel的数据类型由赋值的数据类型决定

Woeksheet.get_cell_collection() 获取全部的单元格数据值

获取全部的cell的数值，但是没有顺序。
get_cell_collection() method of openpyxl.worksheet.worksheet.Worksheet instance
Return an unordered list of the cells in this worksheet.
返回一个无序的包含了所有单元格的列表

In [59]: sheetContent.get_cell_collection()

enumerate(iterators)获取迭代器的索引和元素

enumerate(iterable[, start]) -> iterator for index, value of iterable
Return an enumerate object. iterable must be another object that supports
iteration. The enumerate object yields pairs containing a count (from
start, which defaults to zero) and a value yielded by the iterable argument.
enumerate is useful for obtaining an indexed list:
(0, seq[0]), (1, seq[1]), (2, seq[2]), …
接收迭代器类型的实参，返回一个可以遍历的迭代器，包含了(索引，元素)的元组。

In [46]: row1,row2 = sheetContent.rows[:2]

In [49]: for index,cell in enumerate(row1):
   ....:     print(index,cell)
   ....:
0 <Cell NodeCount.A1>
1 <Cell NodeCount.B1>
2 <Cell NodeCount.C1>
3 <Cell NodeCount.D1>

Workbook.save()保存所有操作，并生成新的Excel文件

已指定的文件名保存这个Excel文件。
save(filename) method of openpyxl.workbook.workbook.Workbook instance
Save the current workbook under the given filename.
Use this function instead of using an ExcelWriter.

.. warning::
    When creating your workbook using `write_only` set to True,
    you will only be able to call this function once. Subsequents attempts to
    modify or save the file will raise an :class:`openpyxl.shared.exc.WorkbookAlreadySaved` exception.

In [134]: getwb.save('test.xlsx')

Workbook()创建一个新的Excel文件

创建一个新的Workbook对象
class Workbook(builtins.object)
Workbook is the container for all other parts of the document.

In [40]: from openpyxl import Workbook

In [48]: outwb = Workbook()     #返回一个openpyxl.workbook.workbook.Workbook的对象

In [49]: outwb
Out[49]: <openpyxl.workbook.workbook.Workbook at 0x13665d0>

wbObject.create_sheet() 创建一个Excel表格

create_sheet(title=None, index=None) method of openpyxl.workbook.workbook.Workbook instance
Create a worksheet (at an optional index).
:param title: optional title of the sheet
:type tile: unicode
:param index: optional position at which the sheet will be inserted
:type index: int
title(unicode)：创建新Excel表的标题
index(int)：新Excel表在Excel文件中插入的位置

In [62]: newSheet = outwb.create_sheet('NewSheet',0)   #返回一个openpyxl.worksheet.worksheet.Worksheet对象

In [63]: type(newSheet)
Out[63]: openpyxl.worksheet.worksheet.Worksheet

Worksheet.append() 逐行追加数值到单元格

当前表格的最后一行追加一行数据。必须传递迭代器实参。
append(iterable) method of openpyxl.worksheet.worksheet.Worksheet instance
Appends a group of values at the bottom of the current sheet.

* If it's a list: all values are added in order, starting from the first column
* If it's a dict: values are assigned to the columns indicated by the keys (numbers or letters)

:param iterable: list, range or generator, or dict containing values to append
:type iterable: list/tuple/range/generator or dict

Usage:

* append(['This is A1', 'This is B1', 'This is C1'])   #添加一行三列
*#or append({'A' : 'This is A1', 'C' : 'This is C1'})  #在指定的'A'和'C'列中添加一行
*#or append({1 : 'This is A1', 3 : 'This is C1'})      #在指定的1、3行中添加一列

:raise: TypeError when iterable is neither a list/tuple nor a dict

In [131]: newSheet.append(['Test',1,2,3])

在指定的列内添加一行添加行

In [80]: newSheet.append({'A':'Add one row'})

在指定的行中添加一列

In [84]: newSheet.append({1:'Is A1',3:'Is C1'})

ExcelWriter() 将Workbook对象写入Excel文件

一般而言，通过Workbok.save()方法就可以将Workbook对象的内容写入到Excel中，openpyxl提供了ExcelWriter这一个更加强大的Excel写实现。

In [88]: from openpyxl.writer.excel import ExcelWriter

class ExcelWriter(builtins.object)
Write a workbook object to an Excel file.返回一个ExcelWriter对象。

In [92]: ewb = ExcelWriter(workbook=outwb)     #将Workbook关联到一个ExcelWriter，最后将Workbook的内容写入到磁盘中

In [95]: newSheet.title='testSheet'

In [96]: outwb.get_sheet_names()
Out[96]: ['testSheet', 'Sheet']

In [97]: for i in list(range(1,11)):
   ....:     newSheet.cell('A%s' % (i)).value = i
   ....:     newSheet.append({'B':i})
   ....:

In [98]: ewb.save(filename='test.xlsx')     #一定要Call ExcelWriterObject.save()方法将Workbook写入到磁盘中。

最后

除了使用上述的方法来处理Excel文件的数据之外，openpyxl还提供了能修改Excel表格的样式的实现openpyxl.styles，这个我们下一篇再继续搞起。 :-)