requests 的使用

1.1、实例引入

# 引入Requests库

import requests

 

# 发起GET请求

response = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com/')

# 查看响应类型 requests.models.Response

print(type(response))

# 输出状态码

print(response.status_code)

# 输出响应内容类型 text

print(type(response.text))

# 输出响应内容

print(response.text)

# 输出cookies

print(response.cookies)

1.2、各种请求方式

import requests

 

# 发起POST请求

requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post')

# 发起PUT请求

requests.put('http://httpbin.org/put')

# 发起DELETE请求

requests.delete('http://httpbin.org/delete')

# 发送HEAD请求

requests.head('http://httpbin.org/get')

# 发送OPTION请求

requests.options('http://httpbin.org/get')

 

2、请求

2.1 、基本GET请求

2.1.1、基本写法

import requests

 

response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')

print(response.text)

2.1.2、带参数的GET请求

import requests

 

response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get?name=jyx&age=18')

print(response.text)

2.1.3、带参数的GET请求(2)

    

import requests

 

# 分装GET请求参数

param = {'name':'jyx','age':19}

# 设置GET请求参数(Params)

response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get',params=param)

print(response.text)

2.1.4、解析json

import requests

 

response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')

# 获取响应内容

print(type(response.text))

# 如果响应内容是json,就将其转为json

print(response.json())

# 输出的是字典类型

print(type(response.json()))

2.1.5、获取二进制数据

import requests

 

response = requests.get('http://github.com/favicon.ico')

 

# str，bytes

print(type(response.text),type(response.content))

# 输出响应的文本内容

print(response.text)

# 输出响应的二进制内容

print(response.content)

# 下载二进制数据到本地

with open('favicon.ico','wb')as f:

f.write(response.content)

f.close()

2.1.6、添加headers

import requests

 

# 设置User-Agent浏览器信息

headers = {

"User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/57.0.2987.133 Safari/537.36"

}

# 设置请求头信息

response = requests.get('https://www.zhihu.com/explore',headers=headers)

print(response.text)

2.2、基本POST请求

import requests

 

# 设置传入post表单信息

data= {'name':'jyx','age':18}

# 设置请求头信息

headers = {

"User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/57.0.2987.133 Safari/537.36"

}

# 设置请求头信息和POST请求参数(data)

response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data=data, headers=headers)

print(response.text)

 

3、响应

3.1 response属性

import requests

 

response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com/')

# 获取响应状态码

print(type(response.status_code),response.status_code)

# 获取响应头信息

print(type(response.headers),response.headers)

# 获取响应头中的cookies

print(type(response.cookies),response.cookies)

# 获取访问的url

print(type(response.url),response.url)

# 获取访问的历史记录

print(type(response.history),response.history)

3.2、 状态码判断

import requests

 

response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com/404.html')

# 使用request内置的字母判断状态码

ifnot response.status_code == requests.codes.ok:

print('404-1')

response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com')

# 使用状态码数字判断

ifnot response.status_code ==200:

print('404-2')

 

3.3 requests内置的状态字符

   100: ('continue',),

    101: ('switching_protocols',),

    102: ('processing',),

    103: ('checkpoint',),

    122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'),

    200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', '\o/', '✓'),

    201: ('created',),

    202: ('accepted',),

    203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'),

    204: ('no_content',),

    205: ('reset_content', 'reset'),

    206: ('partial_content', 'partial'),

    207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'),

    208: ('already_reported',),

    226: ('im_used',),

 

    # Redirection.

    300: ('multiple_choices',),

    301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', '\'),

    302: ('found',),

    303: ('see_other', 'other'),

    304: ('not_modified',),

    305: ('use_proxy',),

    306: ('switch_proxy',),

    307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'),

    308: ('permanent_redirect', 'resume_incomplete', 'resume',), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0

    

