Python菜鸟之路：Python基础-内置函数补充

常用内置函数及用法：

1. callable()

def callable(i_e_, some_kind_of_function): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
    """检查对象object是否可调用。如果返回True，object仍然可能调用失败；但如果返回False，调用对象ojbect绝对不会成功
    Return whether the object is callable (i.e., some kind of function).
    
    Note that classes are callable, as are instances of classes with a
    __call__() method.
    """
    pass

案例：

print(callable(0))
out: False

print(callable("mystring"))
out: False

def add(a, b):
    return a + b
print(callable(add))
out: True

class A:
   def method(self):
      return 0
print(callable(A))
out: True

a = A()
print(callable(a))
out: False

class B:
    def __call__(self):
        return 0
print(callable(B))
out: True

b = B()
print(callable(b))
out: True

2. chr()   返回十进制整数对应的ASCII字符。与ord()作用相反

    ord()  ASCII字符转换为对应十进制。与chr()作用相反

def chr(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
    """ Return a Unicode string of one character with ordinal i; 0 <= i <= 0x10ffff. """ 取值范围[0, 255]之间的正数
    pass

def ord(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
    """ Return the Unicode code point for a one-character string. """
    pass

案例：

print(chr(97))
out: a

print(ord('a'))
out: 97

3. eval 把字符串当做表达式，执行。有返回值，返回值就是表达式执行的结果

   exec  比eval更牛逼的功能。但是无返回值。只是去执行python代码或者字符串、表达式.如果接收字符串，则编译成python代码并执行。如果接收代码，则执行。

def eval(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
    """
    Evaluate the given source in the context of globals and locals.
    
    The source may be a string representing a Python expression
    or a code object as returned by compile().
    The globals must be a dictionary and locals can be any mapping,
    defaulting to the current globals and locals.
    If only globals is given, locals defaults to it.
    """
    pass

def exec(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
    """
    Execute the given source in the context of globals and locals.
    
    The source may be a string representing one or more Python statements
    or a code object as returned by compile().
    The globals must be a dictionary and locals can be any mapping,
    defaulting to the current globals and locals.
    If only globals is given, locals defaults to it.
    """
    pass

案例：

s = "print(123)"
r = compile(s, "<string>", "exec")
exec(r)
out:123

s = 'print(123)'
ret = exec(s)
out: 123
print(ret)
out: None

s = "8*8"
ret = eval(s)
print(ret)
out: 64

4. compile(source, filename, mode[, flags[, dont_inherit]]) 

　　将source编译为代码或者AST对象。代码对象能够通过exec语句来执行或者eval()进行求值。

def compile(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
    """
    Compile source into a code object that can be executed by exec() or eval().   将source编译为代码或者AST对象。代码对象能够通过exec语句来执行或者eval()进行求值。
    
    The source code may represent a Python module, statement or expression.
    The filename will be used for run-time error messages.
    The mode must be 'exec' to compile a module, 'single' to compile a
    single (interactive) statement, or 'eval' to compile an expression.
    The flags argument, if present, controls which future statements influence
    the compilation of the code.
    The dont_inherit argument, if true, stops the compilation inheriting
    the effects of any future statements in effect in the code calling
    compile; if absent or false these statements do influence the compilation,
    in addition to any features explicitly specified.
    """
    pass

案例：

s = "print(123)"
r = compile(s, "<string>", "exec")
# 如果不传 <string>参数，就需要传递一个"文件名"参数
exec(r)

扩充知识：statement和expression

　　expression是表达式，就是加减乘除等各种运算符号联接起来的式子，statement是语句，如if语句，while，复制语句等。statement里含有expression.

