• Django之ModelForm


    简介

    Model + Form ==> ModelForm。model和form的结合体,所以有以下功能:

    • 验证
    • 数据库操作

    Form回顾

    models.py

    class UserType(models.Model):
        caption = models.CharField(max_length=32)
    
    class UserInfo(models.Model):
        username = models.CharField(max_length=32)
        email = models.EmailField()
        user_type = models.ForeignKey(to='UserType',to_field='id')

    forms.py

    from django import forms
    from django.forms import fields
    
    class UserInfoForm(forms.Form):
        # username = models.CharField(max_length=32)    <-- models
        username = fields.CharField(max_length=32)
        # email = models.EmailField()    <-- models
        email = fields.EmailField()
        # user_type = models.ForeignKey(to='UserType',to_field='id')    <-- models
        user_type = fields.ChoiceField(
            choices=models.UserType.objects.values_list('id','caption')
        )
    
        # 下面的操作是让数据在网页上实时更新。
        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
            super(UserInfoForm,self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
            self.fields['user_type'].choices = models.UserType.objects.values_list('id','caption')

    index.html

    <body>
        <form action="/index/" method="POST" novalidate="novalidate">
            {% csrf_token %}
            {{ obj.as_p }}
            <input type="submit" value="提交">
        </form>
    </body>
    

      从上面的小例子能看出,models的字段和forms的字段大部分都是重复的,所以,django给我们提供了一种更为简洁的ModelFrom

    ModelForm的用法

    forms.py

    class UserInfoModelForm(forms.ModelForm):
    
        class Meta:
            model = models.UserInfo    # 与models建立了依赖关系
            fields = "__all__"

    views.py

    def index(request):
        if request.method == "GET":
            obj = UserInfoModelForm()
            return render(request,"index.html",{'obj':obj})
        elif request.method == "POST":
            obj = UserInfoModelForm(request.POST)
            print(obj.is_valid())  # 这是方法,别忘记了加括号
            print(obj.cleaned_data)
            print(obj.errors)
            return render(request,"index.html",{'obj':obj})

    index.html

    <body>
        <form action="/index/" method="POST" novalidate="novalidate">
            {% csrf_token %}
            {{ obj.as_p }}
            <input type="submit" value="提交">
        </form>
    </body>

    ModelForm常见参数

    自定义字段名(html显示的字段)

    如何定义http上定义的字段呢,自定义写成中文的?之前的用法是在Form里写上label。Model Form定义要用verbose_name

    指定显示那些字段

    class UserInfo(models.Model):
        username = models.CharField(max_length=32, verbose_name='用户')
        email = models.EmailField(verbose_name='邮箱')
        user_type = models.ForeignKey(to='UserType',to_field='id', verbose_name='类型')
    

    如果不在model里定义,在modelForm里实现,利用labels

    class UserInfoModelForm(forms.ModelForm):
    
        class Meta:
            model = models.UserInfo
            fields = "__all__"
            labels = {
                'username':'用户名',
                'email':'邮箱',
            }
    

    指定需要展示的字段

    fields = "__all__"上面展示所有的,也可以展示指定的列

     fields = ['username','email']   # 显示指定列
     exclude = ['username']          # 排除指定列

    错误信息

     error_messages = {
                '__all__':{    # 整体错误信息
    
                },
                'email': {
                    'required': '邮箱不能为空',
                    'invalid': '邮箱格式错误..',
                }
            }

    给字段添加css属性

    widgets = {
                'username': Fwidgets.Textarea(attrs={'class': 'c1'})
            }

    ModelForm的验证

    跟form一样,ModleForm里面也有is_validcleaned_dataerrors

    # Form验证:
        UserInfoForm -> Form -> BaseForm( 包含is_valid等方法)
    
    # ModelForm验证:
        UserInfoModelForm -> ModelForm -> BaseModelForm -> BaseForm

    ModelForm对数据库操作

    添加数据

    如果数据验证通过,直接调用save()方法,django会自动往数据库里添加一条数据(会根据modles里的字段一一对应)

    if obj.is_valid():
         obj.save()      # 创建数据
    

    如果在如下一对多、多对多关系中,如:

    class UserType(models.Model):
        caption = models.CharField(max_length=32)
    
    class UserGroup(models.Model):
        name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
    
    class UserInfo(models.Model):
        username = models.CharField(max_length=32)
        email = models.EmailField()
        user_type = models.ForeignKey(to='UserType',to_field='id')
        u2g = models.ManyToManyField(UserGroup)
    

    这样的话,执行上面的obj.save()会自动在UserInfo表和多对多关系表里都增加数据,灰常灰常方便。

    def index(request):
        if request.method == "GET":
            obj = UserInfoModelForm()
            return render(request,'index.html',{'obj': obj})
        elif request.method == "POST":
            obj = UserInfoModelForm(request.POST)
            if obj.is_valid():
                obj.save()  # 等价以下三句
                # instance = obj.save(False)
                # instance.save()
                # obj.save_m2m()
            return render(request,'index.html',{'obj': obj})

    修改数据

    修改表数据是,记得把instance信息也传进去,如:mf = UserInfoModelForm(request.POST,instance=user_obj)

    不然是新建数据,而不是对某行数据进行修改。

    编辑用户信息,新url方式保留默认数据

    urls.py

    url(r'^user_list/', views.user_list),
    url(r'^edit-(d+)/', views.user_edit),
    

    views.py

    def user_list(request):
        li = models.UserInfo.objects.all().select_related('user_type')  # 这里只能是外键,多对多字段也不可以
        return render(request,'user_list.html',{'li': li})
    
    def user_edit(request, nid):
        # 获取当前id对象的用户信息
        # 显示用户已经存在数据
        if request.method == "GET":
            user_obj = models.UserInfo.objects.filter(id=nid).first()
            mf = UserInfoModelForm(instance=user_obj)   # 把默认数据传递进去
            return render(request,'user_edit.html',{'mf': mf, 'nid': nid})
        elif request.method == 'POST':
            # 数据修改的信息,给数据库的哪一行做修改?
            user_obj = models.UserInfo.objects.filter(id=nid).first()
            mf = UserInfoModelForm(request.POST,instance=user_obj)  # 指定给谁做修改
            if mf.is_valid():
                mf.save()
            else:
                print(mf.errors.as_json())
            return render(request,'user_edit.html',{'mf': mf, 'nid': nid})
    

    user_list.html

    <body>
        <ul>
            {% for row in li %}
                <li>{{ row.username }} - {{ row.user_type.caption }} - <a href="/edit-{{ row.id }}/">编辑</a></li>
            {% endfor %}
        </ul>
    </body>
    

    user_edit.html

    <body>
        <form method="POST" action="/edit-{{ nid }}/">
            {% csrf_token %}
        {{ mf.as_p }}
            <input type="submit" value="提交" />
        </form>
    </body>
    

      

     
     
     
  • 相关阅读:
    【oracle】 DDL,DML,DCL区别
    【python】模块初识之random模块
    【python】模块初识之re模块
    【python】模块初识之time模块
    【python】属性和类方法
    【python】面向对象初识之封装
    【python】面向对象初识之多态
    【python】面向对象初识之继承
    【python】面向对象初识
    【python】二分查找
  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/jiangchunsheng/p/8986375.html
Copyright © 2020-2023  润新知