    # Client Error.

    400: ('bad_request', 'bad'),

    401: ('unauthorized',),

    402: ('payment_required', 'payment'),

    403: ('forbidden',),

    404: ('not_found', '-'),

    405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'),

    406: ('not_acceptable',),

    407: ('proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'),

    408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'),

    409: ('conflict',),

    410: ('gone',),

    411: ('length_required',),

    412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'),

    413: ('request_entity_too_large',),

    414: ('request_uri_too_large',),

    415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'),

    416: ('requested_range_not_satisfiable', 'requested_range', 'range_not_satisfiable'),

    417: ('expectation_failed',),

    418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'),

    421: ('misdirected_request',),

    422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'),

    423: ('locked',),

    424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'),

    425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'),

    426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'),

    428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'),

    429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'),

    431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'),

    444: ('no_response', 'none'),

    449: ('retry_with', 'retry'),

    450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'),

    451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'),

    499: ('client_closed_request',),

    

    # Server Error.

    500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o\', '✗'),

    501: ('not_implemented',),

    502: ('bad_gateway',),

    503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'),

    504: ('gateway_timeout',),

    505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'),

    506: ('variant_also_negotiates',),

    507: ('insufficient_storage',),

    509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'),

    510: ('not_extended',),

    511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication'),

 

4、高级操作

4.1、文件上传

import requests

 

files = {'file':open('favicon.ico','rb')}

# 往POST请求头中设置文件(files)

response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post',files=files)

print(response.text)

4.2、获取cookies

import requests

 

response = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com')

print(response.cookies)

for key,value in response.cookies.items():

print(key,'=====',value)

4.3、会话维持

4.3.1、普通请求

import requests

 

requests.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/12456')

response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')

# 本质上是两次不同的请求，session不一致

print(response.text)

4.3.2、会话维持请求

import requests

 

# 从Requests中获取session

session = requests.session()

# 使用seesion去请求保证了请求是同一个session

session.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/12456')

response = session.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')

print(response.text)

 

4.4、证书验证

4.4.1、无证书访问

import requests

 

response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn')

# 在请求https时，request会进行证书的验证，如果验证失败则会抛出异常

print(response.status_code)  

4.4.2、关闭证书验证

import requests

 

# 关闭验证，但是仍然会报出证书警告

response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',verify=False)

print(response.status_code)

4.4.3、消除关闭证书验证的警告

from requests.packages import urllib3

import requests

 

# 关闭警告

urllib3.disable_warnings()

response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',verify=False)

print(response.status_code)

4.4.4、手动设置证书

import requests

 

# 设置本地证书

response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn', cert=('/path/server.crt','/path/key'))

print(response.status_code) 

 

4.5、代理设置

4.5.1、设置普通代理

import requests

 

proxies = {

"http":"http://127.0.0.1:9743",

"https":"https://127.0.0.1:9743",

}

# 往请求中设置代理(proxies

)

response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)

print(response.status_code)

4.5.2、设置带有用户名和密码的代理

import requests

 

proxies = {

"http":"http://user:password@127.0.0.1:9743/",

}

response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)

print(response.status_code)

4.5.3、设置socks代理

pip3 install 'requests[socks]

import requests

 

proxies = {

'http':'socks5://127.0.0.1:9742',

'https':'socks5://127.0.0.1:9742'

}

response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)

print(response.status_code)

 

4.6、超时设置

import requests

from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout

 

 

 

try:

# 设置必须在500ms内收到响应，不然或抛出ReadTimeout异常

response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout=0.5)

print(response.status_code)

except ReadTimeout:

print('Timeout')

4.7、认证设置

import requests

from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth

 

r = requests.get('http://120.27.34.24:9001', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user','123'))

# r = requests.get('http://120.27.34.24:9001', auth=('user', '123'))

print(r.status_code)

4.8、异常处理

import requests

from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout, ConnectionError, RequestException

 

try:

response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout = 0.5)

print(response.status_code)

except ReadTimeout:

# 超时异常

print('Timeout')

except ConnectionError:

# 连接异常

print('Connection error')

except RequestException:

# 请求异常

print('Error')