• Linux&shell之处理用户输入


    写在前面:案例、常用、归类、解释说明。(By Jim)

     命令行参数
    $1为第一个参数,$2为第二个参数,依次类推...
    示例:

    #!/bin/bash
    # using one command line parameter
    
    factorial=1
    for((number = 1;number<=$1;number++))
    do
      factorial=$[ $factorial*$number ]
    done
    echo The factorial of $1 is $factorial

    调用
    ./test1 5
    (这样就把参数传递进去了)
    结果:
    The factorial of 5 is 120

    #!/bin/bash
    # testing parameters before use
    
    if [ -n "$1" ]
    then
      echo Hello $1,glad to meet you.
    else
      echo "Sorry,you didn't identify yourself."
    fi

    (最好能验证一下是否有参数传入,这样最安全了,编程时也要这样处理)


    获取所有数据
    $* 所有参数作为一个单词处理
    $@ 所有参数作为多个单词处理
    $# 最后一个参数

    #!/bin/bash
    # testing $* and $@
    
    echo "Using the $* method:$*"
    echo "Using the $@ method:$@"
    
    ./test1 rich jessica tom

    结果:
    Using the $* method:rich jessica tom
    Using the $@ method:rich jessica tom

    貌似没差别,不过我们来看一个例子,就知道差别了

    #!/bin/bash
    # testing $* and $@
    
    count=1
    for param in "$*"
    do
      echo "$* Parameter #$count = $param"
      count=$[ $count + 1 ]
    done
    
    count=1
    for param in "$@"
    do
      echo "$@ Parameter #$count = $param"
      count=$[ $count + 1 ]
    done

    测试:test1 1 2 3 4 5
    结果:
    $* Parameter #1 = 1 2 3 4 5
    $@ Parameter #1 = 1
    $@ Parameter #2 = 2
    $@ Parameter #3 = 3
    $@ Parameter #4 = 4
    $@ Parameter #5 = 5
    (由结果就能看出差别了)

    移位
    shift将参数变量左移一个位置,于是,变量$3的值就移给变量$2,变量$2的值移给变量$1,变量$1的值被丢弃。

    #!/bin/bash
    # demonstrating the shift command
    
    count=1
    while [ -n "$1" ]
    do
      echo "Parameter #$count = $1"
      count=$[ $count +1 ]
      shift
    done

    执行:
    test1 1 2 3 4 5
    结果:
    Parameter #1 = 1
    Parameter #2 = 2
    Parameter #3 = 3
    Parameter #4 = 4
    Parameter #5 = 5
    (每次向前移一位,最后被置空了)

    shift 2表示移动两位

    处理选项

    #!/bin/bash
    # extracting options and parameters
    
    while [ -n "$1" ]
    do
      case "$1" in
      -a) echo "Found the -a option" ;;
      -b) echo "Found the -b option" ;;
      -c) echo "Found the -c option" ;;
      --) shift
          break;;
      *)  echo "$1 is not an option" ;;
      esac
      shift
    done
    
    count=1
    for param in $@
    do
      echo "Parameter #$count:$param"
      count=$[ $count + 1 ]
    done

    测试:
    test1 -a -b -c test1 test2 -c
    结果:
    Found the -a option
    Found the -b option
    Found the -c option
    test1 is not an option
    test2 is not an option
    Found the -c option
    (每一个参数都遍历一次)

    测试2:test1 -a -b -c -- test1 test2 -a
    结果:
    Found the -a option
    Found the -b option
    Found the -c option
    Parameter #1:test1
    Parameter #2:test2
    Parameter #3:-a
    (跳出循环,并将剩余的参数存入$@中去,供下面的代码使用,即便有-a出现也不会被发现了)