5. random 生成随机数模块，是一个隐藏的random.Random类的实例的random方法。

案例1：生成随机字符串+数字

import random
li = []
for i in range(6):
    r = random.randrange(0,5)
    if r == 2 or r == 4:
        num = random.randrange(0,10)
        li.append(str(num))
    else:
        c = random.randrange(65, 91)
        li.append(chr(c))
print("".join(li))

案例2：生成随机验证码

import random
def generate_verification_code(len=6):
    ''' 随机生成6位的验证码 '''
    # 注意： 可以生成0-9A-Za-z的列表，也可以指定个list，这里很灵活
    # 比如： code_list = ['$','*','.','!','@','~','^','*','<'] # list中可以加特殊字符来增加复杂度
    code_list = ['$','*','.','!','@','~','^','*','<'] 
    for i in range(10): # 0-9数字
        code_list.append(str(i))
    for i in range(65, 91): # 对应从“A”到“Z”的ASCII码
        code_list.append(chr(i))
    for i in range(97, 123): #对应从“a”到“z”的ASCII码
        code_list.append(chr(i))
    myslice = random.sample(code_list, len)  # 从list中随机获取6个元素，作为一个片断返回
    verification_code = ''.join(myslice) # list to string
    return verification_code

code = generate_verification_code(12)
print(code)

out: nf1JKl7j<E^t

6. dir() 快速获取模块或者函数提供的功能。返回一个功能列表

   help() 查看对象的功能，可以快速打印源码

def dir(p_object=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
    """
    dir([object]) -> list of strings
    
    If called without an argument, return the names in the current scope.
    Else, return an alphabetized list of names comprising (some of) the attributes
    of the given object, and of attributes reachable from it.
    If the object supplies a method named __dir__, it will be used; otherwise
    the default dir() logic is used and returns:
      for a module object: the module's attributes.
      for a class object:  its attributes, and recursively the attributes
        of its bases.
      for any other object: its attributes, its class's attributes, and
        recursively the attributes of its class's base classes.
    """
    return []

案例：

print(dir(dict))

out: ['__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__delitem__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__setitem__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'clear', 'copy', 'fromkeys', 'get', 'items', 'keys', 'pop', 'popitem', 'setdefault', 'update', 'values']

print(help(dict))

out: Help on class dict in module builtins:

class dict(object)
 |  dict() -> new empty dictionary
 |  dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
 |      (key, value) pairs
 |  dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
 |      d = {}
 |      for k, v in iterable:
 |          d[k] = v
 |  dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
 |      in the keyword argument list.  For example:  dict(one=1, two=2)
 |  
 |  Methods defined here:
 |  
 |  __contains__(self, key, /)
 |      True if D has a key k, else False.
 |  
 |  __delitem__(self, key, /)
 |      Delete self[key].
 |  
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |  
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |  
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |  
 |  __getitem__(...)
 |      x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]
 |  
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |  
 |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
 |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
 |  
 |  __iter__(self, /)
 |      Implement iter(self).
 |  
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |  
 |  __len__(self, /)
 |      Return len(self).
 |  
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |  
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |  
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from builtins.type
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |  
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |  
 |  __setitem__(self, key, value, /)
 |      Set self[key] to value.
 |  
 |  __sizeof__(...)
 |      D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes
 |  
 |  clear(...)
 |      D.clear() -> None.  Remove all items from D.
 |  
 |  copy(...)
 |      D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D
 |  
 |  fromkeys(iterable, value=None, /) from builtins.type
 |      Returns a new dict with keys from iterable and values equal to value.
 |  
 |  get(...)
 |      D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d.  d defaults to None.
 |  
 |  items(...)
 |      D.items() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items
 |  
 |  keys(...)
 |      D.keys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys
 |  
 |  pop(...)
 |      D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
 |      If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised
 |  
 |  popitem(...)
 |      D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a
 |      2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.
 |  
 |  setdefault(...)
 |      D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D
 |  
 |  update(...)
 |      D.update([E, ]**F) -> None.  Update D from dict/iterable E and F.
 |      If E is present and has a .keys() method, then does:  for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
 |      If E is present and lacks a .keys() method, then does:  for k, v in E: D[k] = v
 |      In either case, this is followed by: for k in F:  D[k] = F[k]
 |  
 |  values(...)
 |      D.values() -> an object providing a view on D's values
 |  
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data and other attributes defined here:
 |  
 |  __hash__ = None

