• Dynamic Programming | Set 3 (Longest Increasing Subsequence)


    Dynamic Programming | Set 1 (Overlapping Subproblems Property)Dynamic Programming | Set 2 (Optimal Substructure Property) 中我们已经讨论了重叠子问题和最优子结构性质,现在我们来看一个可以使用动态规划来解决的问题:最长上升子序列(Longest Increasing Subsequence(LIS))。

    最长上升子序列问题,致力于在一个给定的序列中找到一个最长的子序列,该子序列中的元素按升序排列。例如,序列{10, 22, 9, 33, 21, 50, 41, 60, 80}的最长上升子序列的长度为6,最长上升子序列为{10, 22, 33, 50, 60, 80}。

    Optimal Substructure:

    假设arr[0..n-1]为输入数组,L(i)是以下标i结束的数组的最长上升子序列的长度,满足arr[i]是LIS的一部分,即arr[i]是该LIS中的最后一个元素,那么L(i)可以递归的表示为:

    L(i) = { 1 + Max ( L(j) ) } where j < i and arr[j] < arr[i] and if there is no such j then L(i) = 1

    要获得一个给定数组LIS的长度,我们需要返回 max(L(i)) where 0 < i < n

    因此,LIS问题具有最优子结构性质,因此该问题可以使用子问题的方法来求解。

    Overlapping Subproblems:

    以下是LIS问题的一个简单递归版本程序。

    /* A Naive recursive implementation of LIS problem */
    #include<stdio.h>
    #include<stdlib.h>
     
    /* To make use of recursive calls, this function must return two things:
       1) Length of LIS ending with element arr[n-1]. We use max_ending_here 
          for this purpose
       2) Overall maximum as the LIS may end with an element before arr[n-1] 
          max_ref is used this purpose.
    The value of LIS of full array of size n is stored in *max_ref which is our final result
    */
    int _lis( int arr[], int n, int *max_ref)
    {
        /* Base case */
        if(n == 1)
            return 1;
     
        int res, max_ending_here = 1; // length of LIS ending with arr[n-1]
     
        /* Recursively get all LIS ending with arr[0], arr[1] ... ar[n-2]. If 
           arr[i-1] is smaller than arr[n-1], and max ending with arr[n-1] needs
           to be updated, then update it */
        for(int i = 1; i < n; i++)
        {
            res = _lis(arr, i, max_ref);
            if (arr[i-1] < arr[n-1] && res + 1 > max_ending_here)
                max_ending_here = res + 1;
        }
     
        // Compare max_ending_here with the overall max. And update the
        // overall max if needed
        if (*max_ref < max_ending_here)
           *max_ref = max_ending_here;
     
        // Return length of LIS ending with arr[n-1]
        return max_ending_here;
    }
     
    // The wrapper function for _lis()
    int lis(int arr[], int n)
    {
        // The max variable holds the result
        int max = 1;
     
        // The function _lis() stores its result in max
        _lis( arr, n, &max );
     
        // returns max
        return max;
    }
     
    /* Driver program to test above function */
    int main()
    {
        int arr[] = { 10, 22, 9, 33, 21, 50, 41, 60 };
        int n = sizeof(arr)/sizeof(arr[0]);
        printf("Length of LIS is %d
    ",  lis( arr, n ));
        getchar();
        return 0;
    }

    考虑以上实现,如下是当数组大小为4时的递归树,lis(n)为以n为最后一个元素时,数组的LIS的长度。

    image

    不难发现,其中有子问题被重复计算。因此,该问题具有重叠子结构性质,通过Memoization或者Tabulation,可以防止子问题的重复计算。如下,是LIS问题的tabluated实现。

    /* Dynamic Programming implementation of LIS problem */
    #include<stdio.h>
    #include<stdlib.h>
     
    /* lis() returns the length of the longest increasing subsequence in 
        arr[] of size n */
    int lis( int arr[], int n )
    {
       int *lis, i, j, max = 0;
       lis = (int*) malloc ( sizeof( int ) * n );
     
       /* Initialize LIS values for all indexes */
       for ( i = 0; i < n; i++ )
          lis[i] = 1;
        
       /* Compute optimized LIS values in bottom up manner */
       for ( i = 1; i < n; i++ )
          for ( j = 0; j < i; j++ )
             if ( arr[i] > arr[j] && lis[i] < lis[j] + 1)
                lis[i] = lis[j] + 1;
        
       /* Pick maximum of all LIS values */
       for ( i = 0; i < n; i++ )
          if ( max < lis[i] )
             max = lis[i];
     
       /* Free memory to avoid memory leak */
       free( lis );
     
       return max;
    }
     
    /* Driver program to test above function */
    int main()
    {
      int arr[] = { 10, 22, 9, 33, 21, 50, 41, 60 };
      int n = sizeof(arr)/sizeof(arr[0]);
      printf("Length of LIS is %d
    ", lis( arr, n ) );
     
      getchar();
      return 0;
    }

    注意,以上的动态规划解法需要的时间复杂度为O(n^2),实际上LIS问题有O(nLogn)的解法(see this)。在这边,我们并没有讨论O(nLogn)的解法,此处,只是用这篇文章来作为动态规划的一个简单例子。

    补充一个最笨的方法:将所有的子序列使用dfs枚举出来,看其最大长度是多少,代码如下:

    #include <iostream>
    #include <vector>
    using namespace std;
    
    void dfs(const vector<int> &input, vector<vector<int> > &ret, vector<int> &path, int pos) {
        if (pos == input.size()) {
            ret.push_back(path);
            return;
        }
    
        for (int i = 0; i != 2; i++) {
            if (i == 0) {
                path.push_back(input[pos]);
                dfs(input, ret, path, pos + 1);
                path.pop_back();
            } else {
                dfs(input, ret, path, pos + 1);
            }         
        }
    }
    
    
    
    
    int main()
    {
        vector<int> input = {1,2,3};
        cout << "input.size() = " << input.size() << endl;
        vector<vector<int>> ret;
        vector<int> path;
    
        dfs(input, ret, path, 0);
    
        for (vector<vector<int> >::const_iterator itr = ret.begin(); itr != ret.end(); itr++) {
            cout << "--" << " ";
            for (vector<int>::const_iterator it = itr->begin(); it != itr->end(); it++) {
                cout << *it << " ";
            }
            cout << endl;
        }
    }
    
    /*
    Output:
    -- 1 2 3 
    -- 1 2 
    -- 1 3 
    -- 1 
    -- 2 3 
    -- 2 
    -- 3 
    -- 
    */
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/jianxinzhou/p/4587138.html
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