    使用getopt命令
    getopt -q ab:cd -a -b -test1  -cde test2 test3
    (表示有a,b,c,d,其中b后面跟一个参数)
    解析的结果为
     -a -b '-test1' -c -d -- 'test2' 'test3'

     getopt -q ab:cd -a -b -test1  -d -c -cd test2 -c test3
     解析结果为
     -a -b '-test1' -d -c -c -d -c -- 'test2' 'test3'
     (由此可以看出,它会将所有的选项与参数分离,按照一定的顺序,之间会自动加上--)

     来看一段完整的代码

     #!/bin/bash
    # extracting options and parameters
    set -- `getopt -q ab:c "$@"`
    while [ -n "$1" ]
    do
      case "$1" in
      -a) echo "Found the -a option" ;;
      -b) param="$2"
          echo "Found the -b option,with parameter value $param"
          shift;;
      -c) echo "Found the -c option" ;;
      --) shift
          break;;
      *)  echo "$1 is not an option" ;;
      esac
      shift
    done
    
    count=1
    for param in $@
    do
      echo "Parameter #$count:$param"
      count=$[ $count + 1 ]
    done

    测试:test1 -a -b test1 -cd test2 test3
    结果:
    Found the -a option
    Found the -b option,with parameter value 'test1'
    Found the -c option
    Parameter #1:'test2'
    Parameter #2:'test3'
    (可以想象它就是按照解析的数据进行处理的)

    getopts和它的堂兄弟getopt很相像。
    案例:

    #!/bin/bash
    # simple demonstration of the getopts command
    
    while getopts :ab:c opt
    do
      case "$opt" in
      a) echo "Found the -a option" ;;
      b) echo "Found the -b option,with parameter value $OPTARG";;
      c) echo "Found the -c option" ;;
      *) echo "Unknown option:$opt" ;;
      esac
    done

    (它会自动处理移位,自动处理参数到变量$OPTARG,自动处理)
    测试:
    test1 -ab test1 -c -d
    结果:
    Found the -a option
    Found the -b option,with parameter value test1
    Found the -c option
    Unknown option:?

    getopts命令每个处理选项,环境变量OPTIND的值会加1,。当到达getopts处理的末尾时,可以使用shift命令
    和OPTIND值进行操作来移动到参数。
    看代码:

    #!/bin/bash
    # simple demonstration of the getopts command
    
    while getopts :ab:cd opt
    do
      case "$opt" in
      a) echo "Found the -a option" ;;
      b) echo "Found the -b option,with parameter value $OPTARG";;
      c) echo "Found the -c option" ;;
      d) echo "Found the -d option" ;;
      *) echo "Unknown option:$opt" ;;
      esac
    done
    
    shift $[ $OPTIND -1 ]
    
    count=1
    for param in "$@"
    do
      echo "Parameter $count : $param"
      count=$[ $count+1 ]
    done

    测试:test1 -a -b test1 -cd test2 test3
    结果:

    Found the -a option
    Found the -b option,with parameter value test1
    Found the -c option
    Found the -d option
    Parameter 1 : test2
    Parameter 2 : test3

    获取用户输入
    基本读取
    read命令接受标准输入,得到输入后,read命令将数据存放到一个标准变量中。
    案例:

    #!/bin/bash
    # testing read
    
    echo "Enter your name:"
    read name
    echo "Welcome ,$name !"

    测试:
    test1
    Enter your name:
    jim
    Welcome ,jim !

    #!/bin/bash
    # testing read
    
    echo -n "Enter your name:"
    read name
    echo "Welcome ,$name !"

    测试:

    [root@localhost shellscript]# test1
    Enter your name:jim
    Welcome ,jim !
    (抑制后面新的字符出现,-n就不会换行了)

    read有个-p命令,允许在read命令行中直接指定一个提示:

    #!/bin/bash
    # testing read -p option
    
    read -p "Please enter your age:" age
    days=$[ $age * 360 ]
    echo "That makes you over $days days old!"

    测试:
    [root@localhost shellscript]# test1
    Please enter your age:25
    That makes you over 9000 days old!
    (25是输入的)

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/jiqing9006/p/3232095.html
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