None

7. divmod(x, y) 得到x/y的商和余数 (商, 余数)

print(divmod(5,4))

out： (1, 1)

8. isinstance()  判断对象是谁的实例, 可以向上查找，甚至查找父类的父类。返回True or False

print(isinstance('a', str))

out: True

9. globals() 代表所有的全局变量，返回的 dictionary 的任何的改动都会直接影响到全局变量。

    locals()    代表所有的局部变量,返回 dictionary 的函数, 并且在 dictionary 中设置一个值。是一个只读dict

def foo(arg, a):
    x = 1
    y = 'xxxxxx'
    for i in range(10):
        j = 1
        k = i
    print locals()


#调用函数的打印结果    
foo(1,2)
out: {'a': 2, 'i': 9, 'k': 9, 'j': 1, 'arg': 1, 'y': 'xxxxxx', 'x': 1}

10. len  返回对象的长度，python2中按照字节计算  ， python3按照字符来计算

print(len("诸葛亮"))

#python2
out: 9
#python3
out: 3

11. hash 返回对象的哈希值

print(hash("abc"))

out: -8810164989165849038

12. filter 把传入的函数依次作用于每个元素，然后根据返回值是True还是False决定保留还是丢弃该元素。

class filter(object):
    """
    filter(function or None, iterable) --> filter object
    
    Return an iterator yielding those items of iterable for which function(item)
    is true. If function is None, return the items that are true.
    """
    def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return getattr(self, name). """
        pass

    def __init__(self, function_or_None, iterable): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        pass

    def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Implement iter(self). """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature. """
        pass

    def __next__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Implement next(self). """
        pass

    def __reduce__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return state information for pickling. """
        pass

案例：

def is_odd(n):
    return n % 2 == 1

print(list(filter(is_odd, [1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 15])))

out: [1, 5, 9, 15]

13. map 将传入的函数依次作用到序列的每个元素，并把结果作为新的Iterator返回

class map(object):
    """
    map(func, *iterables) --> map object
    
    Make an iterator that computes the function using arguments from
    each of the iterables.  Stops when the shortest iterable is exhausted. 将迭代对象按照func的方法进行运算逐个，最终返回一个list对象
    """
    def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return getattr(self, name). """
        pass

    def __init__(self, func, *iterables): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        pass

    def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Implement iter(self). """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature. """
        pass

    def __next__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Implement next(self). """
        pass

    def __reduce__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return state information for pickling. """
        pass

案例：

def f(x):
    return x * x

r = map(f, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
print(list(r))

14. repr 通过repr执行对象的时候，会自动调用类里边__repr__的方法

print(repr('e'))
print(type(repr('e')))
print(help(str.__repr__))

out:
'e'

Help on wrapper_descriptor:

__repr__(self, /)
    Return repr(self).

None

<class 'str'>

15. reversed 反转，调用对象的__reverse__的方法

li = [1,2,3,4,5]
print(list(reversed(li)))
print(help(list.__reversed__(li)))

out:
[5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
Help on list_reverseiterator object:

class list_reverseiterator(object)
 |  Methods defined here:
 |  
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |  
 |  __iter__(self, /)
 |      Implement iter(self).
 |  
 |  __length_hint__(...)
 |      Private method returning an estimate of len(list(it)).
 |  
 |  __next__(self, /)
 |      Implement next(self).
 |  
 |  __reduce__(...)
 |      Return state information for pickling.
 |  
 |  __setstate__(...)
 |      Set state information for unpickling.

None

16. round(x, n)  返回 x 的小数点四舍五入到n个数字，如果数字有一位小数，遵循5舍6入原则。其余情况，遵循四舍五入原则。

print(round(4.4))
print(round(4.5))
print(round(4.6))
print("round(80.23456, 2) : ", round(80.23456, 2))
print("round(100.000056, 3) : ", round(100.000056, 3))
print("round(-100.000056, 5) : ", round(-100.000056, 5))

out:
4
4
5
round(80.23456, 2) :  80.23
round(100.000056, 3) :  100.0
round(-100.000056, 5) :  -100.00006

17. slice 切片操作slice(start, [stop], [step]),不如直接用对象本身支持的切片操作，起码对象自身的切片，使用方式上简单。

s = [1,2,3,4,5,6,8]
myslice = slice(2,4)
print(s[myslice])

18. sorted()  对对象进行排序，返回一个新的对象。与对象本身的sort方法不同，本身的sort直接修改对象本身。

s = [1,4,2,5,3]
print("sorted s out: ", sorted(s))
new_s = sorted(s)
print("origin s :", s)
print("new s create:", new_s)

s.sort(reverse=True)
print("s is changed:", s)

19. vars()  无参数的情况等同locals()

class A:
    a = 1
    b = 'xxxxxx'
    def __dict__(self):
        x = 1
        y = 2

print(vars(A))
9 out: {'__doc__': None, '__module__': '__main__', '__dict__': <function A.__dict__ at 0x0000000000B7F598>, 'a': 1, 'b': 'xxxxxx', '__weakref  __': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'A' objects>}

20. zip()  接受任意多个（包括0个和1个）序列作为参数，返回一个tuple列表

x = [1, 2, 3]
y = [4, 5, 6]
z = [7, 8, 9]

xyz = zip(x, y, z)
print(list(xyz))
out: 
[(1, 4, 7), (2, 5, 8), (3, 6, 9)]

x = [1, 2, 3]
y = [4, 5, 6, 7]
print(list(zip(x, y)))
out:
[(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)]

21. 反射的几个内置方法：hasattr()，setattr()，getattr()，delattr()

　　反射的概念：利用字符串的形式去对象（模块）中操作（寻找、检查、删除、设置）成员，就是反射

1）getattr() 获取对象的某个属性或方法，如果default未给出，则语法：getattr(object, name, default=None)

def getattr(object, name, default=None): # known special case of getattr
    """
    getattr(object, name[, default]) -> value
    
    Get a named attribute from an object; getattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to x.y.
    When a default argument is given, it is returned when the attribute doesn't
    exist; without it, an exception is raised in that case.
    """
    pass

代码案例：

a = []

print(getattr(a, 'append'))
out: <built-in method append of list object at 0x0000000000703E48>
print(getattr(a, 'delete','not found'))
out: not found
print(getattr(a, 'delete'))
out: AttributeError: 'list' object has no attribute 'delete'

2）hasattr()  用于确定一个对象是否具有某个属性。语法：hasattr(object, name) -> bool 判断object中是否有name属性，返回一个布尔值。

def hasattr(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
    """
    Return whether the object has an attribute with the given name.
    
    This is done by calling getattr(obj, name) and catching AttributeError.
    """
    pass

代码案例：

a = []
print(hasattr(a, 'append'))
print(hasattr(a, 'delete'))

out:
True
False

 

3）setattr()

def setattr(x, y, v): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
    """
    Sets the named attribute on the given object to the specified value.
    
    setattr(x, 'y', v) is equivalent to ``x.y = v''
    """
    pass

代码案例：

class T:
    def __init__(self):
        pass
a = T()
setattr(a, "bb", "123")
print(a.bb)

out: 123

4）delattr()

def delattr(x, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
    """
    Deletes the named attribute from the given object.
    
    delattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to ``del x.y''
    """
    pass

代码案例：

class T:
    def __init__(self):
        pass
a = T()
setattr(a, "bb", "123")
print(a.bb)
delattr(a, "bb")
print(hasattr(a, "bb"))

out: 
123
False

22. staticmethod，super 待续

23. property python内置的装饰器，以后补全

未完，待续！